The document provides an overview of microbiology, including: - Microbes are microscopic life forms that require magnification to view and come in various forms. - Key figures like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Jenner helped prove that microbes cause disease and establish germ theory through experiments. - Diseases can be infectious, caused by microbes entering the body, or chronic illnesses like cancer. While antibiotics reduced infectious diseases, new drug-resistant strains continue to emerge.

1. Microbiology Chapter 1

2. Part I Introduction to Microbiology

3. Scope of Microbiology Microbes Life forms which require magnification for viewing Ubiquitous Each group has a distinct set of biological characteristics Single celled vs. multi-celled Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic Cell wall vs. no cell wall Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic Cellular vs. acellular

4. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

5. Assigning Characteristics Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Algae Helminths Viruses Assign common characteristics to each group

6. (Top) Coccidioidomycosis Arthrospores (Bottom) Development of Arthrospores Into spherule in lung tissue Fungal Infection of the lung Schistosoma (worms) at two different stages of development – liver Disease and other symptoms Staphylococcus Aureus Gram positive bacteria Staph infections and MRSA Trypanosoma Eukaryotic pathogen African Sleeping Sickness Treponema pallidum Bacterial spirochete Causes syphilis Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acid fast bacteria (shown in pink) like this causes TB and leprosy. Light blue is Staph epi, a common bacteria cocci which inhabits the Skin. Not a common pathogen Herpes Virus

7. Size Comparisons

8. What Do Microbes Do? Photosynthesis Decomposition Soil Fertility & Microbial Ecology Microbial Physiology & Fermentation of Cheese Wine Bread Genetics, Gene Regulation & Biotechnology Bioremediation Oil Eating Bacteria & Fungi Water Purification Infectious Disease & Immunology Ch 4, 7, & 26 Ch 8 & 27 Ch 9 & 10 Ch 27 Briefly Need an Environmental & Applied Micro Course Ch 14 – 16 & Ch 18 - 25

9. Part II Historical Figures in Microbiology

10. Superstition of Microbiology Spontaneous generation For thousands of years people believed that living things arose from vital forces present in non living matter Mushrooms appearing on rotting wood Afflicted people were thought to be cursed Controversy between… Abiogenesis and biogenesis

11. First Look at Microbes In the 1600s Robert Hooke (English) reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells Antonie van Leeuwenhoek construction microscopes which could magnify 300X Described microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings & rain water

12. Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis Franceso Redi He wanted to ascertain whether maggots arose from some “vital force” of the meat or were offspring of flies

13. Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis Conclusions of Redi’s Experiment This and related experiments proved that complex animals such as insects and mice develop through biogenesis However, meat leaf out but covered with gauze would still rot Therefore, the idea that simpler organism could arise from abiogenesis was still accepted

14. Proving that Microbes Are Present in Dust Particles Jablot’s vs. Needham’s Experiment Jablots experiment supported the idea that microbes are present in the air

15. Proving that Microbes Are Present in Dust Particles However, support for Jablot’s experiment faltered when Needham’s results were reported Needham performed the same experiment with mutton gravy Microbial growth was in both containers What do you think happened here?

16. These disputes would be put to rest with Louis Pasteur’s work Proving that Microbes Are Present in Dust Particles

17. Pasteurization Pasteur also demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization

18. Lister’s Work English physician advanced the idea of antisepsis in health care setting 1860’s Dressed wounds with carbolic acid (phenol) Reduced deaths among patients by 2/3 Listerine Mouthwash

19. Koch’s Postulates 1876 Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young rival

20. Koch’s Postulates Mouse dies with sores Take scraping and plate on agar A heterogeneous population of bacteria Grow – which one is the causative agent Isolate all different strains and types and inject into healthy mice and see which mice develop similar phenotype and symptoms Take a sample again from mice which died of same symptoms and isolate the causative agent again

21. Koch’s Postulates A sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease

22. Koch’s Postulates Used to prove the specific causative agent of an infectious disease

23. Jenner’s Work Observed that milkmaids did not acquire smallpox Milkmaids were exposed to chronic low doses of cowpox and therefore acquired specific immunity 1796 Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus and found this person was then protected against acquiring small pox This protection is known as immunity Called vaccinatin from vacca for cow

24. Alexander Fleming’s Work In 1928 Fleming discovered the first antibiotic by accident He observed that Penicillium fungus secreted a substance which killed bacteria Explain why a fungus would do this In 1940s penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

25. Germ Theory of Disease All of these aforementioned people and others helped give rise to the germ theory of disease Germ Theory states that microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease Before this many time politics and religion would spur on erroneous theories

26. Part III Introduction to Disease

27. Chronic vs. Infectious Disease Chronic Disease which persists over a long period of time Atherosclerosis, cancer & heart failure Infectious Organism enters and tissues & grows Bacterial – Prokaryotic Viral – Acellular Protozoan – Eukaryotic Causes symptoms in patients

28. Conquering Infectious Disease The triumph over infectious disease? Antibiotics discovered in 1940s Vaccinations routinely delivered in the 1950s through today Eradication of polio and small pox But then… MRSA Drug resistant TB HIV Ebola Avia Flu And more

29. Conquering Infectious Disease What went wrong? Medical advances Older and sicker people live longer More susceptible to garden variety microbes Population is more mobile Emerging diseases Encroachment of humans into wild habitat Rapid evolution and biochemical changes to microbes Microbes have a quick generation time

30. All Diseases Old Standards Syphilis Measles Staph Infections Chicken Pox Emerging Avia Flu Antigenic shift event HIV in the 80’s West Nile in US in 2001 Continental travel Reemerging Tuberculosis - TB New drug resistant strains Immunocompromised patients

31. Top Causes of Death * Stands for lower respiratory disease Infectious Diseases are shown in red 1.19 x 10 6 10. Accidents 33,865 10.Septicemia 1.27 x 10 6 9. Malaria 40,970 9. Kidney problems 1.57 x 10 6 8. Tuberculosis 58,870 8. Alzheimer disease 1.80 x 10 6 7. Diarrheal disease 65,680 7. Flu & Pneumonia 2.75 x 10 6 6. Chronic LRD* 73,250 6. Diabetes 2.78 x 10 6 5. HIV/AIDS 106,740 5. Accidents 3.33 x 10 6 4. Cancer 124,800 4. Chronic LRD* 3.88 x 10 6 3. Res infection 162,670 3. Stroke 5.51 x 10 6 2. Stroke 557,270 2. Cancer 8.12 x 10 6 1. Heart Disease 696,950 1. Heart Disease Deaths Worldwide Deaths United States

32. Infectious Disease Statistics

33. Part IV Taxonomy & Biological Classification

34. Organizing Life Classification Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships Nomenclature Assigning names to various taxonomic rankings Identification Correct placement of organism into taxonomic scheme

35. Taxonomy Origins of organizing biological life Carl von Linne or Linnaeus 1701 – 1778 System of recognizing and defining properties of living organism followed by the placement into specific slots Grouped according to similar properties Grouped according to evolutionary relatedness Constantly being revised and refined

36. Taxonomy

37. Nomenclature Scientists use a standard binomial system Overseen by an international group Verify that standard procedures were followed Ascertain the uniqueness of each name Make sure no other name exists

38. Nomenclature Staphylococcus aureus Staphule – bunch of grapes Aureus – golden Campylobacter jejuni Kampylos – curved Bakterion – little rod Jejunum – section of small intestine Giardia lamblia Alfred Giard – French microbiologist Vilem Lambl – Bohemian physician

39. Evolution & Phylogeny Evolution All new species originate from preexisting species Closely related organism have similar feature due to evolution from common ancestral forms Phylogeny Tree of life Classification based on evolutionary relatedness

40. Whittaker’s System

41. Whittaker’s System Although used for many years this system has problems in terms of evolutionary relatedness Kingdom Protista Autotrophs & heterotrops are groups together Archaea Although these organisms are prokaryotic they are more closely related to eukaryotic cells

42. Solution to Whittaker’s Tree Biologist no longer group organisms into a 5 kingdom system Currently a three domain system Many original kingdoms still work Plants, animals, fungi However, Kingdom Protista & Kingdom Monera have been extensively reorganized into many different kingdoms

43. Three Domain System