The document discusses different types of variables that may be present in research studies. It defines independent and dependent variables as those that are interrelated, with the independent variable being manipulated by the researcher to affect the dependent variable. Research variables are qualities or characteristics that are observed without manipulation. Demographic variables describe characteristics of study subjects, while extraneous variables are uncontrolled factors that may influence dependent variables. The document provides examples of how these different types of variables may appear in descriptive, exploratory, correlational, comparative, experimental, and quasi-experimental study designs.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
Organizations nowadays are expanding both regionally and internationally, and have to adopt to new ways of working, especially field-work requires enormous flexibility and mobility from employees. Thus, this has created difficulties for companies to gather employees together in order to train, develop and communicate at the same time. E-learning may be the solution for this problem.
By enhancing knowledge skills and know-how to employees, where in particular the employee has control over and personally customized whether what, when, where and how he/she learns.
Variables are qualities, properties, or characteristics of person, things, or situations that change or vary.
Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different level of abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation within study.
Research variable - Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different levels of the abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation with in study.
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study.
Psychosocial care of coronavirus disease 2019Nursing Path
The novel Coronavirus (nCoV) epidemic in 2019 -2020 has recently emerged. The route of transmission is not totally known, although it is known that it can spread from person to person, and local health care systems may be ill-equipped to handle a large-scale outbreak.
The blood electrolytes—sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate—help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance and water balance. ... Thus, having electrolytes in the right concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important in maintaining fluid balance among the compartments
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Outcome-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). By the end of the educational experience, each student should have achieved the goal.
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
A mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.
The term "anxiety disorder" refers to specific psychiatric disorders that involve extreme fear or worry, and includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder and panic attacks, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety, and specific phobias.
Selection and organization of learning experienceNursing Path
Curriculum is the educational design of learning experiences for the students. Curricular experiences include course content as well as learning activities. The selection and organization of curricular experiences must also reflect the philosophy of the school. The identifying and organizing of curricular experiences begins with the analysis of curriculum objectives. The most commonly used approach in selecting learning experiences is the logical approach in which the process is treated as content in curriculum development.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. INTRODUCTION
Variables are qualities, properties, or
characteristics of person, things, or
situations that change or vary.
Chinn & Kramer stated that ‘variables are
concepts at different level of abstraction
that are concisely defined to promote
their measurement or manipulation within
study’.
Variables are classified based on their
nature, actions, & effects on the variables
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3. TYPES OF VARIABLES
Independent and dependent variables
Research variable
Demographic variables
Extraneous variables
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4. Independent and dependent
variables
These are to two variables which are interrelated &
mainly observed in correlational, interventional,
pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, experimental
research studies.
An independent variable:
It is a stimulus or activity that is
manipulated or varied by the researcher to create
the effect on the dependent variable.
A dependent variable:
It is the outcome or response due to
the effect of the independent variable, which
researcher wants to predict or explain.
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5. Count…
For example;
“Effectiveness of planned teaching on the
knowledge of staff nurses working in
psychiatric unit regarding Physical
Restraints for psychiatric patient in selected
hospital of Vidharbha region”.
in this study planned
teaching is an independent variable & knowledge
is the dependent variable
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6. Research variable
In descriptive, exploratory, comparative, &
qualitative research studies, variable are
observed or measured in natural setting as they
exist, without manipulating or imposing the
effect of intervention or treatment.
Here no independent variable is manipulated &
no cause-effect relationship is examined; these
variable are considered as research variable.
Therefore, research variables can be defined as
qualities, attributes, properties or characteristics
which are observed or measured in a natural
setting without manipulating & establishing
cause-&-effect relationship.
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7. Count…
For example;
„An exploratory study on factors
contributing to sleep disturbance among
patients admitted in selected intensive
care unit of AIMS, New Delhi‟.
In this research study,
“factors contributing to sleep
disturbance” is a research variable,
which is observed in natural setting
without manipulating it.
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8. Demographic variables
In most of the research studies, researchers
make the attempt to study the sample
characteristics & present them in research
findings.
Sometimes researchers even try to establish
relations of the demographic variables with
the research variables.
These characteristics & attributes of the
study subjects are considered as
demographic variables.
Common demographic variables are age,
gender, educational status, religion, social
class, marital status, habitat, occupation,
income, & medical diagnosis etc.
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9. Extraneous variables
Extraneous variables are the factors
which are not the part of the study but
may affect the measurement of the
study variables.
These variables are usually recognized
& controlled by researchers in quasi-
experimental & experimental studies.
Generally, specific research design &
sample inclusion & exclusion criteria are
used to control the influence of
extraneous variables.
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10. Count…
For example:
‘A study is conducted to assess the effect of two
different pin site care protocols on prevention of
pin site infection among patients with external
skeletal fixation’.
In this study, pin site care protocols are
independent variable, pin site infection is the
dependent variable .
However, the dependent variable, pin site
infection may also be influenced by some of the
other factors such as low hemoglobin level or
higher blood sugar level among these patients;
these factors are considered as extraneous
variables, which may have unwanted effect onwww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
12. Types of
study
Example of the research problem
statement
variables
Descriptive A descriptive study on prevalence of anemia
among adolescent girls in selected villages of
district Gulbarga, Karnataka
Research variable:
Prevalence of anemia
Exploratory An exploratory study on contributing factors of
anemia among adolescent girls in selected
villages of district Gulbarga, Karnataka.
Research variable:
Contributing factors of
anemia
Correlationa
l
A correlational study on smoking & lung cancer
among slum dwellers of city Mumbai.
Independent variable:
Smoking
Dependent variable: Lung
cancer
Comparative A comparative study on health problems among
rural & urban older people of district Mehsana,
Gujrat.
Research variable: Health
problems
experimenta
l
An experimental study on efficacy of oral
morphine in management of chronic cancer pain
among advanced stage cancer patients admitted in
hospice at Mehsana.
Independent variable: Oral
morphine
Dependent variable: Chronic
cancer pain
Quasi-
experimenta
A quasi-experimental study of effect of needle
gauge on pain perception among patients
Independent variable: Needle
gaugewww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
14. Types of
study
Example of the research problem
statement
variables
phenomenologic
al
A phenomenological study on live experiences of
tsunami victims in selected villages of state Tamil
Nadu
Research variable: Live
Experiences
Ethnographical An ethnographic study on the features, critical
attributes, processes, & benefits of self-help
groups of women living with chronic alcoholic
husbands in selected villages of district Mehsana,
Gujrat.
Research variable:
Features, critical
attributes, process &
benefits of self-help
groups
Grounded theory A study on the response & adaptation process of
patients diagnosed with cancer in Lions Hospital
Mehsana, Gujrat.
Research variable:
Response & adaptation
process
Case study A case study on availability & utilization of
emergency services in public hospital at Ludhiana,
Punjab
Research variable:
Availability & utilization
of emergency services
Historical study A historic study on experiences of ward facilities
for psychiatric nurses during the 1960s & 1970s in
National Institute of Mental Health &
Neurosciences, Bangalore
Research variable:
Experiences of ward
facilities.
Action research A study on practicability of integrating the nursing
service & education in selected premier nursing
Research variable:
Practicability of
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15. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF
VARIABLES
In research study, each variable or
concept must be operationally defined.
An operational definition of variable
provides the theoretical or conceptual
meaning of variable under study.
This definition of the variables may be
derived from conceptual or theoretical
framework on which study is based or
may be stated in a form in which
variables are expected to be studied in
present study.
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16. Count…
For example:
“Effectiveness of planned teaching on the
knowledge of staff nurses working in
psychiatric unit regarding Physical
Restraints for psychiatric patient in selected
hospital of Vidharbha region”.
In this problem statement
there are five variables, effectiveness, planned
teaching, knowledge, nurse & physical restraint,
which need to operationally defined.
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