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2. DEFINING
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
RELATIVE
ADVERBS
RELATIVE
CLAUSES AND
PREPOSITIONS

3. • THEY GIVE INFORMATION WHICH IS
ESSENTIAL FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE
WHOLE SENTENCE.
EXAMPLE: THE MAN WHO NORMALLY COMES
TO CLEAN OUR WINDOWS, IS ON HOLIDAY
THIS MONTH.
*In this case, the relative clauses identifies
which person or thing is being talked about.

4. Features of defining clauses
1. No commas are required either at the
beginning or at the end of the relative
clauses.
2. That can be used instead of who for people
and which for things, particulary in spoken
English.

5. 3. The relative pronoun can be omitted if it is the
object of the verb in the relative clause.
EXAMPLE: I’m enjoying the book (which/that)
you lent me.
4. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted if it
is the subject of the verb in the relative clause
EXAMPLE: That’s the shop assistant who/that
served me the last time I came here.

7. RELATIVE PRONOUN USE EXAMPLE
who For people I told you about the boy
who comes from New York.
which For animals and things Can you see the cat which
is lying on that roof?
which Referring to a whole
sentence
He couldn’t dance, which
surprised me.
whose Possession for people,
animals and things
Do you know the boy
whose mother is my
teacher?
whom Object pronoun for people,
when it is the object of the
relative clause.
I was invited by the girl
who(m) I met at the party.
that Subject or object pronoun
for people, animals and
things in defining relative
clauses
I don’t like the shirt that
you bought at the sales.

8. Do you remember any relative pronouns? Watch this
video and fresh up your memory….
http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/gram
mar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/relative-clauses

9. WHO
is used for people
A dentist is a person who
fixes our teeth.

10. WHICH
is used for
animals
Elephants are wild animals
which live in the jungle.

11. WHICH
is used for
things
The letters, which are on the
table, are for Emma.

12. THAT: for people, animals and
things
A dentist is a person
that fixes our teeth.
Elephants are wild
animals that live in
the jungle.
The letters that
are on the table
are for Emma.

13. WHOSE
is used for
possession
Shakespeare was a famous
writers whose plays became
famous around the world.

14. RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PREPOSITIONS
• POSITION:
Prepositions can come:
at the end of a defining or non-defining relative
clause.
The company (which) my father works for, is
Adeslas.
 before the relative pronouns whom for people
and which for things.
The company for which my father works, is Adeslas.

15. RELATIVE ADVERB USE EXAMPLE
when Refers to a time expression I will never forget the time
when there were many
fires in the city.
where Refers to a place I visited the area where the
earthquake occurred.
why Refers to a reason That’s the reason why I
failed the test.
*Where, when and why can be used in relative clauses
after nouns which refer to a place (where), a time
(when) or a reason (why).

16. WHERE
is used
for places
This is the hotel where we stayed
in our holidays.

17. WHEN
is used for time
Saturday is the only day when we
can relax.

18. Defining relative
clauses
 I need a computer
which works fast.
 She’s the girl
who lives next
door.
They are necessary for the rest of the
sentence.

19. Non-Defining relative
clauses
 The school, which
was built in 1929,
has 100 students.
 My brother, who is
really good at
swimming, won the
race.
They give extra information about the
sentence.

20. • Non-defining relative clauses contain
information which is not essential for our
understanding of the sentence. We can
identify which person or thing is being talked
about without information in the relative
clause.
EXAMPLE: The old cottage, which has six
bedrooms and a big garden, is much larger
than the new one.

21. 1. Commas are required both at the beginning
and the end of the relative clause
*Except when the end of the relative clause is
also the end of the sentence.
2. “That” cannot be used in place of “who” or
“which”.
3. Relative pronouns cannot be omitted from
non-defining relative clauses.

23. Defining and non-defining
relative clauses
 I need a computer which works fast.
 The school, which was built in 1929,
has 100 students.
 She’s the girl who lives next door.
 My brother, who is really good at
swimming, won the race.
 That’s the CD (that) I bought
yesterday.

24. who which

25. who which

26. which
who

27. which who

28. who which

29. which
who

30. who
which

31. which
who

32. 1. Write each word in a space:
Where When Who That Whose Which
-The girl ____ jacket is green and blue, has asked me a
question while we were in class.
-I went to the park ____ we first meet.
-I couldn´t see the car ____had had the accident.
-Mr. Smith, ____is a very nice person, works with my
brother.
-I will live at the same place ____I stayed last year.
-The car ____is next to mine is my father’s one.

33. • We often hear about people………..have
survived terrible disasters.
• I lost the map……..she gave me.
• She complained to the man…….dog bit her.
• We visited the house…….our father was born.
• Buckingham palace,……. Is in London, is our favorite
tourist side.
• The computer……… I bought last week is already
broken.
• Is that the book…… I lent you?
2. Complete the gaps:

34. • Jerome works for a company ______ makes mobile phones.
a. whose
b. that
c. which
• What's the name of the runner ______ won the race?
a. who
b. when
c. which
• They found the girl ______ got lost in the mountains last week.
a. who
b. that
c. where
• Where are the pictures ______ were hanging here before?
a. who
b. whom
c. Which
• The whale, _______ is actually a mammal, is the biggest animal in the world.
a. who
b. that
c. which

35. Let’s write a story using
relative pronouns:

36. When we are referring to a
PERSON we use:

37. When we are referring to an
OBJECT we use:

38. When we refer to a particular TIME
we use:

39. When we want to refer to a
particular PLACE we use:

40. When we refer to something which
BELONGS to someone we use:

41. We can replace WHO and WHICH
with:

42. This is a girl.
She was
murdered.

43. This is the girl
was
murdered.
WHO

44. St Joseph is she used
to go to school.
WHERE

45. The man was arrested for
the murder is John Appleton.
WHO

46. Park Avenue is it all
happened.
WHERE

47. The weapon was
used to kill her, was found on the
scene of the crime.
WHICH

48. It happened at 3 in the afternoon
…………….. children are going
back home from school.
WHEN

49. The woman daughter
died, is extremely depressed.
WHOSE

50. She stands in the
room…………….. her daughter
used to sleep.
WHERE

51. She cries as she looks at the
books……………….. she used to
read.
WHICH