This document discusses verbs and verb phrases. It explains that verbs can be divided into two categories: lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs. A verb phrase consists of a lexical verb and any auxiliary verbs. The lexical verb is the furthest verb to the right in the phrase. Auxiliary verbs serve grammatical functions and help lexical verbs. There are two types of auxiliary verbs: primary auxiliaries, which are formed from have, do, and be, and modal auxiliaries. The verbs do, be, and have can function as either lexical verbs or auxiliary verbs depending on their use in a phrase. Examples are provided to illustrate lexical verbs, auxiliary verbs, and how do, be, and have can be either.

1. Verbs 2: Phrases and
Auxiliaries
Materials by Liz Siler

2. Review Point
• In our first slides we looked at a FORMbased way to consider verbs.
• We will now look at a different way to
consider verbs --- a functional, rolebased way.

3. Lexical and Auxiliary Verbs
• Verbs can be divided into two subcategories: lexical verbs and auxiliary
verbs.
• Together these form verb phrases.

4. Definition: Verb Phrase
• A verb phrase is a group of words that
consists of a lexical verb and all its
auxiliaries if there are any.
• If there are any adverbs between the
lexical verb and the auxiliaries, they are
part of the verb phrase.

5. Examples of verb phrases
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Is
(The whale is under the ship.)
Is going
(My husband is going to Antarctica.)
Had
(Her sister had a rough time last night.)
Had known
(The dog had known his master for ten years!)
Did
(He did his homework.)
Did not want
(He did not want an aspirin.)

6. Lexical Verbs
• In a verb phrase, the lexical verb is the
furthest verb to the right. This verb is
sometimes called the “main” verb.

7. Examples of Lexical Verbs
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Is (The whale is under the ship.)
Lexical verb? IS (-s form )
Is going (My husband is going to Antarctica.)
Lexical verb? GOING (-ing participle form)
Had (Her sister had a rough time last night.)
Lexical verb? HAD (past tense form)
Had known (The dog had known his master for ten years!)
Lexical verb? KNOWN (past participle form)
Did (He did his homework.)
Lexical verb? DID (past tense form).
Did not want (He did not want an aspirin.)
Lexical verb? WANT (base form)

8. Auxiliary Verbs
• Only verb phrases with 2 or more verbs
have auxiliary verbs.
• The auxiliary verbs are the verbs that
are not the lexical verbs.
• Auxiliary verbs serve many important
functions.
• Sometimes auxiliary verbs are called
“helping” verbs.

9. Examples of Auxiliary Verbs
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Is (The whale is under the ship.)
Lexical verb? IS (-s form). NO AUXILIARY VERB.
Is going (My husband is going to Antarctica.)
Lexical verb? GOING (-ing participle form ). AUXILIARY VERB: IS (-s
form ).
Had (Her sister had a rough time last night.)
Lexical verb? HAD (past tense form). NO AUXILIARY VERB.
Had known (The dog had known his master for ten years!)
Lexical verb? KNOWN (past participle form). AUXILIARY VERB: HAD
(past tense form).
Did (He did his homework.)
Lexical verb? DID (past tense form). NO AUXILIARY VERB.
Did not want (He did not want an aspirin.)
Lexical verb? WANT (base form). AUXILIARY VERB: DID (past tense
form).

10. Types of Auxiliaries
• There are basically two kinds of
auxiliaries: primary and modal.

11. Primary Auxiliaries
• Primary auxiliaries are formed with
forms of the verbs to have, do, and be.

12. Examples: Primary Auxiliaries
She has (-s form of “to have”) known him
for ten years.
They did (past tense form of “to do”) not
like him very much.
I am (irregular additional present tense
form of “to be”) preparing a lesson!

13. The Verb To Do
• “Do” can be a primary auxiliary or a
lexical verb.
• It’s an important verb --- so learn it in all
its forms.

14. Do
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Base: Do
Infinitive: To do
-S Form: Does
Past tense form: Did
-Ing Participle Form: Doing
Past Participle Form: Done

15. Do/Auxiliary
• I do not like cigarette smoke.
• What does that mean?
• I do like Sake cocktails.

16. Do/Lexical Verb
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I do too much housework!
He did his math.
She is doing her best.
They have done the work.

17. Do/Auxiliary and Lexical
• You did not do well.
• That child does do her work well.

18. The Verb To Be
• “Be” can be a primary auxiliary or a
lexical verb.
• It’s a very important verb --- learn it!

19. Be
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Base: Be
Infinitive: To be
-S form: Is
Past tense forms: Was/Were
Ing participle form: Being
Past Participle form: Been
Also: Present tense forms: are/am/is
Note: is --- both the –s form AND present tense

20. Be/Auxiliary
I am not going.
She has been found.
They were told the truth.

21. Be/Lexical Verb
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I am the teacher.
That is my dog.
We are in the United States.
He has been sick.

22. Be/Auxiliary and Lexical
• You are being weird.
• He has been being rather strange.

23. The Verb To Have
• “Have” can be a primary auxiliary or a
lexical verb.
• It is also an important verb --- so learn
it!

24. Have
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Base: Have
Infinitive: To have
-S form: Has
Past tense form: Had
-ing participle form: Having
Past participle form: Had

25. Have/Auxiliary
• I have told the truth.
• He has been going with her for three
years.
• They had never seen the strange man
before.

26. Have/Lexical Verb
• He had a Labrador.
• They did not have a Rottweiler.
• I am having a good time.

27. Have/Auxiliary and Lexical
• He has had it rough this semester.
• She has been having a rough semester.