This document discusses the rules for using commas in sentences. It outlines 11 main comma rules, such as using commas to separate elements in a list, set off introductory phrases, and separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. The rules also cover using commas around quotations, between a city and state, date and year, and in greetings/closings of letters. The document concludes by listing some incorrect uses of commas, such as separating subject from verb or verbs in a compound predicate.

1. Punctuation The Comma

2. What’s a comma for?To slow the reader downHelps a reader understand the rhythm and flow Helps a reader to understand the meaning of a sentence

3. 11 Comma Rules

4. #1 Comma Rule Separates two independent clauses (sentences) connected by a Coordinating Conjunction FANBOYS – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, SoBob was usually a quiet man, but he screamed upon entering the room.

5. #2 Comma RuleSeparate elements in a list or a seriesSubstitutes the word “and”Bob packed his t-shirts, pants, and socks.Instead ofBob packed his t-shirts and pants and socks.

6. #3 Comma RuleSeparate introductory phrases and clauses from the independent clauseAfter catching his breath, Bob squatted next to the man and took his pulse. Eating pizza, Tom suddenly felt sick.

7. #4 Comma RuleSeparate a series of adjectivesReplaces the word “and”The nimble, fat raccoon began to climb into the garbage.Instead ofThe nimble and fat raccoon…

8. #5 Comma RuleUse commas to set off an appositiveMr. Bowden, my favorite teacher, is retiring this year.

9. #6 Comma RuleUse a comma when words or phrases interrupt the sentence, and they could be removed and the sentence still makes sense. What the candidate promised, in fact, is impossible to achieve. Now then, let’s get back to work! She wanted to drive the car, too.

10. #7 Comma RuleTo set off non-essential WHICH, WHO, WHOM, or THAT clauses (Clauses that you do not really need)Bananas, which grow in the tropics, do not need refrigeration. The old woman, who lives down the street, drives a red convertible.

11. #8 Comma Rule To set off or around quoted elementsHe said, “Can I borrow your car?”“Can I borrow your car,” he said, “mine is in the shop.”

12. #8 Comma Rule Continued Do not add a comma if the quote ends in a question mark or an exclamation point.“What is that?” he asked.“Watch out!” she screamed.

13. #9 Comma RuleTo separate city and state He lived in Salam, Massachusetts.He visited Albany, New York, on his way to New York City.

14. #10 Comma RuleBetween date and yearHe was born on July 12, 1999.Born on July 12, 1999, Mark would grow up to an astronaut.

15. #11 Comma RuleAfter a greeting or closing in a letterAt the beginning of a letterDear mom,At the closing of a letter Sincerely,

16. When not to use a comma

17. Comma misuse #1Do not separate subject from the verbThe most important attribute of a ball player, is quick reflexes. **WRONG**The most important attribute of a ball playeris quick reflexes. **CORRECT**

18. Comma misuse #2Do not separate VERBS or VERB PHRASES in a COMPOUND PREDICATEMark drove to the store, and bought some groceries. **WRONG**Mark drove to the store and bought some groceries. **CORRECT**

19. Comma misuse #3When a dependent clause follows an independent clauseHe feel asleep, after he worked all day.**WRONG**You do use one when the dependent clause comes firstAfter he worked all day, he fell asleep. **CORRECT**

20. Comma misuse #4Do not add a comma if the quote ends in a question mark or an exclamation point.“What is that?” he asked.“Watch out!” she screamed.