This document discusses various sterilization techniques including natural, physical, chemical, and radiation methods. Physical methods like boiling, autoclaving, and hot air ovens use heat to destroy microorganisms. Autoclaving uses high pressure steam at 121°C and is effective at killing spores. Chemical methods rely on disinfectants like phenol and alcohol which coagulate bacterial proteins. Radiation sterilization with UV light or gamma rays damages DNA but only sterilizes surfaces directly exposed. The goal of sterilization is to destroy all microorganisms on instruments and equipment to prevent infection in patients.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
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2. Sterilization
Sterilization is the process by which an object becomes free from all the microorganisms.
By sterilization, pathogenic organisms are destroyed.
3. Purpose
To keep the supplies/articles free from pathogens.
To make complete destruction of microorganisms.
To sterilize instruments and equipment used in the surgical practice.
To keep the articles in such a condition that they are ready for use at any time.
For the safety of the patients.
4. Methods of sterilization
Natural method
Physical method
Chemical method
Radiation or ultraviolet light sterilization
5. Natural Sterilization
Used to sterilize contaminated linen and bedpans.
Direct sunlight will have an affect on acid –fast microorganism.
Place the linen or bedpans in direct sunlight for 6 hours for 2 consecutive days.
7. Boiling (moist heating)
Boiling an instrument/article immersed fully in boiling water (100° C) for 10 minutes will kill most of
the pathogenic organisms.
General Instructions
• The articles should be clean.
The articles should be fully immersed in water.
Close the sterilizer lid tightly. Note the time after the water has started to boil.
Boil it for 7 to 10 minutes. Remove the articles with chattel forceps.
Precautions
Do not pick articles in between, when the boiling is in
process. Do not boil sharp instruments such as scissors, knives, needles, etc. Because boiling blunt
them.
8. Advantages and disadvantage
Advantages
Boiling can be used in the home environment and other situation.
It is one of the economic ways of sterilizing articles.
Disadvantages
Some bacteria and viruses and all spores are resistantto boiling.
Boiling method cannot be used for the articles which may be destroyed by moisture and heat.
9. Autoclaving
Autoclaving is the most common method used for sterilizing surgical instruments.
It accomplishes sterilization dependably without damage to most of the instrument.
It is the best, safest and effective method of sterilization.
It destroys the spore forming microorganisms.
In this method high temperature, pressure and humidity is used to destroy the bacteria.
10. Mechanism of Autoclave
In autoclaving the sterilization is done by steam under pressure. In an autoclave, water boils and its
vapor pressure equals that of the surrounding atmosphere.
When pressure increases inside a closed vessel, the temperature at which boils also increases.
Saturated steam has better penetrating power.
When steam comes into contact with a cooler surface, it condenses into water and given up its
latent heat to that surface.
Temperature: 121°C
Pressure: 15 pounds per square inch (PSI) Time: 15 to 45 minutes.
11. Instruments Used for Sterilization
Surgical instruments
Syringes and needles Linen including gowns .
Masks
Abdominal swabs and dressing.
12. Hot air oven
High temperature and comparatively long exposure times are required for hot air oven. Various
types of powders, glass materials, etc. Are sterilized by this method.
13. Mechanism of hot air oven
It works on the principle of sterilization by dry heat. Temperature: 160°C
Time: One hour Articles sterilized include glassware, forceps, scissors, scalpels, syringes, liquid
paraffin and dusting powder.
Advantages
All types of microorganisms including spores are kille
by this method. It is the safest method of sterilization.
Disadvantage
It is costly method of sterilization.
14. Chemical method
The chemical substances known as disinfectants are used to kill pathogenic organism. It is also called as
cold sterilization.
Mechanism of Chemical Disinfectants A chemical disinfectant acts by coagulating the bacte protein or by
changing the composition of protein so th
it is no longer exist in the same form .
Commonly Used Disinfectants
Phenol
Lysol
Formalin
Dettol
Alcohol.
15. Advantages and disadvantage
Advantages
This method is used to sterilize instruments which are damaged by heat and metallic objects prone to
corrosion.
It is an easy method.
Disadvantages
A disinfectant cannot destroy the spores. Disinfectants are used in injuries to skin and the articles.
16. Radiation method of sterilization
Radiation or ultraviolet light sterilization: This method is expensive but nowadays it is used for the
sterilization of plastic items such as disposable saline set, catheter, Ryle’s tubes, etc.
Gas sterilization: Ethylene oxide gas is employed as a sterilizing agent in especially designed
chambers in which temperature and humidity can be controlled and from which air can be
evacuated.
An exposure period of 3 to 6 hours is needed. Other gases employed for sterilization are
formaldehyde and beta propiolactone
17. Articles Sterilized
Surgical instruments with optical lenses.
Tubing and plastic parts of heart-lung machines.
Ventilator tubes.
Disposable syringes.
Pillows and mattresses.
Advantages
Exposure to formaldehyde gas under conditions of controlled humidity, temperature and the time exposure will destroy all
vegetative forms of bacteria, viruses and most of the spores.
The best results can be obtained with high concentration
of gas humidity above 60% and temperature not less than 180° C.
Disadvantages
Ethylene oxide has a pungent smell. It is an irritant to eye, mucous membrane and skin.
18. Radiation method
The two types of radiation are non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation.
Non-ionizing radiation methods are infrared and ultra- violet radiation.
Ionizing radiation methods include X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays, are highly lethal to the
DNA and other vital cell constituents.
19. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Instruments which are covered in plastic packs or aluminum foils can be sterilized by this method.
Instruments like disposable syringe, catheters, hypo- dermic needles and sharp instruments that
cannot withstand heat, can be sterilized by this method.
Disadvantages
Since radiation in a straight line does not penetrate, only the surface of an object in straight line is
irradiated.
The bacteria in shadows are unaffected, so all thesurfaces should be exposed to the radiation.
Editor's Notes
Sterilization
Defination- Sterilization is the process by which an object becomes free of all the microorganisms.
