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Chapter 3 cell
- 1. Joel G. Soria, MD Chapter 3 Cell Structures and Their Functions
- 2. Cell The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing (except virus, which consists only of DNA/RNA covered by protein and lipids), and is often called the building block of life
- 3. Functions of the Cell 1. Cell Metabolism and Energy Use 2. Synthesis of molecules 3. Communication 4. Reproduction and Inheritance
- 4. The cell theory states: All organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. All cells come only from other cells. The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory
- 5. Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulumRough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Not in most plant cells Cytoskeleton Flagellum Lysosome Centriole Peroxisome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament
- 6. Nucleus Golgi apparatus Not in animal cells Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoskeleton Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament
- 8. Cell Membrane The outermost component of a cell Extracellular / Intracellular Selective permeable wall which determines what moves into and out of the cell Double phospholipid layer
- 10. Diffusion - with the concentration gradient through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane channels No ATP required Solution – Generally composed of one or more substances, called Solutes, dissolved in a predominantly liquid or gas called Solvents. Solutes tend to move from higher to lower area of concentration Concentration Gradient is the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent divided by the distance between the two points. Diffusion
- 11. Diffusion
- 14. Osmosis The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, form a higher concentration to a lower concentration
- 19. Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Secondary Active Transport Carrier-Mediated Transport Mechanism
- 20. Facilitated Diffusion Carrier-Mediated Transport from a higher to a lower concentration without using energy
- 22. Active Transport
- 27. Pinocytosis
- 29. Exocytosis
- 30. ORGANELLES
- 31. Nucleus
- 32. Contents of the nucleus A supportive nuclear matrix One or more nucleoli Chromosome DNA bound to histones Chromatin
- 35. Endoplasmic Reticulum Site of protein and lipid synthesis
- 36. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch. It is called 'rough' because it is studded with ribosomes
- 37. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth E R (SER) is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It is 'smooth' because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats
- 38. Golgi apparatus
- 39. Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging these macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the cell
- 41. Lysosomes
- 42. Lysosomes
- 43. • Lysosomes are Lysosomes and Peroxisomes •Filled with digestive enzymes •Responsible for autolysis of injured cells •Peroxisomes •Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins
- 44. Mitochondria
- 45. Mitochondria Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) involved in other tasks such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.
- 49. Mitosis
- 50. Interphase
- 51. Early Prophase Mitosis Begins Duplicated chromosomes begin to condense Nucleoli disappear centrosome (with centriole pairs)
- 52. Late Prophase • One centriole pair of the centrosome is moved toward opposite pole of spindle centriole Mitotic spindle kinetochore • Mitotic spindle forms • Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids • Nuclear envelope starts to break up
- 53. Metaphase • All chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate (equator) • Chromosomes are maximally condensed
- 54. Anaphase • Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere • Once separated, each chromatid is a chromosome • Each identical chromosome moves toward opposite poles
- 55. Telophase • Chromosomes uncoil, return to chromatin • Two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of new chromosomes • Nucleoli reappear
- 56. Results of Mitosis • Two daughter nuclei • Each with same chromosome number as parent
- 57. • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm • In animals, cytokinesis occurs by cleavage • This process pinches the cell apart Cleavage furrow Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of microfilaments Daughter cells
- 58. • Cancer cells have abnormal cell cycles • They divide excessively and can form abnormal masses called tumors • Cancer cells ignore the control signals of normal cells - ignore STOP signals • Radiation and chemotherapy are effective as cancer treatments because they interfere with cell division Cancer: cells growing out of control