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The document discusses various ways to express the future and conditional in English and Spanish. [1] In both languages, the future can be expressed using the present tense with adverbials indicating future time, or by using modal verbs like "will" in English or by adding endings to the infinitive in Spanish. [2] Similarly, the conditional is expressed in English using "would" plus the verb, while in Spanish it uses regular endings added to the infinitive. [3] Both the future and conditional tenses in Spanish are formed regularly, though some common verbs are irregular in their infinitive forms.
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The document discusses the past tenses in Spanish: the preterite and imperfect.
The preterite uses different endings for each subject and verb type (AR/ER/IR). It generally translates to the simple past tense in English. The imperfect uses more regular endings and generally translates to the past progressive, habitual past, or descriptive past in English. Both tenses have irregular forms for some common verbs like ser, ir, and ver.
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This document provides instruction on conjugating -ar verbs in the present tense in Spanish. It gives the infinitive endings of -ar verbs and explains how to drop the -ar ending and add suffixes to conjugate for each subject pronoun. Examples are provided like "estudiar", "hablar", "trabajar". It also covers using the present tense for future actions and forming negative sentences. The special use of the verb "gustar" is explained as well.
Participles
There are three types of participles in English: present, past, and perfect. The present participle ends in "-ing" and is used in progressive tenses, adjectives, and gerunds. The past participle is used in perfect tenses and the passive voice. Both the present and past participles can be used to shorten sentences by combining clauses with the same subject. The perfect participle combines clauses where one action is completed before another starts. Participles are useful for combining information concisely in writing.
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This document provides information on expressing actions using subject pronouns in the present tense for AR verbs in Spanish. It lists the subject pronouns for singular and plural forms, noting differences between usage in Latin America/US/Canada and Spain. It also defines infinitive verbs and explains how verbs are conjugated in the present tense by adding personal endings to reflect the subject. Regular AR verb endings for singular and plural forms are provided as an example. Finally, it notes that subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish as the conjugated verb indicates the subject, and provides examples of sentences with and without subject pronouns. It also gives information on forming negative sentences using the word "no".
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The document discusses Spanish and English languages by comparing their features, grammar, and vocabulary. Some key points made are:
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- Spanish has 27 letters in its alphabet while English has 24, and Spanish words are generally spelled phonetically.
- Spanish grammar uses gendered articles and adjectives typically come before nouns.
- English and Spanish share some vocabulary due to their common ancestry and Spanish words introduced to English.
- An interview with a Spanish-speaking girl named Angie showed errors in verb tenses and articles when speaking English.
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Some key points about quantifiers "some" and "any" from the document:
- "Some" is usually thought of as the positive counterpart to "any" and implies not all but certainly more than nothing.
- "Any" can be used before countable and uncountable nouns, usually in questions and negative sentences, and implies nothing at all or all.
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The document discusses the use of the simple present tense in English. It is used to describe repeated or habitual actions, facts that are always true, and habitual behaviors. The simple present is formed by using the base form of verbs. For third person singular subjects, most verbs take -s. There are some irregular verbs. Negative sentences are formed with don't/doesn't plus the base verb form. Short answers to yes/no questions using do/does are also explained.
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This document provides information on expressing actions using subject pronouns in the present tense for AR verbs in Spanish. It lists the subject pronouns for singular and plural forms, noting differences between usage in Latin America/US/Canada and Spain. It also defines infinitive verbs and explains how verbs are conjugated in the present tense by adding personal endings to reflect the subject. Regular AR verb endings for singular and plural forms are provided as an example. Finally, it notes that subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish as the conjugated verb indicates the subject, and provides examples of sentences with and without subject pronouns. It also gives information on forming negative sentences using the word "no".
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The document discusses Spanish and English languages by comparing their features, grammar, and vocabulary. Some key points made are:
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The document discusses the conditional mood and different types of conditional sentences:
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Spanish9
- 1. The Future and The Conditional E. Siler
- 2. A New Tense: The Future • Less used than most tenses in academic Spanish. • Like English there are multiple ways of expressing the future.
- 3. English • There is no real future “tense” in English . . . • But there are multiple ways of expressing the future.
- 4. The Present to the Future • Simple present tense verbs, used with very specific adverbials, can express the future. – I leave tomorrow at 8 a.m • Present progressive (present tense of BE + the – ing participle) constructions, usually also used with specific adverbials, can also express the future. – I am leaving (tomorrow at 8 a.m.) • Present progressive of “to go” with an infinitive. – I am going to leave (tomorrow at 8 a.m).
- 5. The Future with a Modal • English has a category of fixed verbs called modals. • These never change for number. • Many of them, used with a simple verb, can express the future. • Examples of modals: can/could; will/shall; may/might . . • The most common future expressing modal is will.
- 6. Examples • I may leave (tomorrow). • I will leave (tomorrow). • I should leave (tomorrow). • I can leave (tomorrow). • I could leave (to morrow).
- 7. The Future in Spanish • There are also many ways to express the future in Spanish. • Many of these parallel ways expressed in English.
- 8. The Present to the Future • Simple present tense used with an adverbial. – Salgomañana a lasocho. (I leave tomorrow at 8). • A simple present tense version of “ir” (to go) followed by the preposition “a” and an infinitive. Person Singular Plural First Yovoy a hablar Nosotros/vamos a hablar Second Tú vas a hablar/ Ustedes van a Ustedva a hablar hablar Third Él/Ellava a hablar Ellos/Ellas van a hablar
- 9. A Major Difference • Spanish has no modals as English does. • Instead, to make the future, the infinitive is used, and endings are added. • The only good news is this: the endings are the same regardless of the category of infinitive (-ar, -ir, and –er). • Most verbs are regular (meaning that the infinitive does not change before adding the endings) but there are a few irregulars.
- 10. The endings • Any Infinitive + These endings (NOTE ACCENTS!!!) Person Singular Plural First Yohablaré Nosotros/nosotras hablaremos Second Tuhablarás/Ustedh Ustedeshablarán ablará Third Él/Ella hablará Ellos/ellashablarán
- 11. The irregulars • There are a few infinitives that change slightly before adding the future endings. • These are listed on p. 75 of the grammar. • Sadly, most of them are the high frequency verbs. • So they need to be learned cold.
- 12. The Conditional • English expresses the idea of condition with the modal “would” and the simple form of the verb. • Because a modal is used, there is no number agreement. Person Singular Plural First I would know We would know Second You would know You would know Third He/she/it would They would know know
- 13. Spanish • The conditional in Spanish is formed by a set of regular endings added to the infinitive. • The basic formation pattern is the same as the future --- it’s just that the endings are different.
- 14. Example • Infinitive + These Endings (NOTE ACCENTS!!!) Person Singular Plural First Yohablaría Nosotros/nosotras hablaríamos Second Túhablarías/ Ustedeshablarían Ustedhablaría Third Él/ellahablaría Ellos/Ellashablarían
- 15. Important Notes • Note that the actual conditional ENDINGS are practically identical to the –er/ir endings of the imperfect. • But the imperfect is formed by DROPPING the –er/ar/ir ending and adding endings. • The conditional is formed by keeping the infinitive intact and ADDING the endings.
- 16. CONTRAST • Yocomía/ yocomería • I was eating/ I would eat • Juan vivía/ Juan viviría • Juan was living/ Juan would live. . .
- 17. Another Note • The basic formation pattern of the conditional and the future are the same --- but the endings are different. • The conditional also has a few irregular infinitive bases. • The irregular bases are the same in the conditional and the future. See p. 75/76 of the grammar for more on this.
- 18. Perfects – A Review • Perfects in English (as previously studied) are formed by a form of “have” and the past participle. • Depending on the tense of “have” the present perfect or the past perfect are formed. – I have studied Spanish for ten years. – I had studied Spanish for ten years.
- 19. Spanish • As previously studied, Spanish can form the present and past perfects with a form of “haber” and an past participle that ends in (usually) –ado/ido. – Yo he hablado – Yohabíahablado
- 20. Perfects in the Future • In English: Will + have + past participle. • Example: I will have studied for ten years. • In Spanish: Future of “haber” + past participle. Note: the infinitive root of “haber” is irregular. Person Singular Plural First Yohabréhablado Nosotros/ashabrem oshablado Second Túhabráshablado/u Ustedeshabránhabl stedhabráhablado ado Third Él/Ella Ellos/Ellashabránha
- 21. Perfects with the Conditional • In English: Would have + past participle • Example: I would have bought that book. • In Spanish: Conditional of “haber” + past participle. Person Singular Plural First Yohabríacomprado. Nosotros/ashabría . moscomprado Second Túhabríascomprado Ustedeshabríanco /Ustedhabríacompr mprado ado Third Él/Ella Ellos/Ellashabríanc