The nervous system is responsible for allowing interaction with the environment, regulating internal organs, and controlling other body systems. It is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes somatic nerves for voluntary control of skeletal muscles and the autonomic nervous system for involuntary control of internal organs. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals electrically and chemically between organs, tissues, and the brain. The brain is divided into sections that each control different functions like thinking, movement coordination, vital functions, homeostasis, and sensory processing.
This presentation based on a broad overview to the human central nervous system focusing over the parts of the system, different cell types present in the system, and special terminology used in the system.
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
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Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
Nervous System Physiology
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
ppt pdf
This presentation based on a broad overview to the human central nervous system focusing over the parts of the system, different cell types present in the system, and special terminology used in the system.
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
Nervous System Physiology
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
ppt pdf
It includes NERVOUSSYSTEM CLASSIIFCATION; PARTS OF CEREBUM & FUNCTIOS; PARS OF CEREBELLUM & FUCTIONS ; PATS OF BRAIN STEM & THEIR FUNCTION WITH CRANIAL NERVES
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
“The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.”
Made up of brain and spinal cordActs as body’s control center, coordinates body’s activitiesImpulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brainCentral Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the communityCentral Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli.Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
Somatic Nervous SystemRelay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous systemYou consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes)Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulusAutonomic Nervous SystemRelay information from central nervous system to organsInvoluntary: You do not consciously control theseSympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight responseParasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest
The human brain is one of the most complicated objects in the universe. Although it weighs less than 3 pounds, it manages everything from our heart rates to our thoughts and feelings. The functions of the brain are varied, and include: thinking, perception (sensing), emotion, signaling, and many of our physical functions. Our cognition, feelings and behavior are all the result of our brains.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
It includes NERVOUSSYSTEM CLASSIIFCATION; PARTS OF CEREBUM & FUNCTIOS; PARS OF CEREBELLUM & FUCTIONS ; PATS OF BRAIN STEM & THEIR FUNCTION WITH CRANIAL NERVES
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
“The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.”
Made up of brain and spinal cordActs as body’s control center, coordinates body’s activitiesImpulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brainCentral Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the communityCentral Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli.Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
Somatic Nervous SystemRelay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous systemYou consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes)Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulusAutonomic Nervous SystemRelay information from central nervous system to organsInvoluntary: You do not consciously control theseSympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight responseParasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest
The human brain is one of the most complicated objects in the universe. Although it weighs less than 3 pounds, it manages everything from our heart rates to our thoughts and feelings. The functions of the brain are varied, and include: thinking, perception (sensing), emotion, signaling, and many of our physical functions. Our cognition, feelings and behavior are all the result of our brains.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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2. The Nervous System
Is Responsible For:
Allowing us to interact w/ environment
Regulation of activities involving internal organs
„Driving‟ the other sys. of the body
Network composed of complex structures, that transmit
signals:
Electrically
Chemically
… b/w the body‟s organs, tissues & brain
4. Organization of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System:
comprised of the Brain
& Spinal Cord
5.
6. Organization of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) pathways are
differentiated:
Afferent pathways (sensory): ascending.
sensory impulses toward CNS
Efferent pathways (motor): descending.
motor impulses away from CNS
Somatic NS: voluntary control (i.e. skeletal muscle
contraction)
Autonomic NS: involuntary control (i.e. subconscious
reg. of body‟s internal environment: resp., HR,
digestion)
7. Autonomic NS:
Sympathetic NS:
Nerves originating from thoracic & lumbar regions
of spinal column
Parasympathetic NS:
Nerves originating from the brain & sacrum
8.
9. 2 Basic Cells w/in the N. System
Neuron
Primary cell of N.Sys.
Fxnal unit of N.Sys.
Different types
(Neuroglial Cells)
Supporting cells:
Structural support
Nutrition
Schwann Cells
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells
10. 100 Billion neurons present in our NS
~7 miles of axons (connections)
One neuron connects with 10,000 other neurons (on
average)
Some of the more important connections are up to 6ft
long
Therefore increased metabolic demands!
Many diseases that affect energy affect the Nervous
System.
Organ of consciousness, emotions, behavior, intellect &
humanity.
11. The Neuron
Can work alone, or in units
Detect environmental changes & initiate body responses
to maintain a dynamic steady state (Homeostasis)
Structures differ, so that each neuron is adaptable to
perform specialized fxns. {differentiated}
Cannot regenerate entirely
Cell division stops at birth: (G1)
12.
13.
14. 3 Parts to a Neuron:
1. Cell Body: Soma
2. Dendrites: thin processes / extensions:
• carries impulses toward cell body
15. The Three Parts to a Neuron
3. Axon: projection away from cell body.
• Carries impulses away from it.
• Covered with myelin (lipid insulating layer - called
‘myelin sheath’).
• Increases the velocity of impulse transmission
• Diameter of axon also influences impulse
transmission velocity.
De-myelinating Diseases:
MS & Guillain-Barre Syndrome
16.
17. Integrating the INPUT with the OUTPUT
The NS has only 3 main (overlapping) jobs:
Sensory Input: Informing
the CNS:
Organizing what is happening inside
& outside the body
Allows info from body receptors (i.e.
Skin) to create an impulse
that shoots up to the Spinal Cord
& then to the brain
18. Integrating the INPUT with the OUTPUT
Integration: CNS makes ‘sense’
of received input from around
the body.
i.e. Interneurons: neuron
(nerve cell) sits b/w a sensory
fiber & a motor fiber.
Interneurons bring an
impulse / stimulus to the
CNS, and back to the
nerves that can make an
action happen
19. Integrating the INPUT with the OUTPUT
Motor Output:
The stimulation of
muscles to move
The stimulation of
glands to secrete
substances
i.e. Motor fibers- are
„action making‟
nerves
20. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse
Impulses have a domino-like effect
When a neuron get a signal, it passes it onto the next
neuron; which passes it onto the next neuron; which
passes it onto the next neuron; etc.
def. Nerve-a long collection of neurons
Entire impulse passes through a neuron in about 7
milliseconds
How? The Action Potential
21.
22. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse
The Action Potential
When neuron at rest: „resting membrane potential‟
Cell membrane is Polarized
More Na+ outside; More K+ inside
When a stimulus reaches resting neuron:
Gated Na+ channels open on the surface of membrane
Na+ rushes into the cell
Inside of the cell becomes (+)
This Depolarizes the cell
Creates an ACTION POTENTIAL
Transmits the stimulus
ALL–or–NONE: need to overcome threshold
23. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse
The Action Potential
Movement of K+ Outside the Cell:
K+ gates open, cause K+ to escape outside
Na+ gates close
Closing of K+ gates:
More K+ outside the cell than Na+ inside the cell
The cell is now in a HYPERPOLARIZED STATE
24. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse
The Action Potential
Refractory Period: puts everything back to normal
K+ returns inside & Na+ returns outside
Because of the Na+/K+ Pump!
During refractory period, the neuron DOES NOT
respond to ANY incoming stimuli
25.
26. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse:
The Synaptic Cleft
This is the gap that separates the axon of one neuron &
the dendrites of another.
Neurons NEVER touch each other!
How does the signal get transmitted?
The depolarization wave reaches the end of the axon
& causes Ca2+ ion channels to open, on the
presynaptic neuron
Ca2+ enters the presynaptic axonal terminal & fuses
with the NT vesicles (synaptic vesicles)
NT then gets released into the synapse
27.
28.
29. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse
The Synaptic Cleft
NT binds with protein receptors on the dendrites of the
postsynaptic neuron. (NTs have specific receptors)
2 things can now occur. The NT can:
stimulate Na+ channels to open. This continues the
impulse [EPSP]
stimulate K+ channels to open. This hyper-polarizes
the cell & stops the impulse [IPSP]
The NT then goes back to the presynaptic neuron & gets
recycled for the next impulse transmission
30.
31. Sympathetic Response
Cardiovascular Increases in:
B/P ; HR ; Contractility ; B.flow to Skeletal Muscles.
Respiratory Efficiency Increases:
Bronchial dilation ; RR increases
Pupil Dilation & Sweating Increase
Piloerection
Shunting of blood way from GI Tract.
Shunting of blood away from kidneys.
Glyconeogenesis & Glycogenolysis.
Release of Corticosteroids.
Suppression of Immune & Inflammatory responses.
32. Sympathetic Transmission Termination
Once NEpi has been released in the synaptic cleft it
must be removed.
Effective recycling of NEpi.
Enzymatic metabolization by:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
33. Click on right answer to go to next page
The nurse monitors for which clinical manifestations
in the client receiving a medication that stimulates
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous
system?
a. Decreased heart rate, decreased force of
contraction
b. Increased heart rate, increased force of
contraction
c. Decreased heart rate, increased force of
contraction
d. Increased heart rate, decreased force of
contraction
34. Correct Answer is B
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
initiates the fight-or-flight response, increasing
both the heart rate and force of contraction.
35. Parasympathetic Response
Increase motility and secretions in the GI tract to
promote digestion and absorption.
Relaxation of GI/GU sphincters - evacuation of wastes.
Decrease HR, B/P & contractility- to conserve energy &
provide rest to the heart
Bronchial Constriction & Increased secretions from
bronchial mucosa.
Pupillary constriction, thereby decreasing light entering
eye (decreases stimulation of the retina).
36.
37. Parasympathetic Transmission
Termination
Once ACh has been released in the synaptic cleft it must
be removed.
Effective recycling of Ach.
Enzymatic metabolization by:
Acetylcholinesterase
38. Click on correct answer to move to next slide:
In preparation for magnetic resonance
angiography, the nurse asks the client which question?
a. “Have you had a recent blood transfusion?”
b. “Do you have allergies to iodine or shellfish?”
c. “Do you have a history of urinary tract
infections?”
d. “Do you currently use oral contraceptives?”
39. Correct Answer :B
Allergies to iodine and/or shellfish need to be explored
because the client may have a similar reaction to the
dye used in the procedure. In some cases, the client
may need to be premedicated with antihistamines or
steroids before the test.
41. Thinking about your Brain
The brain weighs only 3
pounds & requires 15-20%
of the total CO
Different parts of your
brain are responsible for
different fxns
Major parts of brain:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Diencephalon
4 connective cavities of
the brain (ventricles)
42. Cerebrum Largest part of brain
Controls consciousness
Divided in L / R halves
called Cerebral
Hemispheres
Each 1/2 has 4 lobes:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
43. Cortex (cerebrum’s outer layer)- is gray
The „curvy bumps‟ are called gyri
Shallow grooves that separate the gyri are called
sulci.
Deeper grooves are called fissures
The Corpus Callosum is located at the base of the
longitudinal fissure
network of myelinated fibers that join the L & R
cerebral hemispheres
44.
45.
46.
47. Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
Speech
Production
General
Interpretation
Area
Interpretation
of
Sensations
Recognizing
objects
visually
Concentration Understanding
speech
Remembering
visually
Vision
Problem
solving
Ability to use
words
Remembering
through
sounds
Combining
images received
visually
Planning
Exec. Fxns
Sensations
felt
Hearing
Voluntary
muscle
control
Learning
48. Which deficit will the nurse expect to find in
a client who has experienced an injury to
the frontal lobe of the brain?
Choose the right answer to move to the next slide:
a. Inability to interpret taste sensations
b. Inability to interpret sound
c. Impaired judgment
d. Impaired learning
49. Yes, the answer is “C”: Impaired judgment
The frontal lobe is responsible for many
functions, including judgment, reasoning,
voluntary eye movement, and motor
functions.
50. Cerebellum Lies just below the cerebrum
Divided by a fissure
Gray on the outside
Controls & coordinates
skeletal muscle mvmts. [The
cerebrum sends out the
signal to the cerebellum for
mvmt]
Maintains muscle tone (at all
times)
51. The Brain Stem
Comprised of 3 structures:
Midbrain: “station” for info. passing b/w:
SC & cerebrum
SC & cerebellum
Pons: “bridge” that joins the cerebellum with the
cerebrum
Filled w/ axonal bundles that
integrate info. from eyes & ears
Controls respirations
Medulla Oblongata:
HR; Resps; B/P regulation
Centers for
coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowin
g & hiccups
Becomes the SC after it passes through the
foramen magnum
52.
53. The Reticular Formation
Collection of nerve cell bodies (nuclei)
within the brainstem called the
Reticular Formation
Controls vital reflexes:
Cardiovascular fxning
Respiration
Maintains wakefulness
54. Bypassing the Brain-The Reflex Arc
Happen automatically (i.e. When you touch something
very hot or sharp)
Sensory neurons detect: Pain / Temp / Pressure
If a sensory neuron detects something that could harm
your body (i.e. Sharp object)
An impulse passes from the receptor throughout
the sensory neuron, to the SC & then to a motor
neuron, which stimulates muscles to retract your
finger from the sharp object.
55.
56. Bypassing the Brain - The Reflex Arc
Reflexes occur so fast - you don‟t even think
(cognitively) about how to react!
The impulse does not make it to the brain in time to
generate a rxn!
By the time the impulse gets to the brain, the SC has
already taken care of the problem.
Reflex Arcs:
Save time & damaging consequences
57. The Ventricles
2 Lateral: one on each side of the brain
3rd: in the center of the brain
4th: lies on the top of the brainstem
Cerebral Aqueduct connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles
together & becomes the central canal of the SC
58.
59. The ventricles & cerebral aqueduct serve as a system to
circulate CSF
CSF is a clear fluid that is made by the cells that line the
ventricles
CSF is contained in the 4 ventricle, the subarachnoid
space & the central canal of the SC. Fxns to:
Pick up wastes
Cushions the CNS
Keeps the ions in balance
Stabilizes the membrane potentials.
60. Spinal Tap CSF is drawn through a
needle for analysis from
the subarachnoid space
Can be tested for:
presence of bacteria
(which may cause
meningitis)
presence of proteins
that can indicate
other diseases (i.e.
Alzheimer's)
61. Regulating Systems : The Diencephalon
Made up of the Hypothalamus & Thalamus
Hypothalamus regulates:
Sleep
Hunger & Thirst
Body Temp
B/P
Fluid Levels
Maintains Homeostasis
Controls pituitary gland signaling to the
Endocrine System, for secreting hormones
62. Regulating Systems : The Diencephalon
Thalamus is the gateway to the cerebrum.
Whenever an impulse travels from somewhere in
your body, it passes through the Thalamus
The Thalamus then relays the impulse to the proper
location in the cerebral cortex, which then interprets
the message
63.
64. Click on right answer to move to next slide:
During electroencephalography, the client is instructed to
breathe deeply (hyperventilate). What is the nurse’s
interpretation of this action?
a. Seizure activity may be increased because of
cerebral vasodilation associated with hyperventilation.
b. Seizure activity may be increased because of
cerebral vasoconstriction secondary to hyperventilation.
c. Seizure threshold is lowered by acidosis associated
with hyperventilation.
d. Seizure threshold is lowered by hypoxemia
associated with hyperventilation.
65. Correct Answer B
Hyperventilation produces cerebral
vasoconstriction and alkalosis, which
increases the likelihood of seizure activity.
The client is asked to breathe deeply 20 to
30 times for 3 minutes.
68. Disorders of the NS
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Affects the myelin sheath that covers the axon of a
nerve
The myelin sheath develops lesions that become
inflamed & irritated.
Leads to demyelination of the white matter of the
brain & spinal cord
After the myelin destruction, neuroglial tissue
proliferates in the white matter of the CNS. When the
lesion heals, hard yellow scar tissue (plaques) are left
behind.
69.
70. As the disease affects more nerves, the number of
scleroses increases, leading to multiple damage sites
The hard scar tissue interferes w/ the nerve‟s ability to
conduct an impulse through the axon
If an impulse can‟t be transmitted, a mvmt or
response cannot occur
As the dx progresses, mvmt becomes increasingly
difficult & then impossible
71. Structures most commonly involved are the optic &
occulomotor nerves & the spinal tract nerves. Does not
affect the Peripheral NS
Characterized by exacerbations & remissions
Seen primarily in ages 18 – 40 y/o. [ F > M ]
Exact cause is unknown:
Slow acting viral infection?
An autoimmune response? GENETICS?
An allergic response?
Trauma; anoxia; toxins; nutritional deficiencies;
vascular lesions; anorexia?
72. Alzheimer‟s Disease
„mind‟ slipping away
Progressive degenerative disorder of the cerebral cortex
{Cortical Degeneration}
Accounts for >1/2 of all cases of Dementia
Pt‟s can‟t care for themselves. They‟ve forgotten how to
perform ADLs.
Bundles of a fibrous protein [ADAP: Alzheimer‟s Dx
Assoc. Protein] , are tangled around the nucleus of a
neuron
Amyloid plaques (globs of protein) also surround
axonal branches. Plaques are thought to kill / destroy
the neuron
73. Cause unknown:
Neurochemical factors:
Possible deficiencies:
*ACh; Somatostatin; Substance-P; NEpi
Slow-growing CNS virus?; Trauma ?
Genetics (abnormal chromosome 21)
Insidious Onset & Cannot be completely confirmed till
after death
Tests that can help diagnose possibility:
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
CT ; MRI; EEG
CSF analysis; Cerebral Angiogrophy