This document discusses statistical methods and measurement scales. It describes three main statistical methods: descriptive statistics which summarize data, correlational methods which examine relationships between variables, and inferential statistics which make inferences about populations from samples. It also outlines four measurement scales: nominal for identity measures, ordinal for ranked order, interval for differences with equal units but no zero, and ratio which has an absolute zero where ratios have meaning.

1. Statistical
Methods and
Measurement
Scales
Presented by
Kristel May A. Sarzadilla

2. Statistics deals with
• Collection
• Organization
• Presentation
• Analysis
• Interpretation

3. Statistical
Methods

4. Descriptive Statistical Method
 Descriptive statistics are used to describe
the basic features of the data in a study. They
provide simple summaries about the sample
and the measures. Together with simple
graphics analysis, they form the basis of
virtually every quantitative analysis of data.
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net

5. Correlational Method
 Correlation is a statistical technique that
can show whether and how strongly pairs of
variables are related. For example, height and
weight are related; taller people tend to be
heavier than shorter people.
http://www.surveysystem.com

6. Inferential Method
 We use inferential statistics to try to infer
from the sample data what the population
might think. Or, we use inferential
statistics to make judgments of the
probability that an observed difference
between groups is a dependable one or one
that might have happened by chance in this
study.
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net

7. Measurement
Scales

8. Nominal Scale
Used as measures of identity.
Examples:
 Religion
 Sex

9. Ordinal Scales
Used in measurement
wherein numbers reflect
the rank order of the
individual or objects

11. Interval Scale
 Provides numbers that reflect differences
among items.
 Measurement units are equal.
 Has no reference to zero
 MDAS has meaning

12. Ratio Scale
 It has absolute zero.
 M & D have meaning