Subordinate clauses modify or add information to independent clauses in complex sentences. There are three main types of subordinate clauses: adjective clauses modify nouns, adverb clauses modify verbs, and noun clauses are used as subjects, predicates, direct objects, or objects of prepositions. Some key characteristics include adjective clauses beginning with relative pronouns like who or which, adverb clauses beginning with subordinate conjunctions like when or because, and noun clauses introduced by words like that, what, or whoever.

1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSESSUBORDINATE CLAUSES
** Subordinate clauses in a complex sentence are used as an adjective, an
adverb, or a noun.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:
=> An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent) clause that
modifies a noun or pronoun. An adjective clause tells which one or
what kind, and usually follows the noun it describes.
• Most adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun: who, whom,
whose, which, or that
1. A dog breed that has mismatched eyes is the Siberian Husky.
2. The student who wrote this story did not put her name on it.
3. Jeremy is listening to WKRP, which is his favorite radio station.

2. 1. Nurses who work in schools see many children with boo-
boos.
2. Broccoli, which is a cruciferous vegetable, is full of
nutrients.
3. A historic figure whom I admire is John Adams.
4. Dogs that help people are called service dogs.
5. Mrs. Lange, whose daughter is a teacher, works in a school
library.

3. ADVERB CLAUSESADVERB CLAUSES
⇒An adverb clause is a subordinate (dependent) clause that
modifies a verb.
⇒Adverb clauses tell how, when, where, or why the action of the
main clause occurs
•An adverb clause begins with a subordinate conjunction:
after since whenever
although so where
as than whereas
as if though wherever
because unless while
before until when
if

4. Examples - Adverb clauses:
1. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote each story as if it was a puzzle.
2. When I was young, we took a trip to Vermont.
3. I don’t see Dan often because he lives in Oregon.
4. We will stay home if there is a blizzard.
5. We took the dog to the vet when she was very ill.
6. Because she loves books and kids, Mrs. Lange works in CTK’s library.
7. Whenever there is a family picnic, I bring portabella mushrooms for the grill.

5. HIGHLIGHT EACH ADVERB CLAUSE
1. Although the modern cosmetics industry began in the 1800’s,
women have been wearing makeup for centuries.
2. When they decorated their faces, women in ancient Egypt used a black powder
called kohl as eye shadow.
3. Because henna is a natural dye, women have used it for centuries.
4. Women in colonial America used cosmetics so that they might cover blemishes.
5. After the war of 1812 was over, makeup became popular in America.
6. Enterprising people built empires as the cosmetic industry grew.

6. NOUN CLAUSESNOUN CLAUSES
•A noun clause is a subordinate (dependent) clause used as a noun
•A noun clause may be used as a subject, predicate noun, direct
object, or an object of a preposition
•Words that introduce noun clause include:
how when whom
however where whoever
that which whomever
what whichever whose
who why whatever

7. Examples – Noun Clauses:
1. Whoever answers the question will receive five bonus points.
subject
2. Working with a therapist is how Laurel improved her vision.
predicate noun
3. We will see whichever movie you want.
direct object
4. You should listen to what the teacher says.
obj. of the preposition
Text pg. 475

8. HIGHLIGHT EACH NOUN CLAUSE AND IDENTIFY ITS USE –
Subject, Direct Object, Predicate Noun, or Object of a Preposition
1. Whoever reads Agatha Christie’s book And Then There Were None finds a
good mystery.
2. That the plot is a classic is agreed
3. Until the end no one knows who the guilty person is.
4. Why everyone has been invited to the island is puzzling.
5. The guests do not know where they are.
6. The answer will come from whoever sent the invitation.
7. Readers soon realize that only the killer will survive.
8. How the crimes are managed is clever.
9. The real surprise is how the police solve the crime.
10. Christie’s novels are why many people enjoy mystery stories.