The aim of this experiment is to find the dynamic pressure in a moving fluid using piezometer and pitot tube. By calculating its static pressure and its total
Pressure.
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
In this recent conference presentation, TRC's Tom Dunder compared various emissions testing strategies to provide the most accurate and useful data to coal-fired facilities undertaking dry sorbent injection studies.
Fluke offers the latest in non-contact infrared (IR) thermometers (sometimes known as infrared pyrometers) and contact thermometers, probes, accessories, and application expertise for a complete range of temperature applications. Fluke backs all of its handheld thermometers with a no-hassle 2-year warranty and the highest level of customer service.
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Tank Grounding for safe operating conditions to ensure proper dissipation of transient electrical currents, static electricity, and lightning dispersion.
أعزائنا طلبة الصف العاشر
إليكم عرض بوربوينت عن الوحدة الثالثة المتعلقة بالموائع الساكنة والموائع المتحركة حيث تم توضيح بعض المفاهيم والعلاقات الرياضية المتعلقة بالدروس، كما تم التطرّق لمبدأ باسكال وفنتوري وبرنولي، إضافة إلى تفسير بعض التطبيقات العملية المتعلقة.
هذا العمل من اعداد واشراف المعلمة سميرة يوسف
PRODUCTION OF METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)Aree Salah
this project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor in science in Chemical engineering at Koya University.
The main purpose of our project is to describe and design the production of MTBE, and using it as an additive to gasoline in order to increase its quality.
We work at this plant to produce 112,200tons / year (112,200,000 kg/y) of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
A Rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature (calcination) in a continuous process. Materials produced using rotary kilns include: Cement. Lime.
Gas hydrate
To prepare natural gas for sale, its undesirable components (water, H2S and CO2) must be removed. Most natural gas contains substantial amounts of water vapor due to the presence of connate water in the reservoir rock. At reservoir pressure and temperature, gas is saturated with water vapor
The probe type is determined by the measurement task. The selection of the most suitable temperature sensor is made according to the following criteria:
- Measurement range
- Accuracy
- Measurement site design
- Reaction time
- Durability.
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
To demonstrate the effect of cross sectional area on the heat rate.
To measure the temperature distribution for unsteady state conduction of heat through the uniform plane wall and the wall of the thick cylinder.
The experiment demonstrates heat conduction in radial conduction models It
allows us to obtain experimentally the coefficient of thermal conductivity of some unknown materials and in this way, to understand the factors and parameters that affect the rates of heat transfer.
To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining the rate of heat flow for of energy through the wall of a cylinder (radial energy flow).
To use the equation to determine the constant of proportionality (the thermal conductivity, k) of the disk material.
To observe unsteady conduction of heat
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
To assess the performance of the vapor compression cycle as a refrigerator and as a heat pump and its dependence on various parameters. To learn how to use the equipment to measure temperatures at various test points and the flow rates for liquids and gases.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. Koya University
Faculty of Engineering
School of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering
Chemical Engineering department
MECHANICAL FLUID
EXPERIMENT NUMBER FIVE
STATIC & DYNAMIC PRESSURE
Instructor: Mr. Ali & Miss. Hawzheen
Author Name: Aree Salah Tahir
Experiment Contacted on: 19/Nov/2013
Report Submitted on: 26/Nov /2013
Group:A
2. The aim of this experiment:
The aim of this experiment is to find the dynamic
pressure in a moving fluid using piezometer and pitot
tube. By calculating its static pressure and its total
pressure.
3. Introduction:
When a fluid is in motion it’s affected by two types of
pressure which are dynamic and static pressure. Static
pressure is the pressure in still liquids and in this
experiment it’s used to calculate the dynamic pressure
in moving fluids, for finding the static pressure we use
the piezometer.
Dynamic pressure (velocity pressure) is the kinetic
energy per unit volume of a fluid particle, it’s the
difference between the total pressure (also called
stagnation pressure) and
static pressure.
4. Theory:
To find the dynamic pressure we have to find two
other pressures at first, which are static and the
total pressure because the total pressure is the sum
of both dynamic and static pressure, thus dynamic
pressure is the difference between the total and the
static pressure.
Prandtl’s tube is a sort of combination of both the
piezometer and the pitot tube which are for finding
the static and dynamic pressures in a moving fluid.
Pdyn. =1/2 PV2
The dynamic pressure is also called velocity
pressure, the dynamic pressure rises with square of
the flow speed.
In fluid dynamics, Stagnation pressure (total
pressure) is equal to the sum of the free-stream
dynamic pressure and free-stream
static pressure.
𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑛/𝛾 =𝑃𝑡/𝛾−𝑃𝑠/𝛾
)𝜌/𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑃2√(=𝑣
5. Procedure:
Preparing:
Before the actual measurement the manometer
must be prepared and vented;
1. Connect the outputs of the prandtl’s tube by the
connecting hoses to the dual water manometer.
2. Close all cocks of the pipe system, and the vent
valves on the water manometer.
3. Switch on the pump and open the pipe system
inlet cock.
4. Open the lower vent valves of the water
manometer:
The pipe section and connecting hoses are vented
by the water flow.
When there are no longer air bubbles in the
connecting hoses, close the lower vent valve
simultaneously, then close the inlet cock and open
the drain cock.
Performing the experiment:
Carefully open the upper vent valve and inlet
cock, observing the water
level: No water should emerge from the upper vent
valve.
Read of the two heads of water Pt and Ps.
High pressures can be adjusted by means of the
inlet. If lower pressures
are to be measured, reduce the inlet cock and
adjust the head of the water with the drain cock.
6.
7. TOOLS:
twin tube manometers,1:
tank,:2
digital pressure display,3:
pressure sensor,:4
supply tank with submersible pump,:5
Pitot tube,:6
differential pressure manometer,:7
pipe section,:8
hydrostatic pressure in liquids,:9
pressure vessel,:10
pressure vessel,:11
Bourdon tube manometer,:12
diaphragm manometer:13
8. Discussion:
As the velocity increases all of dynamic, static and total
pressure increases but for dynamic pressure it increases
with square of the flow velocity.