The document discusses different types of clauses in English grammar: independent clauses, dependent clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. It provides examples and definitions of each clause type, and how they can be used to modify verbs, nouns, adjectives, and other elements in sentences. Key points covered include the use of relative pronouns in adjective clauses and question words to introduce noun clauses.

1. UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS
Y DE LA EDUCACIÓN
CARRERA DE IDIOMAS
MODULE: GRAMMAR III

2. ELEMENT 2
Define concepts of the studied
phrases by different essays.
RESULT: List the studied clauses
and use them in role plays
and conversations.
PRODUCT: Write a composition
about your life applying the
five studied clauses.

3. CONTENT
What are clauses?
Independent clauses
Dependent or subordinate
clauses
Adjective clauses
Adverb clauses
Noun clauses

4. What is a clause?

5. aCLnAdUS aE verb
A group of words with both a
subject & verb

6. What’s the difference
between
a phrase & a clause?

7. PHRASE
a group of words that does not
have both a subject and a verb
CLAUSE
A group of words with both a
subject & verb

8. The Basics
Phrase : Group of words that does
not have a subject and a verb
Example: My neighbor’s dog
Clause. A Subject + verb …it may or
may not be a sentence
Example: My neighbor’s dog left me
a present.

9. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

10. Independent Clause
Expresses a complete
thought. It can stand alone
as a sentence..

11. Independent Clause
Expresses a complete thought. It
can stand alone as a sentence.
Doesn’t need anything else to make
sense.

12. Independent Clauses
Have a subject, predicate (verb),
and makes sense all by itself.

13. Independent Clause Examples:
1.The doorbell rang.
2. She smiled down on the children.
3.The turkey was hot and juicy.

14. Independent Clauses can come at
the end or at the beginning of a
sentence.
The girl ran to her room when the
boy called her.
After mother got home, she went to
bed.

15. Independent Clauses
1.Since the hurricane hit, many people have been
suffering.
2.The clouds gathered quickly, as if it were going
to rain.
3.Although the deer was dead, we picked it up
anyway.
4.Father asked us to sit down, once the speaker
was done.
5.Please be quiet, until Mrs. Slagle is finished.
6.Whether you finish or not, you should always
try your best!

16. DEPENDENT CLAUSE

17. Dependent Clause
Doesn’t express a complete thought.
It can’t stand alone as a sentence. It
sounds like something else should
follow in order to make sense.
**Must have a subject and predicate(verb) otherwise it’s a phrase*

18. Dependent Clause
Examples:
because the door was open,
when it started raining,
Until your father gets home,

19. Dependent Clauses can come at
the end or at the beginning of a
sentence.
The girl ran to her room when
the boy called her.
After mother got home, she
went to bed.

20. Dependent Clauses begin with
Subordinating Conjunctions
After, although, as, as if,
Because, before,
For, if, once,
Since, so, so that, than, that, though, till,
Unless, until,
When, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,
whether, while

21. Dependent Clauses
Usually have a comma when they are
found in the first part of a sentence.
If found at the end of the sentence, there
will not be any comma.

22. Dependent Clauses
1.After the car went off the road, it was totaled.
2.She sang a song when it was her turn.
3.Though the weather man said rain, it was sunny.
4.He hugged her although she was wet.
5.Before the dance, she went home.
6.The boys help out if they get to listen to music.

23. Independent/Dependent Clauses
1.She drove the car so that her brother could walk.
2.Whenever it rains, we get a ride from father.
3.Unless the game is over, we always stay to help.
4.The coach gives us advice so we can win the game.
5.Cole helps his mother whereas James just bugs
her.
6.He closed the window because it was windy.

24. Independent/Dependent Clauses
1.Sugar water is a solution whereas gravel isn’t.
2.Once the ice melted, the grass turned green.
3.He will sleep till his mother comes home.
4.Wherever there is chocolate, there is candy.
5.Since the melt-down, the skaters haven’t been the
same.
6.His room was clean before his friend came over.

25. Independent/Dependent Clauses
1.If the dance ends at 11:00, come home after it.
2.Naps are great although teenagers don’t think so.
3.As the moon came out, the sun went down.
4.Reports come out whenever 9 weeks end.
5.She parked the car before he got out.
6.While he danced the waltz, she did the Monkey.

26. Independent/Dependent Clauses
1.When dad comes home, the house becomes quiet.
Mrs. Bigbee smiles whenever her kids follow the
rules.
3.After the accident, the cattle were wild.
4.The water fountain was broken because of the
handle.
5.Whenever you see a quarter, pick it up.
6.Help one another because it’s the right thing to
do.

27. Independent/Dependent Clauses
1.They will walk home unless she has detention.
2.The books were late since they were overdue.
3.There’s no way unless your brother goes.
4.While you’re there, pick up another gallon of
milk.
5.So there isn’t any fighting, please buy two.
6.The ground will freeze if it gets cold enough.

28. Independent/Dependent Clauses
1.If the dance ends at 11:00, come home after it.
2.Naps are great although teenagers don’t think so.
3.As the moon came out, the sun went down.
4.Reports come out whenever 9 weeks end.
5.She parked the car before he got out.
6.While he danced the waltz, she did the Monkey.

29. A FAIRYTALE
The Fearless Princess

30. Once upon a time,
there was a prince.
He decided to take a
walk in a dark and
scary forest.
All of a
sudden, a
terrible storm
moved in…
…and the prince got
completely lost.

31. In the morning, a
terrifying dragon found
the prince. The prince
became very, very
scared.
Suddenly a knight in
armor appeared from
behind a tree and
attacked the dragon.
Now, the terrible
dragon was
afraid and ran
away.

32. When the prince
walked up to the
knight, the knight
took off his armor
…
… and a
beautiful
princess stood
in front of him.
She was strong
and smart and
sweet …

33. … and she took
him to her
castle where
they lived
happily ever
after.

34. Definitions
Can you complete these definitions?
An aAdjne catdivjeec dtievesc dribeescs roibre ms o…difies a noun or pronoun.
An adjective clause is a …
An adjective clause is a dependent clause
that describes a noun or pronoun in a main clause.
Adjective clause pronouns (or relative
pronouns) are …
Adjective clause pronouns (or relative pronouns)
are who, whom, which, and that.

35. Relative Pronouns 1
Use who and that to refer to
people.
This is the prince
who got lost.
Here is the knight that
the prince respects.
This is the princess who
saved the prince.

36. Relative Pronouns 2
Use which and that to refer to
things.
The knight holds the sword
which scared the dragon.
The dragon that scared the
prince spits fire.

37. Relative Pronouns 3
That is less formal than who and which.
The knight holds the sword
that scared the dragon.
This is the princess that
saved the prince’s life.

38. Adjective Clauses 1
Here is the knight.
He attacked the dragon.
Here is the knight who attacked the dragon.
noun
subject
adjective clause
describes the noun

39. Adjective Clauses 2
Do you see the dragon?
It scared the prince.
subject
Do you see the dragon that scared the prince?
noun
adjective clause
describes the noun

40. Adjective Clauses 3
The dragon was dangerous.
The knight attacked the dragon.
The dragon that the knight attacked was very dangerous.
noun
object subject
adjective clause
describes the noun

41. Adjective Clauses 4
The prince was scared.
The princess saved him.
The prince whom the princess saved was scared.
noun
object subject
adjective clause
describes the noun

42. Form sentences with
adjective clauses.
Who and
what
are these
fairytale
figures and
items?
1
2 3
4
5
Practice 1

43. Using Whose 1
Use whose to replace a possessive adjective.
An adjective clause with whose can modify
people.
The princess was powerful.
They lived in her castle.
noun
The princess whose castle they lived in was powerful.

44. Using Whose 2
An adjective clause with whose can also
modify things.
The dragon ran away.
Its appearance terrified the prince.
noun
The dragon whose appearance terrified the prince ran away.

45. Combine the sentences below.
Change the second sentence to
an adjective clause.
Practice 2
The dragon, whose fire and smoke
scare everyone, is dangerous.
1. The dragon is dangerous. His fire
and smoke scare everyone.
2. The storm storm, is through frightening. which The the prince is
walking through the storm.
walking, is frightening.
3. The princess is fearless. The prince
The princess, with whom the prince
escapes with her.
escapes, is fearless.

46. The Adverb Clause
 How?
Where?
When?
Why?
•To what
extent?
•Under what
condition?

47. Where can you find an
adverb?
Adverbs modify:
VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and
other ADVERBS

48. Therefore you can find
them:
 Nearly anywhere in the sentence…
 However, they are usually near the verb,
adjective or adverb they modify (but not
always)
Examples:
He can run fast.
(tells: how he can run)
She really likes soccer.
(tells: to what extent, she likes…)

49. More Examples:
They can swim really quickly.
(modifies the adverb quickly. It answers – How quickly?)
He is not enjoying this activity.
(Just remember the word not is always an adverb.)
She is always late for class.
(The words always, never, sometimes, rarely, etc.
are also adverbs)

50. Adverbs answer where…
Your book is here.
Your pencil is there.
The birds are flying high.
The plane is flying by.

51. Adverbs answer when…
He came home late.
She woke early.
They are performing now.
She will do her homework later.

53. Unlike an adverb or an adverb
phrase, an adverb clause has a
subject and a verb
ADVERB:
They will leave soon.
ADVERB PHRASE:
They will leave (in a few minutes).
ADVERB CLAUSE:
They will leave when they are
ready.
S V

54. Definition…
An adverb clause is a
subordinate (dependent clause)
that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or an adverb.
Like an adverb an adverb clause
tells where, when, how, why, to
what extent or under what
condition.

55. Adverb Clauses can also be
found nearly anywhere in the
sentence…
…beginning, middle or end…
EXAMPLES:
 You may sit wherever you wish.
(modifies the verb sit and tells where)
 When spring sets in, many students go crazy.
(modifies the verb go and tells when)
 Sammy and Alexandra look as though they have
some exciting news for us.
(modifies the verb look, telling how S. and A. look)

56. More examples…
Happy because she made an A, Maia hurried
to phone her mom.
(modifies the adjective Happy, telling why Maia was
happy.)
Will can climb higher than I can.
(modifies the adverb higher, telling to what extent or
how much higher Will can climb)
 If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to the
beach for class.
(modifies the verb will go, telling under what condition
we will go to the beach.)

57. COMMA RULES…
When an adverb clause begins a
sentence, it is followed by a
comma.

58. Subordinating Conjunctions:
An adverb clause is
introduced by a subordinating
conjunction—a word that
shows the relationship
between the adverb clause
and the word or words that
the clause modifies.

59. Common Subordinating
Conjunctions:
after as though since when
although because so that whenever
as before than where
as if how though wherever
as long as if unless whether
as soon as in order that until while

60. NOTE!
 The words after, as, before, since,
and until are also commonly used as
prepositions.
Example:
PREPOSITION:
(After lunch) we’ll finish building the
rocket.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:
After you wash the dishes, you can
make the bed.

61. SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT)
CLAUSES:
Adjective Clause Adverb Clause Noun
Clause
Relative Subordinating
Pronoun Conjunction

62. Noun Clause
A noun clause has a subject and verb. It is used as
the subject or object in a sentence.
A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like
a noun. You can find it as a subject or object.
noun clause
 I read what she wrote.
noun clause
 What she wrote is interesting.

63. Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words
Wh- clauses begin with words like who, what, how, whenever,
which, etc.
 I need to explain what a noun clause is.
 I don't know where Mary lives.
 Tell me how old she is.
 First, you need to explain what a noun clause is.
What is a noun clause?
Where does Mary live?
 How old is she?
noun clause
questions

64. Questions
What do you do in class?
Where does he work?
What should I do?
Who are they?
What happened?
Noun Clauses
What we do in class is easy.
Where he works is a secret.
I don’t know what you should do.
Mary knows who they are.
She knows what happened.

65. Noun Clauses Beginning with
Whether or If
When a Yes/No question is changed to a noun clause,
whether or if is used to introduce the noun clause.
 I don't know whether you have studied noun clauses
before.
 I don't know if you have studied noun clauses before.
 I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.
 I wonder if it will rain tomorrow or not.
 I wonder whether or not Mary went to work yesterday.
 I wonder whether Mary went to work yesterday or not.
 Whether he invites her or not is important.

66. Question Words Followed by Infinitive
Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose,
what, which) and whether may be followed by an
infinitive.
 My mother told me where to go.
 My mother told me where I should go.
 He can’t decide whether to accept the offer or not.
 He can’t decide whether he should accept the offer or
not.
 Please tell me how to operate this machine.
 Please tell me how I could operate this machine.

67. Noun Clauses Beginning with That
 I think that the war will end soon. object of the verb
think
 I think the war will end soon.
 I know (that) he will be successful.
Teachers claim that grammar is fun.
That Mary studied very hard was obvious to
John.
(That Mary studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence.
 That pollution affects the quality of our lives is obvious.
 It is obvious that pollution affects the quality of our lives.
 That he is still alive is a miracle.
 It is a miracle that he is still alive.

68. Noun Clauses Beginning with That
 I think that the war will end soon. object of the verb think
 I think the war will end soon.
 I know (that) he will be successful.
 Teachers claim that grammar is fun.
 That Mary studied very hard was obvious to John.
(That Mary studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence.
 That smoking is an unhealthy habit is a known fact.
 It is a known fact that smoking is an unhealthy habit.
 It is a miracle that he is still alive.