AFD - Incompressible Flow - Introduction

Applied Fluid Mechanics
P1: Incompressible Flow
Chemical Engineering Guy
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com

Overview
• Difference between Compressible
Flow and Incompressible Flow
• Why is it important to study
Incompressible Flow
• Who should take this course
• What is this course and what is not
• How is PART 1 Structured?
• Textbooks

Part 1 vs. Part 2
• Incompressible flow  constant density
– Easier to model
– Examples:
• Liquids and Gases with no change of T,P
• Compressible flow  density is function of T,P
– Complex to model
– Examples:
• Gases with change in T, P

What is Applied Fluid Mechanics?
Incompressible Flow
• Is the art of Moving Fluids of Constant Density
– Study of the theory behind this Phenomena
– Design of Equipment
– Correct Operation of Equipment
• Keywords
– Pumping, Friction loss, mechanic energy, piping,
incompressible, agitation, mixing

PS: Pump Station

Importance
• Energy Requirement due to Momentum of Fluids
• Basic Unit Operations in Momentum Transport
• Energy loss due to Friction
• Limitations of Pumping Systems
• Type of Equipment used in the industry

Importance
• Type of Materials used in piping systems
• Measurement of Flow Rates in pipes
• Pressure Drops in Piping Systems

Importance
• Agitation vs. Mixing
• Correct Equipment Design and
Operation

Who’s this Course for?
• Students and/or Engineers who want a strong
fundamentals on:
– Fluid Mechanics
– Application of Theoretical Concepts to Real Life
Problems in Engineering
– Equipment Operation and Design related to
moving fluids @ct. density
– Piping and Instrumentation
– Momentum Transport Operations

Who’s this Course for?
• Petroleum Engineers
• Mechanical Engineers
• Chemical Engineers
• Electrical Engineers
• Process Engineers
• Civil Engineers
• Industrial Engineers

What is this course about
• Fluid Mechanics Application
– Incompressible Flow
• Overview of Common Equipment
• Equipment Design
• Equipment Operation
• A little bit of Theory (science behind)
• Application (use theory to solve real life
problems, i.e. engineering)

What is NOT this course about
• Fluid Dynamics “heavy” Theory
– Viscosity Theory
– Friction theory
– Buoyancy, Density and Weight
• Momentum Transport Phenomena
– Couette Flow
– Non circular flows
• Very Complex Bernoulli Examples
• Navier-Stokes Equations

What is NOT this course about
• Velocity Profiling and Boundary Conditions
• Dimensional Analysis such as Buckingham Pi theorem
• Flow around objects
– Cylinders, spheres, cubes, etc…
• Hydrodynamics (Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces)

Why you need it?
• You will need this course…
– Move fluids
– Calculate Pressure Drop
– Measure Flow Rates
– Increase Pressure of Incompressible Fluids
– Will help you in Plant Design
– Mechanic Energy (Generation/Consumption)
– Understand the limitations of a given system

Basic Concepts you need to know…
• If you’ve been tracking my courses:
– Mass Balance (Basic Balancing, Inlet, outlets)
– Energy Balance* (More on the mechanic energy)
– Thermodynamics (Basics)
– Transport Phenomena (The Momentum part)
• Basic  Viscosity, Flow in Pipes, Friction Factor, couette
flow, turbulence, etc.
– Fluid Dynamics ***
• Basic Knowledge

• Mathematics
– Arithmetic (+,-,*,/)
– Geometry (area, perimeter, volume, etc)
– Conversion of Units (cm to m, kg to g, etc.)
– English System vs. International Systems
– Decimals and scientific notation
– % and fractions

• Chemistry, Physics
– P vs. F
– Temp (abs) vs. Temp (R, F, K, C)
– Mass =/ weight
– Mol, Mass Weight, molar mass, mass fraction, mole
fraction
– Basic Hydrodynamics and Hydrostatics

• Fluid Dynamics & Thermodynamics
– Viscosity (kinematic vs. )
– Bernoulli Equation
– Friction Factor Basics
– Efficiency in Work inlet/outlet

Textbook, Reference and Bibliography

• Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
• Edition: 7th
– By: McCabe, Smith, Harrenhall
Pretty good for Chemical Engineers

• Applied Fluid Mechanics
• Edition: 6th
– By Robert L. Mott
Pretty good for Fluid Mechanics + Engineering

• Flow of Fluids Through Valves,
Fittings & Pipe TP-41
– By Crane Company
Pretty good for Reference Values of Valves, Fitting and Pipes

Course Structure (Overall)
• Part 1: Incompressible Flow 60%
• Part 2: Compressible Flow 40%

Course Structure (Specific)
AFD0 Overview 0%
AFD1 The Mechanic Energy Equation 10%
AFD2 Piping, Fittings and Valves 10%
AFD3 Energy Loss due to Friction 5%
AFD4 Flow Measurement Equipment 5%
AFD5 Pumps 15%
AFD6 Incompressible Flow Application 10%
AFD7 Agitation and Mixing 5%
-
AFD8 Gas Flow through Nozzles 15%
AFD9 Gas Flow & Compression Equipment 10%
AFD10 Packed Beds 10%
AFD11 Fluidized Beds 5%
AFD12 Course Conclusion 0%

Course Content

PART I: Incompressible Flow

Part 1: Incompressible Flow
• All blocks include:
– Introduction to the Block (topic)
– Theory: Science behind
– Applied Theory
– Explained Examples
– Solved Problems
– Quiz Section
– Conclusion of each Block (topic)

AFD1: The Mechanic Energy Equation
• Section 0: Review
– Density, Viscosity, Friction, Mass, Weight, Gravitational Constant
• Section 1: Why M.E.E
– Systems
• Section 2: Kinetic + Potential Energy
– Kinetic Energy  Velocity
– Potential Energy  Relative Position
• Section 3: Pressure Head
– Pressure  Force per unit area
• Section 4: Inlet/Outlet Work
– Work inlet (Pumps, Compressors, etc…)
– Work Outlet (Turbine, Mill, etc…)
• Section 5: Friction Loss  Trajectory
– Nature of Friction Loss
• Section 6: Application - Mechanical Energy Equation
– Bernoulli’s Law
– Torricelli’s Law
– M.E.E. Exercises

AFD2: Piping, Fittings and Valves
• Section 1: Pipe types and materials
– Pipe vs Piping
– Piping Material
• Material Roughness
– Piping Sizing
• Schedules
• BWG
• Section 2: Fittings & Flow Rate Measure
– Function of fittings
– Common Fittings used in Engineering
• Section 3: Valves
– Common Valves used in the industry

AFD3: Energy Loss due to Friction
• Section 1: Flow in Pipes Review
– Reynolds Number: Laminar and Turbulent Flows
– Pipe Roughness
• Section 2: Friction Loss in Pipes (Hff)
– Moody's and Fanning Friction Factors
– Moody’s Diagram
– Equations for F.F (Chen, Hazen-Williams, etc.)
• Section 3: Friction Loss in Fittings, Valves (Hfs)
– K value
– L/D equivalences
– K values for Fittings and Valves

AFD4: Flow Measurement Equipment
• Section 1: Venturi Tube
– Introduction to measurements
– The M.E.E Balance
– Advantages + Disadvantages
• Section 2: Orifice Plates
– The M.E.E Balance
– The Friction Coefficient Graphs
– Advantages + Disadvantages
• Section 3: Other Measurement Equipment
– Thermal Mass Flow Meter
– Paddle Wheel Flow Meter
– More Devices…

AFD5: Pumps (I)
• Section 1: Pump Types
– Positive displacement
• Lobe, Screw, Piston, Vane, Gear
– Kinetic
• Axial and Centrifugal
– Pump Performance
• NHSPr
• Power
• Section 2: System Curve
– System Head
– System Curve

AFD5: Pumps (II)
• Section 3: Pump Curve
– Pump Head
– Pump Curve
• Impeller Effect
• Efficiency Curves
• Pump Power Curves
• NPSH
• Velocity Effect
• Section 4: Pump Selection
– How to choose a pump
– Supplier Data
– Pump Affinity Laws
• Section 5: Pumping Systems
– Pump in Series
– Parallel Pumps
– Software Modeling

AFD6: Incompressible Flow Application
• Section 1: Series Flow (1 pipe)
– Type of Problems
• Head of the System revisited
• Pipe Size Selection
• Volumetric Flow
• Pump Selection
• Section 2: Parallel and Branch Flow
– Parallel Flow vs. Branched Flow
– Parallel Flow  2 Pipes
– Parallel + Branched Flow  (Software)

AFD7: Agitation and Mixing
• Section 1: Agitation and Mixing Theory
– Agitation vs. Mixing
– Overview of Equipment
• Section 2: Design of Mixing Equipment
– Power Number
– Power Requirement
• Section 3: Static Mixers
– Basic Principle
• Section 4: Software Modeling

End of Introduction to PART 1
• By now you should know:
– The importance of this course in engineering
– The course structure and content
– That this course is Theory – Application
– This is Part 1  Incompressible Flow
– It is highly recommended to start with Part 1
– After studying Part 1. Continue to Part 2.

Need More Problems?
Check out the COURSE
• Courses
A p p l i e d F l u i d D y n a m i c s
I n c o m p r e s s i b l e F l o w ( P A R T 1 )
You’ll get SOLVED problems, Quizzes, Slides, and
much more!

Questions and Problems
• REMEMBER…
– Practice and Repetition makes MASTERY
• Check out All problems and exercises are
solved in the next webpage
– www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
• Courses
– Momentum Transfer Operations
• Don’t Forget to take the Quiz of this Block!
– Theory must be applied and practiced

Contact Information!
• Get extra information here!
– Directly on the WebPage:
• www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com/courses
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• www.facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
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• www.twitter.com/ChemEngGuy
– Contact me by e-mail:
• Contact@ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com

AFD - Incompressible Flow - Introduction

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