This document discusses adverb clauses. It defines adverb clauses as dependent clauses that modify verbs like adverbs or adverb phrases. It provides examples of different types of adverb clauses including time, place, cause, contrast, condition, purpose, result, and manner. It lists common subordinating conjunctions or adverb clause markers for each type. The document also provides exercises identifying adverb clauses and discusses reduced adverb clauses formed with participles and clause markers.

1. Adverb Clauses
Sheila Tamizrad
Roshangar Complex
Winter 1392

2. Sentence Structure
Subj Verb Obj Manner Place Time
AuxiliaryV. Main V.
Adv. of Frequency Adverbs

3. Adverb
 Words to modify verbs
 May be:
 a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday
 a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother
 can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb.

4. Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses
Look at these sentences:
 I saw the movie yesterday.
 I saw the movie on Friday.
 I saw the movie before I left for Calgary.

5. “yesterday a one-word adverb,
“on Friday” an adverb phrase,
“before I left for Calgary” an adverb clause.
All answer :“When?”,
The adverb clause has: a subject (“I”) and a full verb (“left”).
It is introduced by “before”, so it is a dependent clause.
An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the
same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase.

6. Types of adverb clause
Type Question answered Example
1 Time When? After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
2 Place Where? Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft Software.
3 Cause Why? (What caused it?) I didn’t call her because I’m shy.
4 Contrast How? (What are the opposites?) Although Jay has a Master’s degree, he works as a store clerk.
5 Condition Under what conditions? If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.
6 Purpose Why? (What’s the reason?) She tool a computer course so that she could get a better job.
7 result What’s the result of …? The stars are so far away that they can’t be seen without
telescope.
8 Manner How? Ancient people used star as if they were calendars.

7. Example:
The cleaner says she left the printer cartridge here. (normal
adverb)
The cleaner says she left the printer cartridge where she always
leaves it. (adverbial clause)
Keep pouring until I tell you to stop. (adverbial clause)

8. Subordinating Conjunctions or Adv. Cl. Markers
Type Subordinating Conjunctions
1 Time After, as , before, as soon as, by the time, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while
2 Place Where, wherever, every where
3 Cause Because, now that, since, as long as, as, so that,
4 Contrast Although, though, even though, while, whereas
5 Condition If, even if, only if, in the event that, in case that, provided that, unless
6 Purpose So that, in order that, in order to, so (that)
7 result So… that, such… that,
8 Manner As, as if, as though, just as, like

10. Exercise
You will have to pay higher insurance ________ you buy a sports car.
• if
• before
• so that
• although

11. Exercise
You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains ________ the
ground is rough and hard.
• even though
• so that
• because
• before

12. Exercise
We keep our bread in the fridge ________ it doesn't go bad.
• so that
• although
• after
• since

13. Reduced Adverb Clauses
• A participle (present or past participle) and the clause marker
• Reduced one doesn't contain a subject or a verb.
Example:
After the space probes lands on Mars, they sent back pictures.
After landing on Mars, the space probes sent back pictures.

14. The following prepositions can’t be used in clauses:
because of, on account of, in case of, in spite of, despite, during
Look for nouns, noun phrases or pronouns instead of clauses.
In spite of the damage to the spacecraft, the astronauts got back
to Earth safely.

16. Thank you
for listening and your patience