Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
Research variable - Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different levels of the abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation with in study.
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
Research variable - Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different levels of the abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation with in study.
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study.
It is estimated that 1 3 rd of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Each year, about 9 million people develop TB, of whom about 1 5 million die
WHO has estimated that around 10 of global tuberculosis case load occurs in children( 0 14 years) of these childhood cases, 75 occur annually in 22 high burden countries that together account for 80 of the world’s estimated incident cases.
Cystic fibrosis is a disease passed down through families that cause thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract and other areas of the body
It is one of the most common chronic lungs disease in children and young adults
What is grief? Dictionaries define grief as “an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement”, or “deep and intense mental anguish following a bereavement”. Another grief definition might be: “Keen mental distress or suffering especially after the death of someone close”. As such, grief is related to the loss of a valued someone or something and is an emotional process to deal with this loss that is typically not ordered or predictable. Bereavement includes grief and mourning, which is the outward and sometimes ritualized expression of loss.
Children and adults differ physically and mentally.
As a nurses it is necessary to learn the differences to deliver the care accordingly.
CLASSIFICATION:
Anatomical differences
Physiological differences
Psychological differences
Children are more prone to dehydration than adults. At the same time, exposure to many chemical agents and some biological agents leads to vomiting and diarrhea.
As a result, children may be more symptomatic and show symptoms earlier than adults.
Children have a higher proportion of rapidly growing tissues than adults, and some agents, including ionizing radiation and mustard gas, significantly affect rapidly growing tissues.
As a result, children are more prone to ionizing radiation and other agents that affect rapidly growing tissue than adults.
Children have relatively small airways compared with adults. The smaller the caliber of the airway, the greater the reduction in airflow as a result of increased pulmonary secretions that occur following exposure to chemicals or edema from inhalation of hot gases
As a result, children suffer more pulmonary pathology than adults at the same level of exposure.
Prevention of disease.
Promotion of physical, mental and social well-being of children so that each child may achieve the full genetic potential with which he/she is born.
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
The term “mentally handicap” is now used for the conduction “mental retardation”.
At least 2 to 3 % of Indian population are mentally handicapped in any form.
Mental handicapped is the significantly sub average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior manifested during the developmental period.
It includes the learning disability, poor maturation and social mal adjustment in combination.
Challenged children are one who deviated from normal health status either physically, mentally or socially and requires special care, treatment and education.
Definition
Children with special health care needs are those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally.” (McPherson,1998)
Anemia is a reduction in RBCs
which in turn decreases the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood.
Anemia is not a specific
disease state but a sign of an
underlying disorder.
The child is one of the most important assets of the nation.
Effort should be exerted to promote a child’s well-being and enhance his/her opportunities for a useful and happy life.
His/her traits and capabilities should be developed for the betterment of society.
Generally parents have the autonomy to make health care decisions for their child . In certain situations older children have autonomy to give assent to care& in special situations adolescents are granted a autonomy to consent without parents knowledge.
National Health Policy for children, Special laws relating to children RAVI RAI DANGI
The universal declaration of human rights adopted way back in 1948, proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance. It was only during the twentieth century that the concept of children’s rights emerged. Rights perspective is em-bodied in the United Nations convention on the rights of child in 1989, which is a landmark in international human rights legisla-tion. Children being the most vulnerable section of the society need care, protection and affection for their survival and for all round development.
Trends and Modern concepts of Pediatric Nursing RAVI RAI DANGI
In India, pediatric nursing was not given due in recognition in syllabi in the earlier periods of nursing training but with the introduction of under graduate degree programme in nursing in madras university CMC vellor,RAK Delhi, pediatric nursing as a course was introduced date back from 1950s.Child health nursing is undergoing tremendous advancement just like pediatric medicine and surgery. The current trends in the practice are based on researches that have taken make place in the field of pediatric nursing
Cost containment is a management technique utilized to reduce the cost of hospitalization. It is reduced in many ways in hospitals either by cutting nursing positions or by improving process of care and tightening non labour resources.
Refractive error means that the shape of your eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age), and astigmatism.
Glaucoma is a group of ocular conditions characterized by optic nerve damage. The optic nerve damage is related to the IOP caused by congestion of aqueous humor in the eye.
Congenital glaucoma is a rare form of glaucoma. Affected infants may be born with a high intraocular pressure or may develop an increased IOP within the “first weeks of life".
It may develop in pre term infants (less than 33 week of gestational age) due to retinal immaturity and hyperoxia resulting from high construction of O2 therapy. It is a bilateral complication of pre term infants.
A congenital opacity of the crystalline lens. Cloudiness in the lens of the eye that is present at, or develops shortly after birth. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children.
The important diseases recognized as responsible for visual impairment and blindness in India are cataract, refraction errors, glaucoma, conjunctivitis.
Mal nutrition and systemic disease are also important contributing factors.
Other causes include are eye injury, congenital disorders, retinal detachment, tumors, leprosy etc.
The visual disorder can be found as the following problems.
Amblyopia or subnormal vision in one or both eyes in spite of correction of significant refractive error.
Night blindness – it means inability to well at night or in faint light. It may occur in retinitis, choroidoretinistis, Vit A deficiency, retina toxic drugs.
Double Vision – It is found in squint, ptosis. It may be warning sign of increase IOP, brain tumor, orbital or myasthenia gravis.
Color blindness – It is a genetically determine condition in which color perception is defective or absent. Red and green color deficiency is the usual found. It can be detected at the age of 5 to 6 years’ age.
It is found in about 8% of the male population and is inherited as sex linked recessive trait. Color blindness may be total or partial there is no specific treatment.
Some main responsible disease for visual impairments in India :-
Conjunctivitis
Cataract
Refractory errors
Glaucoma
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Hearing is the important for the development of speech and verbal communication. Impairment of hearing may be congenital or acquired.
It may be temporary or permanent, organic or inorganic, central or peripheral in origin. Hearing defect can be mild, moderate, severe or profound. It is the most common handicapped conditions in children. It is found about 9 to 15 % among Indian school children.
The high risk neonate is defined as one who has a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality during the prenatal ,peri natal and postnatal periods..
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Definition
The research design is the master plan specifying the
methods and procedures for collection and analyzing
the needed information in a research study.
Research design is the researcher’s over all plan for
answering the research question or testing the
research hypotheses.
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Factors affecting the research design
Nature of the research problem like experimental or
non experimental
Purpose of the study
Researcher’s knowledge and experience
Research ethics and principles
Participants or samples
Resources
Time
User of study findings
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Experimental research design
Experimental is most scientifically sophisticated
research method.
It is defined as ‘observation under controlled
conditions’.
Experimental research design are concerned with
examination of the effect of independent variable on
the dependent variable, where the independent
variable is manipulated through treatment or
intervention(s), & the effect of those interventions is
observed on the dependent variable.
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True Experimental Design
Three essential characteristics
Manipulation – refers to conscious control of
independent variable by researcher through
intervention.
Control- refers to use of control group and controlling
the extraneous variables on the dependent variables.
Randomization – refers to each and every sample
have equal chance to selected for the study.
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Types Of True Experimental Research Design
1. Post test only control design
Random
Assignment
Experiment
al group
Control
group
Treatment Post test
Post test
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Types Of True Experimental Research Design
1. Pre test - Post test only design
Random
Assignment
Exper
group
Control
group
Treatment Post test
Post test
Pretest
Pretest
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1. Solomon four group design
Exper
Group 1
Control
group 1
Treatment Post test
Post test
Pretest
Pretest
Exper
group 2
Control
group 2
Treatment Post test
Post test
Random
Assignment
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Randomized Block Design
When there are large number of experimental
comparison groups, the randomized block design is
used to bring homogeneity among selected different
groups.
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Randomized Block Design
Type of
antihyperten
sive drugs
BLOCKS
Patient with
primary
hypertension
(I)
Diabetic
patient with
hypertension
(II)
Renal patient
with
hypertension
(III)
A A, I A,II A,III
B B,I B,II B,III
C C,I C,II C,III
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Crossover design
Groups Protocols of mouth care
Group Ist Chlorhexidine Saline
Group IInd Saline Chlorhexidine
In this design the subjects are exposed to more than
one treatment , where subject are randomly
assigned to different orders of treatment. It is also
known as repeat measure design.
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Advantage of true experimental design
Power full design
Relationship can be established in more statistical way
Greater degree of purity due to control
Purely manipulated by researcher
These research are performed in laboratory so
researcher can work with more concentrated way and
carefully.
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Dis-Advantage of true experimental design
Most of the studies can’t be replicated on humans due
to ethical considerations.
Need a valid and good instrument for measurement.
These studies needs laboratory because in
environment the extraneous variables can affect the
study.
Sample size issue when it is related to human beings.
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Quasi experimental design
It involves the manipulation of independent variable
to observe the effect on dependent variable; but it
lacks at least one of the two character of true
experimental design: randomization or control group.
Two types
Nonrandomized control group
Time series design
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1. Non Randomized Control Group
Random
Assignment
Exper
group
Control
group
Treatment Post test
Post test
Pretest
Pretest
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Advantage of quasi experimental design
Most feasible method due to availability of small
sample size, randomization and availability of control
group is not possible always.
It allows researcher to evaluate the impact of
extraneous variables in natural settings.
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Dis-advantage of quasi experimental design
No control over the extraneous environment.
The absence of control group makes the result weaker.
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Pre experimental design
This research design is very weak research design
because researcher have very weal control on it.
Two types
One shot case design
One group pre test post design
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2. One group pre test post test case design
Exper
group
Treatment Post testPretest
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Non- experimental research design
• Non experimental research design is one of the broad
categories of research designs, in which the researcher
observes the phenomena as they occur naturally, & no
external variables are introduced. It is a research design
in which variables are not deliberately manipulated,
nor is the setting controlled.
• Researcher collect the data without making changes or
inducing the treatments. Collected data will be
analyzed and result may lead to the formation of
hypothesis that can be tested experimentally.
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DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe,
describe, & document aspects of a situation as it
naturally occurs, & sometimes to serve as a starting
point for hypothesis generation or theory
development.
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MAIN FEATURES…
• Descriptive designs are used to observe, document, &
describe a phenomenon occurring in its natural
setting without any manipulation or control.
• The descriptive studies are designed to gain more
information about characteristics within a particular
field in the real world.
• Descriptive studies provide an impression of a
situation as it occurs in natural settings. Descriptive
studies do not involve the manipulation of variables,
& variables are studies as they exist in the real world.
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• Descriptive design may be used to develop theories,
identify problems with current practices, justify
current practices, make judgments, or determine
other practices in similar situations.
• In descriptive studies, bias is prevented through
operational definitions of variables, large sample size,
random sampling techniques, valid & reliable research
tools, & formal data collection methods.
• Descriptive designs include identification of
phenomenon of interest, identifying the variables
within the phenomenon, developing operational
definitions of the variables, & describing the variables.
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Univariant descriptive design
Univariant descriptive designs are undertaken to describe
the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon. This
design does not necessarily focus on the study of single
variable; there may be one or more variables involved in
the study. For example, a researcher is interested in
assessing the experiences of patients suffering from
rheumatoid arthritis.
In this study, the researcher may describe th frequency o
different symptoms experienced by the patients & the
type of treatment they received during the course of
disease, etc. There are multiple variables in this research
study.
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Exploratory design
Exploratory design is used to identify, explore, describe
the existing phenomenon & its relate factors.
In other words, it is not only a simple description on the
frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon, but its in-
depth exploration & a study of its related factors to
improve further understanding about a less-understood
phenomenon.
For example, an exploratory study to assess the
multifactorial dimensions of falls & home safety
measures for elderly people living in selected
communities in the city Mehsana.
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Comparative design
Comparative design involves comparing & contrasting two
or more samples of study subjects on one or more variables,
often at a single point of time.
This design is used to compare two distinct groups on the
basis of selected attributed such as knowledge level,
perceptions, & attitudes; physical or psychological
symptoms; & so on.
For example, ‘A comparative study on health problems
among rural & urban older people in district Mehsana,
Gujarat.
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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
This is a non experimental design, where researcher
examines the relationship between two or more variables
in a natural setting without manipulation or Control.
In other words, it is a research design where researchers
study the relationship of two or more variables without
any intervention.
For example, this design was used for ‘A correlational
study on the effect of smoking on lung cancer among
people in Mehsana.
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MAIN FEATURES…
In correlational studies, the researchers examine
the strength of relationships between variables by
determining how change in one variable is
correlated with change in the other variable.
Generally, correlational studies have independent
& dependent variables, but the effect of
independent variable is observed on dependant
variable without manipulating the independent
variable.
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In epidemiological language these studies are
known as cause & effect study, where cause & effect
relationship is investigate in natural settings
without imposing experimental interventions.
This cause & effect relationship can be investigated
either in forward manner, i.e. from cause to effect
(prospective) or backward manner, i.e. effect to
cause (retrospective).
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Prospective research design
A design in which the researcher relates the present to
the future is a prospective research design .
Prospective studies start with a presumed cause & then
go to presumed effects. In this research design ,
researcher observe phenomenon from cause to effect.
Prospective designs are often longitudinal, but may also
be cross sectional.
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for example, a researcher conducting ‘a prospective
correlational study on effect of maternal infection
during pregnancy on fetal development & pregnancy
outcome .’
In this study, the researcher starts by collecting data
from pregnant women regarding any history of
infection among women during their current
pregnancies, next observes fetal development &
pregnancy outcome, & finally analyses the relationship
of maternal infection during pregnancy & fetal
development & pregnancy outcome.
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Retrospective research design
A design in which the researcher studies the current
phenomenon by seeking information from past is a
retrospective research design.
In this the researcher links the present phenomenon
with the past events.
In other words, the researcher has a backward
approach to study a phenomenon, where he or she
moves from effect to identify the cause.
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For example, this design was used in ‘a retrospective
correlational study on substance abuse-related high-
risk factors among traumatic head injury patients
admitted in neurosurgery ICU of Geetanjali Medical
College & Hospital, Udaipur’.
In this study, the researcher first approached head
injury patients, & then tried to identify the number of
head injuries that occurred under the influence of
substance abuse.
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DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Developmental research design examines the
phenomenon with reference to time.
Developmental research designs are generally used as
adjunct research designs with other research designs
such as cross-sectional-descriptive, longitudinal
correlational research designs.
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Cross-sectional design
Cross-sectional research design is one in which
researcher collects data at particular point of time (one
period of data collection). These studies are easier &
more convenient to carry out.
For example, a researcher is interested in assessing the
awareness on swine flu among people of an area.
Here the researcher interacts only once to collect
awareness-related data from respondents.
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Longitudinal design
Longitudinal research design is used to collect data over
an extended time period (long-time study). Its value is in
its ability to demonstrate change over a period of time.
For example, a researcher in interested in the perception
of nursing students towards nursing profession from the
beginning of nursing programme to its end.
In this example, it is appropriate to use the longitudinal
research design to study this phenomenon.
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Epidemiology is the study to investigate the
distribution & causes of the diseases in population.
Therefore, epidemiological studies are generally
conducted to investigate causes of different diseases in
either prospective approaches (causes to effect) or
retrospective designs.
Prospective studies are known as cohort studies &
retrospective studies are called case-control studies.
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Cohort studies:
In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to
investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing
presumed causes.
For example, a researcher longitudinally observes the
smokers for development of lung cancer.
Case-control studies:
In this design, causes of a disease are investigated after
the occurrence of a disease.
For example, a researcher investigates the history of
smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.
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SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
Survey design is used to collect information from
different subjects within a given population having same
characteristics of interest.
If survey is conducted on a sample of population, it is
called SAMPLE SURVEY, and if the entire population is
involved, it is called a POPULATION SURVEY (census).
A survey helps to collect wide range of data from a given
population – eg., attitude, opinion, perception,
behaviour, awareness, practice, etc.
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FEATURES
Survey research is a process of gathering current
required data from the subjects so that new
information can be obtained.
The survey research enables the investigators to easily
collect current information about what ever the
investigator is interested in obtaining.
In a survey research, information is collected from a
mix of subjects who represent the total population in
the characteristics being studied.
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Survey research is a mode of enquiry that relies heavily
upon the validity of verbal reports. Survey can be
descriptive, exploratory, comparative or correlational in
nature.
Survey data can be collected in a number of ways. The
most common method is questioning. The information
is obtained directly from the respondents by self-
reporting questionnaires.
Some times face- to-face interview method may be used.
A carefully developed questionnaire or interview
schedule is essential for data collection. However the
instruments used should be reliable and valid.
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DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
Descriptive study is undertaken to describe
the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon rather
than to study the relationships
EXPLORATORY SURVEY
Surveys a phenomenon and its related factors
about which much information is not known.
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CORRELATIONAL SURVEY
Studies the relationship between two or more
variables in a natural setting without manipulation
or control.
COMPARITIVE SURVEY
Comparative survey aims at comparing and
contrasting the existence of a certain phenomenon
in two or more groups.
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ADVANTAGE OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
Non experimental research designs tend to be closest
to real-life situation.
Non experimental research designs are most suitable
for the nursing research studies.
Numerous human characteristics are inherently not
subject to experimental manipulation (e.g. blood
type, personality, health beliefs, medical diagnosis,
etc.)
There are many variable that could technically be
manipulated, but manipulated is forbidden on ethical
grounds.
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DISADVANTAGES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
The major disadvantage of non experimental researches
is that the results obtained & the relationship between
the dependent & independent variable can never be
absolutely clear & error-free.
Non experimental studies are conducted for comparative
purposes using nonrandom selected groups, which may
not be homogeneous & tend to be dissimilar in different
traits or characteristics, which may affect the
authenticity & generalizability of the study results.
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Qualitative research design
A qualitative research design is concerned with
establishing answers to the whys and how of the
phenomenon in question.
It is often said that qualitative research is any research
that does not include numbers. This is not a good
definition as it is the approach to the data gathering
that is different in the two styles of research rather
than the outputs.
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Qualitative research aims to explore, discover,
understand or describe phenomena that have already
been identified but are not well understood.
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Characteristic
Use words rather than numbers to describe findings
Assume a dynamic reality
Emphasize seeing the world from the perspective of
the participants
Goal is understanding rather than prediction
Emphasize the subjective dimensions of human
experiences
Holistic
Associated with the interpretive approach which is
discovery oriented, explanatory, descriptive, and
inductive in nature
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TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Historical research
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Ethnography
Meaning: ethnography (Greek ethnos=folk/people) is
a qualitative research method often used in the social
sciences, particularly in anthropology and in
sociology.
Data collection is often done through participant
observation, interviews, questions etc. • Ethnography
aims to describe the nature of those who studied
through writing.
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Ethnography focuses on the culture of group of people.
It is often employed for gathering empirical data on
human societies/cultures.
Example
An ethnographic study on socio cultural belief of the
people about antenatal, natal and post natal care of
women in selected area of Rajasthan.
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Advantages:
Ethnography immerses the project team in
participants’ lives and enables a relationship to
develop with research participants over the period of
study
Ethnography provides a rich source of visual data and
helps to reveal unarticulated needs
Ethnography captures behavior in the different
contexts of everyday life
Ethnography places a human face on data through
real-life stories that teams can relate to and remember
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Ethnography provides understanding behind ‘statistics’
Ethnography allows emotional behavior to be captured;
By carrying out research in the everyday life
environments of participants it helps to identify
discrepancies between what people say they do and what
they actually do.
Disadvantages
Investigate complex issue
A voice for understanding
Expansive and difficult
Ethics
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Phenomenology
Phenomenology is 20th century philosophical movement
dedicated to describing the structure of experience as they
present themselves to consciousness, without resources to
theory ,deduction, or assumptions from other discipline
such as the natural sciences.
Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a
concept or a phenomenon for several individuals.
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Seeks to achieve a deep understanding of the
phenomenon by rigorous, systematic examination of
it.
Its purpose is to describe the essences of lived
experiences
Example
A phenomenological study on live experience of tsunami
victims in selected areas of Tamilnadu .
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Advantages
In-depth understanding of individual phenomena.
In-depth understanding of individual phenomena.
Reach data
Unique perspective
Disadvantages
The subjectivity of the data leads to difficulties in
establishing reliability and validity of approaches and
information.
It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher induced
bias.
Non- numerical data
not produce generalizable data due to very small sample
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Grounded theory
Grounded theory is an inductive technique developed for
health –related topics by Glaser and Strauss (1967)
It emerged from the discipline of sociology.
The term grounded means that the theory developed
from the research is “grounded” or has it s roots in the
data from which it was derived.
This type of research has become an important research
method for the study of medical theories of phenomena
relevant to health care staff. it is an approach to social
process and social structures.
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As per grounded theory, the main focus is on
developing social experiences, the social and
psychological stages and phases that characterize the
particular event or episode.
Example
A study on the response and adaption process of the
patients diagnosed with cancer in selected hospital of
Gwalior.
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Advantages
The researcher should not predetermine a prior about what he
or she will find, and what and how social phenomena should
be viewed. Therefore, the value of Grounded Theory is that it
avoids making assumptions and instead adopts a more neutral
view of human action in a social context.
"Grounded theory provides a methodology to develop an
understanding of social phenomena that is not pre-formed or
pre- theoretically developed with existing theories and
paradigms."
Disadvantages
Grounded theory fails to recognize the embeddedness of the
researcher and thus obscures the researcher's considerable
agency in data construction and interpretation.
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Historical Research
Historical research is the systemic collection and
objective evaluation of data related to past occurrence in
order to test hypothesis concerning causes , effects, or
trends of theses events that help to explain present
events and anticipate future events. (Gay 1996)
This include higher critism and textual criticism
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Though items may very depending on the subject matter
and researcher the following concepts are usually part of
most formal historical research: -
Identification of origin date
Evidence of location
Recognition of authorship
Analysis of data
identification of integrity
attribution of credibility
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Example
A historical study on development of nursing in India.
A historical study on inception and development of
optometry researches in India.