This ppt file belongs to Mr. Yonas Akalu one of my best instructors ...
Vision is by far the most used of the five senses and is one of the primary means that we use to gather information from our surroundings. More than 75% of the information we receive about the world around us consists of visual information.
The eye is often compared to a camera. Each gathers light and then transforms that light into a "picture." Both also have lenses to focus the incoming light. Just as a camera focuses light onto the film to create a picture, the eye focuses light onto a specialized layer of cells, called the retina.
The human eye is an organ which reacts to light and pressure. As a sense organ, the mammalian eye allows vision. Human eyes help to provide a three dimensional, moving image, normally coloured in daylight. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can differentiate between about 10 million colors[1] and is possibly capable of detecting a single photon.
It is also called as Visual system & is a part of Central nervous system.
Anatomy & Physiology of Visual pathway.
The References are given in the presentation itself.
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ, the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
This ppt file belongs to Mr. Yonas Akalu one of my best instructors ...
Vision is by far the most used of the five senses and is one of the primary means that we use to gather information from our surroundings. More than 75% of the information we receive about the world around us consists of visual information.
The eye is often compared to a camera. Each gathers light and then transforms that light into a "picture." Both also have lenses to focus the incoming light. Just as a camera focuses light onto the film to create a picture, the eye focuses light onto a specialized layer of cells, called the retina.
The human eye is an organ which reacts to light and pressure. As a sense organ, the mammalian eye allows vision. Human eyes help to provide a three dimensional, moving image, normally coloured in daylight. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can differentiate between about 10 million colors[1] and is possibly capable of detecting a single photon.
It is also called as Visual system & is a part of Central nervous system.
Anatomy & Physiology of Visual pathway.
The References are given in the presentation itself.
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ, the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that stimulus.
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that stimulus.
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
3. General Senses
Widely distributed throughout the body and includes the
senses of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration,
itch, and proprioception.
Receptors – sensory nerve endings or specialized cells
capable of responding to stimuli
4. RECEPTORS
Mechanoreceptor – Respond to mechanical stimuli
Chemoreceptor – Responds to chemicals
Photoreceptors – Responds to light
Thermoreceptors – Responds to temperature changes
Nociceptors - Responds to sensationb of pain
Free Nerve Endings – Structurally the simplest and most
common type of receptor nerve ending
12. OLFACTION
Sense of smell
Occurs in response to
airborne odorants that
enter the nasal cavity
Olfactory neurons – bipolar
neurons within the olfactory
epithelium lining the superior
part of the nasal cavity.
13.
14. CHEMOSENSES: Olfaction
Routes of information
transfer through the CNS
(1) Cranial nerve I → olfactory bulb (mitral cells & glomeruli)
(2) From olfactory bulb to parts of paleocortex in the telencephalon,
including the:
• Amygdala (emotions)
• Entorhinnal, pyriform, & orbitofrontal cortex.
(3) From there the information goes to
• Hypothalamus (emotions, motivations),
• Hippocampus (in temporal lobe: memory)
15. TASTE
How many different “tastes” are there?
Four or Five
1. Salty
2. Sweet
3. Bitter
4. Sour
5. Kiamoy?
16.
17.
18. CN- VII
CN- IX
Primary ‘gustatory’ cortex (near region where the mouth is represented)
Also to: amygdala, hypothalamus, orbital prefrontal cortex
Medulla
Pons
Thalamus
22. Physical information from the world (light)
Hue (“color”): wavelength
Saturation: purity of the light wave
Brightness: intensity of the electromagnetic
radiation
Specialized sense organ (eye)
Specialized neural tissue (retina)
Specialized sensory receptors (rods,cones)
sensory transduction: light - neural activity
23.
24. Anatomy of the Visual
System
Pupil:
Adjustable opening
in the iris that
regulates the
amount of light that
enters the eye
Iris:
Pigmented ring of
muscles situated
behind the cornea
Cornea:
Transparent outer covering of the eye that admits light
28. • Ciliary body and lens divide the anterior cavity of the eye into
posterior (vitreous) cavity and anterior cavity
• Anterior cavity further divided
• anterior chamber in front of eye
• posterior chamber between the iris and the lens
29. Fluids in the Eye
re-enters circulation
Vitreous humor fills
the posterior cavity.
Not recycled –
permanent fluid
Aqueous humor circulates within the eye
diffuses through the walls of anterior chamber, passes
through canal of Schlemm
30. Lens:
Consists of a series of transparent, onion-like layers. Its
shape can be changed by contraction of ciliary muscles.
Accommodation:
Changes in the thickness of the lens, accomplished by the
ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects
on the retina
31. Accommodation
• Posterior to the cornea and forms
anterior boundary of posterior
cavity
• Posterior cavity contains vitreous
humor
• Lens helps focus
• Light is refracted as it passes
through lens
• Accommodation is the process by
which the lens adjusts to focus
images
• Normal visual acuity is 20/20
32.
33.
34.
35. Photoreceptors:
Retina:
The neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on
the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye.
Rod:
Photoreceptor cells of the retina, sensitive the light of
low intensity.
Cone:
Photoreceptor cells of the retina; maximally sensitive
to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence
encodes color vision.
36. Fovea:
Area of retina that mediates the most acute vision.
Contains only color-sensitive cones.
Optic Disk:
Location on retina where fibers of ganglion cells exit
the eye. Responsible for the blind spot.
37. Retina contains rods and cones
Cones densely packed at fovea (center of the
macula lutea)
Retinal pathway
Photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion
cells, to the brain via the optic nerve
Axons of ganglion cells converge at blind
spot (optic disc)
Horizontal cells and amacrine cells modify
the signal passed along the retinal neurons
38.
39.
40. Photoreceptors
Lamella:
A layer of membrane containing photopigments; found
in the rods and cones.
Photopigment:
A protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived
from vitamin A; responsible for the transduction of
visual information.
Opsin:
A class of protein that, together with retinal,
constitutes the photopigments
41. Rhodopsin:
A particular opsin found in rods
Transducin:
A G-protein that is activated when a photon of
light strikes a pigment. Activates
phosphodiesterase molecules which destroy
cyclic GMP and close cation channels in the
photoreceptor
46. The Ear
Organ of hearing and equilibrium
Detects and analyses noises by transduction (or the conversion
of sound waves into electrochemical impulses)
Maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
47. Intensity and pitch
• Sound characterised by intensity and pitch
• Pitch is number of cycles per second
• Intensity is the energy of the wave. High energy - high change
in atmospheric pressure - LOUD
• The ear analyses the sound arriving at it - hair cells
• Converts it to electrical energy
• Brain decodes the info
48.
49.
50. Parts of the Ear
Ossicles
The MALLEUS (hammer)
gets the vibrations from
the eardrum, then sends
them to the anvil.
The INCUS (anvil) passes
the vibrations to the
stirrup.
The STAPES (stirrup)
passes the vibrations to
the inner ear.
51. Parts of the Ear
The inner ear is made of the
cochlea and liquid.
The cochlea is in the inner
ear. The cochlea looks like
a shell.
The auditory nerve carries
the hearing information to
the brain and the brain
tells us what we heard.
53. VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE – separates the cochlear duct from scala vestibuli.
BASILAR MEMBRANE - separates the cochlear duct from scala tympani.
54. The cochlea is the organ where sound
waves are converted first into fluid
waves, then into chemical signals and
finally into action potentials
The movement of the tectoral membrane by
sound waves moves the cilia on the hair
cells and effects neurotransmitters
released by the hair cells.
55.
56. Transmission of sound to
the hair cells
Hair cells have steriocilia
Vibrations are sent from the oval window
through the cochlea and vibrate Basiliar
membrane - creates shearing force between
the 2 membranes
Stereocilia are moved back and forward
Change in hair cell properties and the creation
of electrical impulses which are sent to the
brain via the auditory nerve
Hair cells responsible for transduction
Inner and outer hair cells
Coil round inside of Organ of Corti & attached to Basilar membrane
58. Summary on Transduction
1.Sound waves cause vibrations in basilar membrane
2.Travelling waves cause sheering between basilar and overlying
tectorial membrane
3.Bends stereocilia back and forward
4.Forward bending creates tension on the protein bridges
5.Tension opens K+ channels
6.Due to K+ gradient K+ floods into hair cells
7.Cells depolarise and transmitter is released
8.Transmitter stimulates auditory nerve
59.
60.
61. The Vestibular System
• Controls the sense of movement and balance
• The first sensory system to fully develop by six months after
conception is the vestibular system
• This system is the sensory system considered to have the most
important influence on the other sensory systems and on the
ability to function in everyday life
• Unifying system in our brain that modifies and coordinates
information received from other systems
62. The vestibular system
• Functions to sense movement (acceleration and deceleration)
and static position
• Resides in the inner ear (labyrinth)
• Consists of 3 semi circular canals, otolith organs (utricle &
sacule) and the superior & inferior nerves
• Semi circular canals and the otolith organs are filled with
endolymph
• Perilymph fills the space between
63. Elements of the
Vestibular Labyrinth
Continues with the cochlea
Three semicircular canals
Detect angular acceleration
Two otolith organs
Utricle & Saccule
Detect linear acceleration
Vestibular nerve fibers
synapse with hair cells
65. Semicircular Canals
• Detect angular acceleration
• There are 3 canals
• Corresponds to the three
dimensions in which you move
• Each canal detects motion in
a single plane
• Paired on opposite sides of
the head
• Each canal is a continues endolymph-filled hoop
• The actual hair cells sit in a small swelling at the base called the
ampulla
66. The Ampulla
Bulge at end = ampulla
Contains a sheet of cells = cristae
The hair cells are arranged as a single tuft that projects up
Cilia of hair cells extend upward into the cupola
67. the Saccule & utricle
Utricle and saccule signal linear
acceleration
Important for posture control
Contains a macule containing
hair cells
Crystals of otolyths move in
response to gravitational
forces
This moves the otolthic
membrane
Steriocilia move
68. Otolith organs & gravity
Each utricle and saccule has a
macula
Macula contains hair cells
Otolith crystals roll around when
the head tilts and this bend
the microvilli
The otolithic organs sense
motion according to their
orientation.
The utricle is horizontal in the
head, and largely registers
accelerations acting in the
horizontal plane.
The saccule is vertical in the head, and registers accelerations in the vertical plane
