Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. It covers the microscopic and macroscopic structure of the body and how body parts develop. Anatomy also examines the relationship between structure and function. The study of anatomy includes looking at body systems, regions, external features, and using imaging technologies. Physiology is the study of function in living organisms. The goals of physiology are to understand how the body responds to stimuli and maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes. Anatomy identifies and describes body structures, while physiology examines their functions.
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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
- 1. Joel G. Soria, MD, MBA-H
- 2. • The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. • “Anatomy” means to dissect, or to cut apart and separate, the parts of the body. • Covers: Structure of the body, microscopic organization, processes by which they develop. • Examines the relationship of the structure of the body part and its function
- 3. • Systemic: studies body systems • Regional: studies body regions (medical schools) • surface: studies external features, e.g., bone projections • anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI
- 4. The study of function in living organisms. • It explores the mechanisms by which the organisms control their internal environments regardless of what happens in the outside (or external) environment. Major Goals of Physiology: • Understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli. • Understand how the body maintains conditions within a range of values in a presence of a continually changing environment.
- 5. Understand how the body: Responds to stimuli • environmental change. • environmental cues • diseases • Injury Maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually changing environment
- 12. 12 Upper limbs: Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower limbs: Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Central region: head, neck, trunk Figure 1.9
- 13. Anterior Body Landmarks Posterior Landmarks 1. Abdominal - anterior body trunk inferior to ribs 2. Acromial - point of shoulder 3. Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow 4. Axillary – armpit 5. Brachial – arm 6. Buccal – cheek area 7. Carpal – wrist 8. Cervical – neck region 9.Coxal – hip 10. Crural – leg 11. Digital – fingers, toes 12. Femoral – thigh 13. Fibular – lateral part of leg 14. Inguinal – area where thigh meets body trunk; groin 15. Nasal – nose area 16. Oral – mouth 17. Orbital –eye area 18. Patellar – anterior area knee 19. Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis 20. Pubic – genital area 21. Sternal – breast bone 22. Tarsal – ankle 23. Thoracic – chest 24. Umbilical - navel 1. Cephalic – head 2. Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle. 3. Gluteal – buttock 4. Lumbar – area of back between ribs and Hips 5. Occipital – posterior surface of the head 6. Popliteal – posterior knee area 7. Sacral – area between hips 8. Scapular – shoulder blade region 9. Sural – the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf 10. Vertebral – area of spine 11. Suprasternal notch – medial to the shoulders 12. Nuchal – posterior/back part of the neck 13. Coccyx – bone located posteriorly medial to the gluteal
- 15. Figure 1.9
- 16. Back Scapular region Triangle of auscultation Vertebral region Sacral region Lumbar region BACK REGION
- 18. Femoral Patellar Crural Tarsal Peda l Dorsum of foot Digits Calcaneal Gluteal Coxal Popliteal Sural