effect of exercise on various systems

1. Literature review
Effect of exercises on various systems and
their adaptation
Gargi Das
MPT Ist year
Paediatric physiotherapy

2. Content
• Introduction
• Type of exercises
• Effect of exercises in various system
On endoceine system
On cardiovascular system
On pulmonary system
On immune system
• Physiological adaptation
Effect of resistance training
Effect of aerobic and anaerobic training
• b
•

3. Introduction
• Exercise is a subcategory of physical activity that is planned,
structured repetitive and purposeful in the sense that the
improvement or maintenances of one or more components of
physical fitness is objective. (Acc. WHO)
• During exercise the body is faced with tremendous demands
that require a multitude of physiological adjustments.
• While the body’s internal environment is in a constant state of
flux even at rest, during exercise these well-orchestrated
changes must occur rapidly and frequently.

4. Type of exercise
Depending upon the type of muscular contraction:
• Dynamic exercise
• Static exercise
Based on type of metabolism involved:
• Aerobic exercise
• Anaerobic exercise
Based on severity
• Moderate intesity(3-6 MET)
• Vigorous intensity (≥ 6MET)

5. Anaerobic &Aerobic Energy System
Anaerobic ATP-PC system Anaerobic Glycolytic
system
Aerobic systm
•Phosphocreatine and ATP
stored in the muscle cell
PC is the fuel source.
•PC is the chemical fuel
source.No o2 required
•The maximun capacity of
the system is small(0.7 mol
ATP)
•Syatem provide energy for
short quick burst of activity
•Major source of energy
durin 30 sec. Of intense
exercise.
•Glucogen is the fuel
source
•Lactic acid is produced
•The maximum capacity of
system is intermediate(1.2
mol ATP),
•System provide energy for
activity of moderate
intensity and short duration
•It is the major source of
energy from 30-90 sec
exercise
•Glycogen ,fats &protein
are fuel source,O2 is
required .
•ATP is resynthesized in
mytochondria.
•The maximum capacity in
the system(90.0 mol ATP)
•The system predominate
over energy system after
the second minute of
exercise.

6. Effect On Endocrine System
Hormones are involved in most physiological processes With
respect to exercise, the focus is on two major aspects of
hormonal control-
• Control of metabolism
• Regulation of body fluids and electrolytes during exercise
Endocrine glands responsible during exercise are
• Anterior pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal glands and
• Pancreas

7. Anterior pituitary gland
Hormone Response to exercise Major functions
Growth hormone (GH) elevated during aerobic
exercise in proportion to
the exercise intensity and
typically remain elevated
for some time after exercise
•Promotes development
and enlargement of all
body tissues until
maturation;
•GH directly stimulates
lipolysis.
Thyrotropin (TSH) Increases with increasing
rates of work and duration
by acute exercise
•Controls the amount of
thyroxin and
triiodothyronine produced
and released by the thyroid
gland

8. Hormone Response to exercise Major function
Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH)
Increases with acute
exercise
Control the secetion of
hormones from the adrenal
cortex.
Prolactin Increases with acute
exercise
Stimulates milk production
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Small change by acute
execise.
Initiates growth of follicles
in the ovaries and promotes
secretion of estrogen &
also promotes development
of the sperm.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Small or no change by
acute exerrcise.
Promote in follicle rupture
&estrogen,progesteron
secretion from
overy,testosteron from
testes

9. Thyroid gland
Hormone Response to exercise Major fuction
Thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3)
Free T3 and T4 increase
with increasing rates of
aerobic exercise.
Increase the rate of
cellular metaboism.

10. Adrenal gland:
Adrenal medulla
Hormone Response to exercise Major fuction
Epinephrine Increases with increasing
rates of aerobic ex, starting
at about 75% of VO2 max
Stimulate break down of
glycogen in liver and
muscle and lipolysis in
adipose tissue and muscle;
increases skeletal muscle
blood flow; increases heart
rate and contractility;
increases oxygen
consumption
Norepinephrine Increases with increasing
rates of work, starting at
about 50% of VO2 max
Stimulate lipolysis in
adipose tissue and in
muscle to a lesser extent;
constricts arterioles and
venules, thereby elevating
blood pressure

11. Adrenal cortex
Hormone Response to erercises Major function
Mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone)
Increases with
increasing rates of
aerobic exercise,
Increase sodium
retention and
potassium excretion
through the kidneys
Glucocorticoids
(cortisol)
Increases only at high
rates of work
Control metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins; exert an
anti-inflammatory
action

12. Pancreas
Hormone Response to exercises Major function
Insulin Decreases with
increasing rates of work
Controls blood glucose
level by lowering
glucose levels; increases
use of glucose and
synthesis of fat
Glucagon Increases with
increasing rates of work
Increase blood
glucose,stimulates the
breakdown of protein
and fat

13. Metabolic regulation by Endocrine
gland during exercise
• Plasma glucose concentration is increased by the combined
actions of glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol.
These hormones promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis,
thus increasing the amount of glucose available for use as a
fuel source.
• Insulin allows circulating glucose to enter the cells, where it
can be used for energy production. But insulin concentrations
decline during prolonged exercise, indicating that exercise
increases cell sensitivity to insulin so that less of the hormone
is required during exercise than at rest.

14. • When carbohydrate reserves are low, the body turns more to
fat oxidation for energy, and lipolysis increases. This process
is facilitated by a decreased insulin concentration and
increased concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine,
cortisol,gucagon and growth hormone.
• Free fatty acids are a primary source of energy at rest and
during prolonged endurance exercise. They are derived from
triglycerides through the action of the enzyme lipase, which
breaks down triglycerides into FFA and glycerol

15. Hormonal regulation of Fluid and
Electrolytes During Exercise

17. On cardiovascular system
• Numerous interrelated cardiovascular changes occur during
dynamic exercise.mainly on
 • Heart rate
 • Stroke volume
 • Cardiac output
 • Blood pressure
 • Blood flow , blood
• The primary goal of these adjustments is to increase blood
flow to working muscle.

18. HR SV CO
HR increases proportion to
exercise intensity until near
max HR.
SV increases with
increasing exercise
intensity up to between
40% and 60% of VO2max
(CO=HR×SV)
There is linear relationship
between cardiac output and
exercise intensity.

19. Heart rate during exercises

20. Stroke volume during exercises

21. Blood pressure Redistribution of blood blood
•Mean arterial blood
pressure increases
immediately in exercises.
•increase in systolic BP ,
with minimal changes in
diastolic pressure.
•increased total blood flow
to the body.
•sympathetic control of the
cardiovascular system
redistributes blood so that
areas with the greatest
metabolic need receive
more blood than areas with
low demands.
•extraction of oxygen from
the blood used by the active
tissues increased .(a-v)o2
↑↑
•the relative number of red
blood cells per unit of
blood increases, which
increases oxygen-carrying
capacity.

22. Redistribution of blood during exercise
splanchnic circulation
Skin
Muscle
Heart
brain

23. Central Regulation of the Cardiorespiratory System
During Dynamic Exercise

24. The effect of exercise on respiratory system
• The initial respiratory adjustment to the demands of
exercise is undoubtedly neural in nature, mediated by
respiratory control centers in the brain (central
command), neural signals also come from receptors in the
exercising muscle.
• second phase of the respiration mediated by the
chemoreceptors .
• Last phase is maintained by acid- base balance.

26. Breathing Irregularities During Exercise :
Dyspnea
hyperventilation

27. The effect of exercises on immune
system
• Moderate aerobic exercise boosts natural immune functions .
By increasing in natural killer (NK) cell activity.
• Prolonged exhaustive exercise (and other forms of extreme
stress or increased training) severely depresses the body’s first
line of defense against infection due to decrease of NK cell
activity,
• regular aerobic exercise can prevent from breast, liver, colon
cancer.

28. Physiological Adaptations to
Resistance Exercise
variable Strength training
adaptation
Endurance training
adaptation
Skeletal muscle structure Muscle fibers hypertrophy:
greatest in typeIIB fibers.
Hyperplasia of muscle
fiber.
Remodelling of type IIB to
type IIA.
↓or no change in capillary
density.
↓in mitocondrial density
and volume.
Minimal or no muscle fiber
hypertrophy.
↑ in capillary bed density
↑ in mitochondrial density
and volume (↑ number
and size)

29. variable Strength training
adaptation
Endurance training
adaptation
Neural system Motor unit recruitment ↑ No changes

30. Variable Strength Training
Adaptations
Endurance Training
Adaptations
Metabolic system and
enzymatic activity
↑ ATP and PCrstorage
↑ myoglobin storage
↑ of stored triglycerides
↑ creatine phosphokinase
↑ myokinase
↑ ATP and PCr storage
↑ myoglobin storage
↑ of stored triglycerides
↑ creatine phosphokinase
↑ myokinase

31. Variable Strength Training
Adaptations
Endurance Training
Adaptations
Body composition ↑ lean body mass; ↓ %
body fat
No change in lean body
mass; ↓ % body fat
Connective tissue ↑ tensile strength of
tendons, ligaments, and
connective tissue in muscle
↑ bone mineral density;
no change or possible ↑ in
bone mass
↑ tensile strength of
tendons, ligaments, and
connective tissue in muscle
↑ in bone mineralization

32. Physical adaptation to aerobic exercises
• Cardiovascular adaptation
• Heart size -↑
• Stroke volume-↑
• Heat rate-↓
• Cardiac output-unchanged
• Blood flow-↑
• Blood pressure-↓during submaximal exercise.
↑SBP, ↓DBP during maximal exercise. .
↑ SBP,↑DBP during resistance exercise.
• Blood volume-↑

33. Heart size
The hearts mass and volume increase and
cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy.
It is the left ventricle that adapts to the
greatest extent. As well as the chamber size
increasing as a result of endurance training

34. Stroke volume
• Following endurance training, stroke volume (SV) is
increased during submaximal and maximal exercise
• At rest it is 50-70 ml/beat in untrained indivisual.
• In trained indivisual it is 70-90 ml/beat
• And world class endurance atheletsit is 90-110ml/beat

35. Heart rate
• Resting heart rate can decrease significantly following
endurance training.
.
• maximum heart rate is reduced in elite athletes compared to
untrained individuals of the same age

36. Effect on respiratory adaptation
• Unlike what happens with the cardiovascular system,
endurance training has little effect on lung structure and
function.
• Pulmonary diffusion at maximal intensity increases,
especially to upper regions of the lung that are not normally
perfuse
• oxygen extraction by the tissues and more effective blood
distribution to the active tissues.

37. Adaptation of aerobic exercise on slow
twitch fibers
Adaptation of anaerobic training –in fast
twitch fibers
•Hypertrophy of slow twitch muscle fibers
•Increase capillary supply to muscle
fibers,improving gaseous exchange &
movement of nutrients and waste
product.
•Increased number and size of
mitochondria
•Significant increase in myoglobin
content.
•Increase and efficiency of ATP-PC supply
•Increased glycolytic enzyme which
improve functioning of the cell
•Hypertrophy of red-twitch muscle fibers
•muscle contraction can be made more
quickly as there are a greater volume of
fast twitch fibers.

38. The Effects of Different Resistance Training Protocols on Muscular Strength and
Endurance Development in Children; Avery D. Faigenbaum, Wayne L. Westcott, Rita
LaRosa Loud and Cindy Long;journal of the american academy of paediatric; Feb
1999, 144 (6)
aim:
methodology:twice-weekly sessions of resistance training for 8 weeks, children
performed 1 set of 6 to 8 repetitions with a heavy load or 1 set of 13 to 15 repetitions
with a moderate load . Children in the control group with noresistance training. One
repetition maximum (RM) strength and muscular endurance (repetitions performed
posttraining with the pretraining 1-RM load) were determined on the leg extension
and chest press exercises
result: leg extension strength and chest press significantly increased in both exercise
groups compared with that in the control subjects.high reprtation moderate load
training were significantly greater than those resulting from low repetition–heavy
load training
Conclusion-muscular strength and muscular endurance can be improved during the
childhood years and favor the prescription of higher repetition–moderate load
resistance training programs during the initial adaptation period
.
To compare the effects of a low repetition– heavy load resistance training
program and a high repetition–moderate load resistance training program on
the development of muscular strength and muscular endurance in children

39. effect of regular unstructured physical training and athletic level training on body
composition and cardio respiratory fitness in adolescents. Subramanian SK, Sharma
VK. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013 Sep.
aim: to evaluate the effect of regular unstructured physical training and athletic level
training on anthropometric measures, body composition, blood pressure and cardio
respiratory fitness in adolescents.
Methodology: 12-17 years were classified into athletes (group 1) and physically active
non-athletes (group 2). Parameters measured and calculated were weight, height,
body mass index, waist and hip circumference, body fat percentage (BF%), fat free
mass (FFM), Systolic (SBP) & Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
result:There was no significant difference in anthropometric and body composition
parameters between the group 1 and group 2 students. DBP, MAP were significantly
lower in group 1 students when compared to group 2 students. VO2 max values were
more in group 1
Conclusion: Regular unstructured physical activity help the students to maintain their
anthropometric parameters, body composition measures of athletes are unchanged in
same age and gender. However, athletic level training further reduces the
cardiovascular load of the adolescent students.

40. Lung function in athletes and non-athletes aged 13-15 years. Saputri NK,
Mayangsari AS, Subanada IB. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 2018 Jul
Aim:To compare pulmonary function between athletes and non-athletes aged 13-
15 years.
methodology:Assessment of pulmonary function was done using a spirometry
test, in which each subject was asked to inhale and exhale in a particular method.
Parameters assessed include vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC),
expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow (FEF) and FEV1/FVC.
Differences in lung function between athletes and non-athletes
Result: all parameter except FEF( P>0.05)are statisticaly significant.
Conclusions :Parameters of lung function in athletes are in general significantly
higher than in non-athletes.

41. Mucosal (secretory) immune system responses to exercise of varying
intensity and during overtraining. Mackinnon LT, Hooper S. International
Journal of Sports Medicine. 1994 Oct;15
aim: The purpose of these studies was to examine the IgA response to
various exercise conditions
methodology: saliva was obtained before and after exercise. IgA
concentration was measured by ELISA- 1) ELISA and IgA secretion rate
calculated. Study 1: Recreational joggers ran on a treadmill for 40 min at
55 % and 75 % VO2peak and competitive distance runners ran for 90 min
at the same intensities. In both groups,Study 2- Competitive runners ran
on a treadmill for 90 min 75% vo2 peak for 3 days,study3 -elite swimmer
followe over 6 mnth session.
result: 1 st study has no significant change;2ndand 3rd study throughout
the season, IgA concentration was significantly (p <.05) lower.
Conclusion: intense daily exercise appears to have a cumulative effect on
mucosal immunity

42. references
• W.Larry Kenney,Jack .H.Wilmore,David L.Constill.Physiology of Sports
andExercise 5 th edition;2012;chapter-4 ,p-100-110;chapter-8 ,p-182-204,chapter-
10,228-237
• Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby. Therapeutic exercise— 6th ed;2012.chapter-
6:Resistance exercise for impaired muscle performance;p-243
• Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch, William D. McArdle. Exercise physiology -7 th
edition.chapter -20:The endocrine system;p-440-441
• Subramanian SK, Sharma VK. Comparison of effect of regular unstructured
physical training and athletic level training on body composition and cardio
respiratory fitness in adolescents. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR.
2013 Sep;7(9):1878

43. • Saputri NK, Mayangsari AS, Subanada IB. Lung function in athletes and non-
athletes aged 13-15 years. Paediatrica Indonesiana. 2018 Jul 27;58(4):170-4.
• Mackinnon LT, Hooper S. Mucosal (secretory) immune system responses to
exercise of varying intensity and during overtraining. International Journal of
Sports Medicine. 1994 Oct;15(S 3):S179-83.
• Avery D. Faigenbaum, EdD*; Wayne L. Westcott, PhD‡; Rita LaRosa Loud, BS‡;
and Cindy Long‡.The Effects of Different Resistance Training Protocols on
Muscular Strength and Endurance Development in Children.american academy of
pediatrics.1999 Feb;144(6)

44. THANK YOU