This document discusses the sense of smell and olfaction. It begins by describing the location of olfactory receptors in the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity. It then outlines the olfactory pathway from the receptors through the olfactory bulb, tract, and cortex. Finally, it discusses the physiology of olfaction including odorant molecule characteristics, transduction in receptor neurons, processing in the olfactory bulb and cortex, and factors influencing olfactory function.
The document provides an overview of the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell - covering their anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structures of the eye such as the retina, lens and accessory structures; the structures of the ear including the outer, middle and inner ear; and the sensory receptors for taste and smell. The summary focuses on the key sensory organs and their functions:
The eye contains photoreceptors in the retina that detect light and allow for vision. The lens focuses light onto the retina. The ear contains structures for hearing and balance, including the cochlea that contains hair cells for hearing and semicircular canals that contain receptors for balance and equilibrium. Taste buds on the
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
The sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit this information to the brain. The main sensory organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eyes detect light, ears detect sound, nose detects smell, tongue detects taste and skin detects touch, pressure, temperature and pain. Within each sensory organ are specialized receptor cells that detect specific stimuli like light, sound, chemicals etc. The stimuli are converted to electrical signals that travel along sensory nerves to the brain which interprets these signals as the different senses.
This document provides an overview of the human senses and visual system. It discusses the general senses of touch, temperature, pressure and pain. The special senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance are also covered. Most of the document focuses on the structures and functions of the eye, including the accessory structures, layers of the eye, neurons in the retina, lens accommodation, common vision conditions, and the visual pathway in the brain. Key eye structures like the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor and optic nerve are described.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of breathing and gas exchange. It outlines the major structures of the upper respiratory tract including the nose and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract including the lungs, bronchi, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also discusses some clinical conditions that can affect the respiratory system.
This document discusses the sense of smell and olfaction. It begins by describing the location of olfactory receptors in the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity. It then outlines the olfactory pathway from the receptors through the olfactory bulb, tract, and cortex. Finally, it discusses the physiology of olfaction including odorant molecule characteristics, transduction in receptor neurons, processing in the olfactory bulb and cortex, and factors influencing olfactory function.
The document provides an overview of the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell - covering their anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structures of the eye such as the retina, lens and accessory structures; the structures of the ear including the outer, middle and inner ear; and the sensory receptors for taste and smell. The summary focuses on the key sensory organs and their functions:
The eye contains photoreceptors in the retina that detect light and allow for vision. The lens focuses light onto the retina. The ear contains structures for hearing and balance, including the cochlea that contains hair cells for hearing and semicircular canals that contain receptors for balance and equilibrium. Taste buds on the
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
The sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit this information to the brain. The main sensory organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eyes detect light, ears detect sound, nose detects smell, tongue detects taste and skin detects touch, pressure, temperature and pain. Within each sensory organ are specialized receptor cells that detect specific stimuli like light, sound, chemicals etc. The stimuli are converted to electrical signals that travel along sensory nerves to the brain which interprets these signals as the different senses.
This document provides an overview of the human senses and visual system. It discusses the general senses of touch, temperature, pressure and pain. The special senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance are also covered. Most of the document focuses on the structures and functions of the eye, including the accessory structures, layers of the eye, neurons in the retina, lens accommodation, common vision conditions, and the visual pathway in the brain. Key eye structures like the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor and optic nerve are described.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main functions of breathing and gas exchange. It outlines the major structures of the upper respiratory tract including the nose and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract including the lungs, bronchi, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also discusses some clinical conditions that can affect the respiratory system.
The nose is responsible for smell and breathing. The cavity is lined with mucous membranes containing smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve. Smells are detected by receptor cells in the nose interacting with odor molecules and transmitting sensations to the brain. The nose has a bony and cartilaginous framework supporting its structure and function. Olfactory receptors in the nose detect smells and transmit information through the olfactory bulb and tract to areas of the brain involved in perceiving odors. The nose also functions to warm, humidify, and filter air during breathing.
The urinary system develops through three successive phases - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is nonfunctional in mammals. The mesonephros allows for filtration of blood into mesonephric tubules. During the fifth week of gestation, the ureteric bud induces nearby mesoderm to form the metanephros, or permanent kidneys. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which drains via the ureters into the bladder and is then excreted through the urethra. The basic functional unit of the kidneys is the nephron, which filters the blood and reabsorbs necessary molecules
The respiratory system has several functions including breathing, gas exchange, sound production, and smelling. It consists of the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx, and the lower respiratory tract within the thorax including the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which are the sites of gas exchange between the bloodstream and body tissues.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functional structures of the respiratory system. It describes the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs/alveoli. Key structures and their functions are outlined for each part of the respiratory system.
The document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes the different sensory systems including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and somatic senses. It provides classifications of sensory receptors by function, location, and structure. It also provides details on specific sensory systems such as the eye, ear, and skin receptors. The eye is described in terms of its layers, internal structures, visual pathway, and role in vision. The ear is described as having three main regions for hearing and balance.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory system. It describes the main parts including the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor cells that detect odors, as well as supporting and basal cells. It explains how odors bind to receptors and trigger signals to the olfactory bulb and various parts of the brain involved in smell perception and response, like the limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex. The olfactory system is divided into very old, less old, and newer parts associated with more primitive and learned odor responses.
Smell and taste by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Describe the basic features of the neural elements in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.
Describe signal transduction in odorant receptors.
Outline the pathway by which impulses generated in the olfactory epithelium reach the olfactory cortex.
Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds.
Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors.
Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex.
The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membranes in the pleural cavities. The nose and nasal cavity warm and humidify inhaled air and filter out particles. The lungs are located in the pleural cavities and are divided into lobes. Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli in the lungs and capillaries through a thin respiratory membrane. Various muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles aid in ventilation.
The document discusses reflex arcs and reflexes. It defines a reflex arc as an involuntary response to a stimulus that involves a receptor, sensory transmission through afferent nerves, integration in the central nervous system, and motor response through efferent nerves and effectors. It provides the example of a spinal reflex using a headless frog where touching the limb causes withdrawal. The basic components of a reflex arc are described as the receptor, afferent limb, center (spinal cord or brain), efferent limb, and effector organ. Reflexes are also classified clinically, by number of synapses, and physiologically.
This document summarizes key aspects of olfaction and the olfactory system. It describes the main olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ as the sites of olfaction. The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells with cilia that project into the mucus and detect odors. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it triggers an action potential that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb for processing and transmission to the cortex. The document also lists common odor thresholds and abnormalities that can impact sense of smell.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the special senses and the anatomy and function of the eye. It discusses how sensory receptors in sense organs like the eyes, ears, nose and tongue detect stimuli from the environment and send signals to the brain via sensory neurons. It then focuses on describing the different parts of the eye, including the sclera, choroid, retina, lens, iris and pupil. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, and how different structures like the lens and iris help with vision.
This document summarizes the key senses and sensory organs in humans. It discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell, noting the receptors and mechanisms of perception for each. It then thoroughly examines the sense of vision, describing the anatomy of the eye and functions of its various parts. It explains vision disorders like myopia and how they are corrected. Lastly, it covers hearing and balance, detailing the structures of the outer, middle and inner ear and how sound and movement are perceived and integrated in the brain.
This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and muscles. The nose and mouth allow air intake and filter it. The pharynx and larynx direct air to the proper passages. The trachea and bronchi form the conducting airways to the lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in alveoli and blood in capillaries, transferring oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out of blood.
The document summarizes the five basic human sense organs - eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose. It describes the main receptors in each sense organ and how they detect stimuli like light, sound, taste, touch, and smell and relay this information to the brain. It provides details on key structures and functions of the eye, ear, tongue, and skin in sensory detection and perception.
he sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.
Each sense organ contains different receptors.
General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints.
Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears.
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the major structures of the human eye. It discusses the external structures like the conjunctiva and internal layers including the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, retina, and lens. It also explains common vision conditions such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, color blindness, and macular degeneration.
The document describes the five basic human sense organs - eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. It provides detailed information on the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, and nose. For the eye, it outlines the external structures, internal chambers, muscles that control eye movement, blood supply, nerves and vision process. For the ear, it discusses the external, middle and inner ear structures, hearing process, and tests for hearing. For the nose, it details the internal nasal cavity structures and their roles in respiration and smell. The tongue and skin are briefly mentioned as the other two sense organs for taste and touch respectively.
The five general senses are hearing, sight, touch, smell, and taste. Taste is detected by taste buds on the tongue that contain receptor cells. Smell occurs when chemicals dissolve in mucus in the nasal cavity and bind to odor receptors. Sight involves light refraction through the eyes and photoreception by retinal rods and cones. Hearing detects sound waves that vibrate the eardrum and small bones of the middle ear and cause fluid motions in the inner ear. Touch has no single organ but comes from receptors throughout the body, especially skin, that provide information on pressure, vibration, position, pain, and heat.
This document provides an overview of various sensory receptors and structures in the human body. It discusses photoreceptors in the eyes, thermoreceptors in skin, proprioceptors in joints, and several other receptor types. It then focuses on touch receptors like Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel discs. It describes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. The document outlines the pathways for smell and vision from receptor to brain. It details the anatomy of the ear, including the outer, middle and inner ear structures. The inner ear houses the cochlea for hearing and the vestibule and semicircular ducts for balance. Key terms to know for the lab exam are highlighted.
The nose is responsible for smell and breathing. The cavity is lined with mucous membranes containing smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve. Smells are detected by receptor cells in the nose interacting with odor molecules and transmitting sensations to the brain. The nose has a bony and cartilaginous framework supporting its structure and function. Olfactory receptors in the nose detect smells and transmit information through the olfactory bulb and tract to areas of the brain involved in perceiving odors. The nose also functions to warm, humidify, and filter air during breathing.
The urinary system develops through three successive phases - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is nonfunctional in mammals. The mesonephros allows for filtration of blood into mesonephric tubules. During the fifth week of gestation, the ureteric bud induces nearby mesoderm to form the metanephros, or permanent kidneys. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which drains via the ureters into the bladder and is then excreted through the urethra. The basic functional unit of the kidneys is the nephron, which filters the blood and reabsorbs necessary molecules
The respiratory system has several functions including breathing, gas exchange, sound production, and smelling. It consists of the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx, and the lower respiratory tract within the thorax including the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which are the sites of gas exchange between the bloodstream and body tissues.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functional structures of the respiratory system. It describes the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs/alveoli. Key structures and their functions are outlined for each part of the respiratory system.
The document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes the different sensory systems including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and somatic senses. It provides classifications of sensory receptors by function, location, and structure. It also provides details on specific sensory systems such as the eye, ear, and skin receptors. The eye is described in terms of its layers, internal structures, visual pathway, and role in vision. The ear is described as having three main regions for hearing and balance.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory system. It describes the main parts including the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor cells that detect odors, as well as supporting and basal cells. It explains how odors bind to receptors and trigger signals to the olfactory bulb and various parts of the brain involved in smell perception and response, like the limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex. The olfactory system is divided into very old, less old, and newer parts associated with more primitive and learned odor responses.
Smell and taste by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Describe the basic features of the neural elements in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.
Describe signal transduction in odorant receptors.
Outline the pathway by which impulses generated in the olfactory epithelium reach the olfactory cortex.
Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds.
Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors.
Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex.
The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membranes in the pleural cavities. The nose and nasal cavity warm and humidify inhaled air and filter out particles. The lungs are located in the pleural cavities and are divided into lobes. Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli in the lungs and capillaries through a thin respiratory membrane. Various muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles aid in ventilation.
The document discusses reflex arcs and reflexes. It defines a reflex arc as an involuntary response to a stimulus that involves a receptor, sensory transmission through afferent nerves, integration in the central nervous system, and motor response through efferent nerves and effectors. It provides the example of a spinal reflex using a headless frog where touching the limb causes withdrawal. The basic components of a reflex arc are described as the receptor, afferent limb, center (spinal cord or brain), efferent limb, and effector organ. Reflexes are also classified clinically, by number of synapses, and physiologically.
This document summarizes key aspects of olfaction and the olfactory system. It describes the main olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ as the sites of olfaction. The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells with cilia that project into the mucus and detect odors. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it triggers an action potential that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb for processing and transmission to the cortex. The document also lists common odor thresholds and abnormalities that can impact sense of smell.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the special senses and the anatomy and function of the eye. It discusses how sensory receptors in sense organs like the eyes, ears, nose and tongue detect stimuli from the environment and send signals to the brain via sensory neurons. It then focuses on describing the different parts of the eye, including the sclera, choroid, retina, lens, iris and pupil. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, and how different structures like the lens and iris help with vision.
This document summarizes the key senses and sensory organs in humans. It discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell, noting the receptors and mechanisms of perception for each. It then thoroughly examines the sense of vision, describing the anatomy of the eye and functions of its various parts. It explains vision disorders like myopia and how they are corrected. Lastly, it covers hearing and balance, detailing the structures of the outer, middle and inner ear and how sound and movement are perceived and integrated in the brain.
This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and muscles. The nose and mouth allow air intake and filter it. The pharynx and larynx direct air to the proper passages. The trachea and bronchi form the conducting airways to the lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in alveoli and blood in capillaries, transferring oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out of blood.
The document summarizes the five basic human sense organs - eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose. It describes the main receptors in each sense organ and how they detect stimuli like light, sound, taste, touch, and smell and relay this information to the brain. It provides details on key structures and functions of the eye, ear, tongue, and skin in sensory detection and perception.
he sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.
Each sense organ contains different receptors.
General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints.
Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears.
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the major structures of the human eye. It discusses the external structures like the conjunctiva and internal layers including the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, retina, and lens. It also explains common vision conditions such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, color blindness, and macular degeneration.
The document describes the five basic human sense organs - eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. It provides detailed information on the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, and nose. For the eye, it outlines the external structures, internal chambers, muscles that control eye movement, blood supply, nerves and vision process. For the ear, it discusses the external, middle and inner ear structures, hearing process, and tests for hearing. For the nose, it details the internal nasal cavity structures and their roles in respiration and smell. The tongue and skin are briefly mentioned as the other two sense organs for taste and touch respectively.
The five general senses are hearing, sight, touch, smell, and taste. Taste is detected by taste buds on the tongue that contain receptor cells. Smell occurs when chemicals dissolve in mucus in the nasal cavity and bind to odor receptors. Sight involves light refraction through the eyes and photoreception by retinal rods and cones. Hearing detects sound waves that vibrate the eardrum and small bones of the middle ear and cause fluid motions in the inner ear. Touch has no single organ but comes from receptors throughout the body, especially skin, that provide information on pressure, vibration, position, pain, and heat.
This document provides an overview of various sensory receptors and structures in the human body. It discusses photoreceptors in the eyes, thermoreceptors in skin, proprioceptors in joints, and several other receptor types. It then focuses on touch receptors like Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel discs. It describes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. The document outlines the pathways for smell and vision from receptor to brain. It details the anatomy of the ear, including the outer, middle and inner ear structures. The inner ear houses the cochlea for hearing and the vestibule and semicircular ducts for balance. Key terms to know for the lab exam are highlighted.
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as receiving messages about the world through the senses, while perception is interpreting this sensory information. It describes the basic processes of transduction, thresholds, and adaptation in sensation. It then covers the five human senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch in detail, including the sensory receptors and processing involved. Finally, it discusses various factors that influence perception such as attention, depth perception, illusions, and personal factors.
The document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as receiving messages about the world through the senses, while perception involves interpreting sensory information. It describes the human senses including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It discusses sensory thresholds, adaptation, and defects. It also covers perceptual concepts such as figure-ground relationship, laws of perceptual organization, attention, depth perception, and factors influencing perception.
This document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human sense organs. It describes the four main types of stimuli that can trigger sensory responses, then details each of the main senses - touch, temperature, pain, proprioception, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and vision. For each sense, it outlines the receptors, sensory pathways, and role in perceiving stimuli from the external and internal environments.
This document summarizes the somatic and special senses. It discusses different receptor types including chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors. It then covers the specific senses of touch, temperature, pain, smell, taste, hearing, and sight. For each sense, it describes the relevant sensory organs and receptor cells as well as how stimuli are detected and transmitted as nerve impulses.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the special senses - vision, taste, smell, and hearing. It describes the main parts of the eye including the sclera, cornea, iris, retina, lens, vitreous and aqueous humors. It also discusses the roles of rods and cones and common vision conditions. For taste and smell, it outlines the main taste buds and sensations, and how smell influences flavor. The structures of the ear are summarized including the outer, middle and inner ear. Common ear conditions are also mentioned.
The document discusses the senses of sensation and perception. It describes the key elements of sensation as a stimulus and receptor. The main senses are identified as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, along with the sensory receptors involved in each sense. Perception is defined as the interpretation of sensory information in the brain.
Sensory receptors in the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose detect stimuli from the environment and internal body. These receptors convert stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted along sensory neurons to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to form perceptions of sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. Sensory receptors include specialized epithelial cells and neurons that transduce stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials, which are transmitted to and integrated in the brain.
Sensory receptors in the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose detect various stimuli like light, sound, chemicals and pressure. These receptors convert the stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted by sensory neurons to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to form the perceptions of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Sensory receptors include photoreceptors in the eyes, hair cells in the ears, taste buds in the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose. The brain integrates information from sensory receptors to build an understanding of the external environment.
Special Senses eye, ear , nose, tongue pptRupaSingh83
The document discusses the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and ear. The eye contains three layers - outer, middle and inner layers. The ear is divided into outer, middle and inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea for hearing and semi-circular canals for balance. Sensory receptors in these organs detect stimuli and transmit signals to the brain.
The document provides an overview of the special senses of taste, hearing, smell, and vision. It includes the following key points:
- Taste is detected by taste buds on the tongue and involves four basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Taste pathways transmit signals to the brainstem.
- Hearing involves the outer, middle and inner ear. Sound waves cause the eardrum and bones of the middle ear to vibrate, transmitting signals through nerves to the brain.
- Smell receptors in the nose detect odors which activate pathways to areas of the brain involved in memory and emotion.
- Vision involves light entering the eye through the cornea and lens, with
The document summarizes the five basic senses - vision, smell, taste, touch, and hearing. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of each sense. For taste, it describes the three types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds and the five basic taste sensations. For smell, it discusses the olfactory epithelium and receptors. Vision is summarized as the processing of light through the eye structures to the retina and visual pathway. Hearing is described as the transmission of sound from the outer ear through the middle ear bones to the cochlea of the inner ear.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the special senses including smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance. It describes the key structures involved in each sense, such as the olfactory epithelium and gustatory cells for smell and taste, photoreceptors and retinal layers for vision, ossicles and cochlea for hearing, and maculae, cristae and semicircular ducts for balance. It explains how sensory stimuli are detected by receptor cells and transmitted as nerve impulses to be processed in the brain.
The document discusses the special senses of the head including vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eyes, ears, tongue, and nose. It outlines the pathways that sensations travel through to be perceived, including cranial nerves, tracts, and areas of the brain involved. It compares types of receptors, sensations, and pain pathways. It provides details on visual and auditory anatomy, focusing on the eyes, ears, and how they transduce and transmit sensory information.
1. The special senses include vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste and touch.
2. The ear is responsible for both hearing and balance. It contains the cochlea for hearing and the vestibular system for balance.
3. In the cochlea, sound waves are converted into electrical signals via hair cells that detect vibrations. These signals are sent to the brain.
The vestibular system contains canals and otolith organs that detect movement and position. It helps maintain equilibrium and senses acceleration and rotation.
NurseReview.Org - Ears Nose Throat Mouth Nursing LectureNurse ReviewDotOrg
1. The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the ears, nose, mouth, and throat. It describes the external, middle, and inner ear structures and their roles in hearing.
2. The nose functions to warm, moisten, and filter air while also housing smell receptors. It is divided into external parts and internal nasal cavities containing turbinates and paranasal sinuses.
3. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive and respiratory systems, containing the lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, and hard and soft palates. The throat contains the oropharynx, tonsils, and nasopharynx behind the nose.
NurseReview.Org - Ears Nose Throat Mouth Nursing LectureNurse ReviewDotOrg
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and examination of the ears, nose, mouth, and throat. It describes the key structures and functions of the external, middle, and inner ear. Examination of the ears involves inspection of the external ear canal and eardrum using an otoscope. Hearing is tested using voice tests and tuning fork tests. The nose contains structures that warm, moisten, and filter air as well as the olfactory receptors for smell. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive and respiratory tracts and contains the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. The throat contains the tonsils and leads to the nasopharynx. Examination of the nose, mouth and throat
1. The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the ears, nose, mouth, and throat. It describes the external, middle, and inner ear structures and their roles in hearing.
2. The nose functions to warm, moisten, and filter air while also housing smell receptors. It is divided into external parts and internal nasal cavities containing turbinates and paranasal sinuses.
3. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive and respiratory systems, containing the lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, and hard and soft palates. The throat contains the oropharynx, tonsils, and nasopharynx behind the nose.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and development of the special senses organs - the eye, ear, smell and taste. It describes the external structures of the eye including the eyelids, conjunctiva and muscles. Internally, it outlines the three tunics of the eyeball and discusses the retina, lens and pathway of light. For the ear, it details the outer, middle and inner structures and their role in sound transmission and reception. It also discusses the receptors for balance, smell and taste. Development of these special senses from infancy to aging is reviewed.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. The Senses There are five general senses: Touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing. Equilibrium is considered a special sense as well, found in the ear. Chemical Senses (Taste & Smell) Chemoreceptors – Receptors for taste & smell that only respond to chemicals. Excited by chemicals dissolved in saliva & airborn chemicals dissolved in nasal membranes.
3. Taste buds: located in oral cavity; 10,000; most in tongue papillae; each taste bud has 40-100 epithelial cells made of 3 major types. Supporting Cells: separate and insulate Receptor Cells: deal with taste Basal cells: like stem cells, they give rise to new cells Taste Sensations Sweet at tip of tongue Salty & sour on the sides Bitter in the back
4. Physiology of Taste Activation To be tasted, first must be dissolved in saliva, diffuse into the pore and make contact with gustatory hairs which trigger neurotransmitters to elicit action potentials in these fibers. Adapt rapidly 3-5 seconds & completely in 1-5 minutes Taste Transduction Process in which stimulus energy is converted into a nerve impulse due to influx of different ions
5. Gustatory Pathway Taste is carried in two cranial nervers Facial: anterior 2/3rds of tongue Glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3rd Taste triggers reflexes in digestion such as increasing saliva & gastric juice Influence of other sensations on taste Taste is 80% smell, when olfactory receptors are blocked food becomes bland Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, temperature and texture can enhance or detract
6. Olfactory & Sense of Smell Structure Detects chemicals in solution Olfactory Epithelium: Located on roof of nasal cavity Contain olfactory receptor cells with columnar supporting cells Covered by mucous to trap airborn molecules Physiology In order to smell the substance must be in a gaseous state Must be water soluble to dissolve in olfactory epithelium Bind to protein receptors which open ion channels that send action potentials to olfactory bulb Pathway Send impulses from bulb down tract Thalmus Frontal Lobe or Hypothalmus to interpret and elicit emotional responses to odor Imablances include anosmias (without smells) from head injuries; unicinate fits (olfactory hallucinations)
7. Eye & Vision Accessory Structures Eyebrows Shade the eyes Prevent perspiration into eye Eyelids Palpabrae protects eye Levatorpalpebraesuperioris raises eyelid Eyelashes trigger blinking Conjunctiva Mucous membrane over eyelids and anterior surface of eyeball (white part) Vascular, when irritated eyes are blood shot
8. Lacrimal Apparatus Consist of gland and ducts that drain excess secretions into nasal cavity Secretes saline solution (tears) Contains mucous, antibodies, and lysosomes to clean eye & destroy bacteria Eye muscles Movement is controlled by 6 muscles Four Rectus muscles: Superior, Inferior, Lateral, Medial Two Oblique muscles: Superior, Inferior Nerve Innervation: abducens, trochlear, oculomotor Lens : Divides eye into anterior and posterior segments Transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to allow focus of light on retina Avascular Becomes less elastic through life causing focus impairment Cataract – cloudy lens due to thickening of lens or diabetes
9. Structure of the Eyeball Divided into 3 tunics Fibrous – dense avascular tissue Sclera: white part that protects, shapes, and provides attachment for eye muscles Cornea: buldgesanteriorly and allows light into eye Vascular Choroid – highly vascular & provides nutrition Ciliary Body – encircles lense and keeps it in place Iris – contains pupil and changes in shape due to light Sensory – contains the retina, which are photoreceptors of rods & cones Optic Disc (blind spot) – Where optic nerve exits eye Rods – dim light Cones – bright light and color Filled with humors to maintain shape Vitreous humor – in posterior Aqueous humor – in anterior (if undrained causes glaucoma)
10. Physiology Wavelength & Color Eyes respond to visible light spectrum Progresses from red to violet Refraction & lenses Light travels in straight lines and blocked by nontrasnparent objects Light reflects or bounces off a surface Reflection accounts for most of light reaching our eyes; as light changes mediums it can bend or refract. Focus Your lens refracts the light to your focal point which projects on your retina Images are upside down & reversed Myopia – nearsighted Hyperopia – farsighted Astigmatism – unequal curvature of lens leading to blur
11. Photoreception Photoreceptors are modified neurons Outer segment connected to inner, inner connects to cell body which has synaptic endings. Rods Sensitive to low light, best at night Cones Require high light, provides color
12. Ear: Hearing & Balance Structure – three areas: Outer, middle, & inner ear Outer Ear Auricle or Pinna: ear composed of elastic cartilage & skin to direct sound waves to external auditory canal External auditory meatus: Short curved tube from auricle to eardrum Lined with skin, sebaceous glands, & ceruminous glands (secrete earwax) Tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) boundary between outer & middle ear
13. Middle Ear (tympanic cavity) Small air filled mucus lined cavity Between eardrum & bony wall with two openings oval (vestibular) & round (cochlear) window Contains pharyngotympanic (auditory tube) running from middle ear to nasopharynx & helps equalize pressure Otitis Media – middle ear inflammation Inner Ear Behind eye socket & contains receptor information 2 Major divisions Bony (osseous ) labyrinth Vestibule – contains saccule and utricle which have equilibrium receptors that respond to gravity & changes of head position Cochlea – contains the organ of corti which is the sensory organ for hearing Semicircular Canals – respond to movement of head Membranous Labyrinth Series of sacs and ducts containing endolymph fluid to help conduct sound vibrations.
14. Sound & Mechanisms of Hearing Sound – a disturbance of pressure Frequency – measurement of offurrences of a repeated event per unit of time Distance between two crests is a wavelength Frequency is expressed in hertz Range for humans is 20-20,000 Hz Amplitude or height of wave is related to intensity Loudness is measured in decibles We can hear from .1 dB to over 120 dB Threshold for pain is 130 dB Hearing loss occurs with exposure to 90 dB Noisy restaurant is 70 dB, normal talking is 50 dB A rock concert is 120 dB. You do the math. Transmission Sound waves move through the air, membranes, bones, fluids to reach receptor cells in the organ of corti. Vibrations excite hair cells which send messages to cochlear nerve and brings the impulses to the brain for processing
15. Imbalances of Hearing Deafness – any hearing loss Conduction deafness When something hampers sound conduction to fluids of inner ear Ruptures, perforated eardrum can cause problems Sensorinerual Damage to neural structures of cochlear hair cells Can be partial or complete & generally there is gradual loss of hearing throughout life Cells can be damaged to extremely loud noises or prolonged exposure Can be fixed with cochlear implants Tinnitus Ringing of ear Symptom of pathology and not disease 1st symptom of cochlear nerve degeneration Can be from inflammation or medication or trauma
16. Meniere’sSyndrom Affects semicircular & cochlear canals Causes vertigo, nausea, vomitting Standing erect is near impossible Caused by excess fluid, rupture or infection Mild cases can be cleared with anti motion drugs, sometimes surgery Equilibrium & Orientation Responds to head movement without awareness Receptors of inner ear are divided into two parts Static Sensory receptors for static are the maculae Found in saccules and utricle Monitor position of head in space, control posture Dynamic Receptor for dynamic are the cristaampullaris Excited by head movement but major stimuli are rotatory These areas are at work when twirling or feeling ill on a boat