The document is a Spanish grammar book that provides explanations and examples of key Spanish grammar topics across 14 sections. It covers topics such as present and preterite verb forms, stem changers, saber vs conocer, reflexives, por vs para, commands, and the subjunctive and imperfect tenses. Each section defines and illustrates the usage of the grammar points through clear examples and explanations.

1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Walberto Haynes
Spanish 3
Period 1

2. Parte 1
Table of Contents
1. Present tense (ar, er, ir)
2. Stem changers
3. Irregulars
4. Saber vs. conocer
5. Reflexives
6. “Se” impersonal
7. Verbs like gustar
8. Cer/cir, guir/uir, ger/gir
9. Hacer expressions
10. Imperfect: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words
11. Preterite: 1) irregulars- car, gar, zar, spock, cucaracha, snake, snakey
12. Comparatives/ superlatives
13. Future: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words

3. AR, ER, IR

4. Stem Changers
 Some spanish verbs are called stem-changers because
when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a
predictable way.

5. Irregulars

6. Saber vs. Conocer
 In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know."
These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose
depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are not
interchangeable.

7. Reflexives
 Reflexive nouns:
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself)
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)

8. “Se” Impersonal
 In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,”
"They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up."
 These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have
anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We
mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".

9. Verbs like gustar
 Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether
the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do
with which IO pronoun is used.

10. Uir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ Gir
 Guir: in yo form, the gu g
 Uir: add a y before the letters a, e, and o
 Cer/Cir: in yo form c az
 Ger/Gir: chang g aj

11. Hacer expressions
 The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of
time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:

12. Imperfect
 The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past
that occurred repeatedly.
 The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the
past that occurred over an extended period of time.

13. Irregular Imperfect
ser ir ver
era iba veía
eras ibas veías
era iba veía
éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veían

14. Imperfect Trigger Words
 Examples:
 ayer (yesterday), anteayer (the day before yesterday), anoche (last night),
desde el primer momento (from the first moment), durante dos siglos
(for two centuries), el otro día (the other day), en ese momento (at that
moment), entonces (then), esta mañana (this morning), esta tarde (this
afternoon), la semana pasada (last week), el mes pasado (last month), el
año pasado (last year), hace dos días, años (two days, years ago), ayer
por la mañana (yesterday morning), ayer por la tarde (yesterday
afternoon).

15. Preterite
 The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a
specific number of times, or occurred during a specific
period of time.
 The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain
of events.

16. Irregular Preterite
CUCARACHA
CAR, GAR, ZAR é andar anduv_
iste estar estuv_
Car Qué o poder pud_
imos poner pus_
Gar Gué
ieron querer quis_
Zar Cé saber sup_
tener tuv_
1st person only venir vin_
Hacer Dar y Ver Ir y Ser
Hice D/V i Fui
Hiciste D/V iste Fuiste
Hizo D/V io Fue
Hicimos D/V imos Fuimos
Hicieron D/V ieron Fueron

17. Irregular Preterite
Continued
Snake: Snakey
•Change the root of the verb in •Only change in usted and
the preterit only in the usted and ustedes
ustedes forms •Add “y” to beginning of
suffix

18. Comparatives/ Superlatives
Comparisons are
expressed as follows:
màs...que : more... than
menos...que : less...
than
tan...como : as... as
tanto(a, os, as)...como :
as much/many... as

19. Future
 The future tense is used to tell what "will"
happen, or what "shall" happen.
Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated
by adding the following endings to the infinitive
form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.
hablaré
hablarás
hablará
hablaremos
hablaréis
hablarán

20. Irregular Future
•You will notice that the irregular –er verbs drop the –e from the
infinitive ending, while the irregular –ir verbs replace the –i with
an –r.
Irregular –ER verbs Irregular –IR verbs
SABER PONER VENIR SALIR
to know to put to come to leave, go
out
yo sabré pondré vendré saldré
tú sabrás pondrás vendrás saldrás
Ud., él, sabrá pondrá vendrá saldrá
ella,
nosotros/a sabremos pondremos vendremos saldremos
s
vosotros/a sabréis pondréis vendréis saldréis
s
Uds., ellos, sabrán pondrán vendrán saldrán
ellas

21. Parte 2
Table of Contents
1. Pret/ imp
2. Fut/cond
3. Por
4. Para
5. Por v. para
6. Commands
7. Pres. perfects
8. Double object pronouns
9. Adverbs
10. Subjunctive
11. Se impersonal
12. Progressive with ir, andar, seguir

22. Preterite
The preterite tells us specifically when an
action took place.

23. Preterite Irregulars
ser ir dar hacer
fui fui di hice
fuiste fuiste diste hiciste
fue fue dio hizo
fuimos fuimos dimos hicimos
fuisteis fuisteis disteis hicisteis
fueron fueron dieron hicieron

24. Imperfect
The imperfect tells us in general when an action
took place.

25. Imperfect Irregulars
ser ir ver
era iba veía
eras ibas veías
era iba veía
éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veían

26. Future
 The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen:
 Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following
endings to the infinitive form of the verb:
 -é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-án

27. Future Irregulars
 Decir Dir_
 Hacer Har_
 Poner Pondr_
 Salir Saldr_
 Tener Tendr_
 Valer Vendr_
 Poder Podr_
 Querer Querr_
 Saber Sabr_

28. Conditional
 The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or
conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or
probably.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one
of the following to the infintive:
 ía
hablar comer vivir
ías
ía hablaría comería viviría
íamos hablarías comerías vivirías
íais hablaría comería viviría
ían
hablaríamos comeríamos viviríamos
hablaríais comeríais viviríais
hablarían comerían vivirían

29. Conditional Irregulars
 Decir Dir_
 Hacer Har_
 Poner Pondr_
 Salir Saldr_
 Tener Tendr_
 Valer Vendr_
 Poder Podr_
 Querer Querr_
 Saber Sabr_

30. Por
 Rules:
2. to express gratitude or apology
3. for multiplication and division
4. meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of“
5. when talking about exchange, including sales
6. to express a length of time
7. for means of communication or transportation
8. to express cause or reason

31. Para
 Rules:
2. to indicate destination
3. to show the use or purpose of a thing
4. to indicate a recipient
5. to express a deadline or specific time

32. Por vs. Para
 "Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they
are often confused because they can each be translated
as "for.“

33. Commands
A
F Tú- simply drop the Ud./Uds.- put it in ’yo’
I ‘s’ form and change to
R opposite vowel
M
A
T
Los irregulares-
Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
Los irregulares- TVDISHES N
I
V
O
E DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can S
attach to an
affirmative O
DOP + IOP + ‘se’ T
N must go before the
E negative R
G
A
command O
T Tú- put it in ‘yo’ form and Ud./Uds.- put it in ’yo’ S
I change to opposite form and change to
V vowel, add an ‘s’ opposite vowel
E
Los irregulares- TVDISHES Los irregulares- TVDISHES

34. Present Perfects
 the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the
auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
 the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and
adding either -ado or -ido.
 For example: He comido I have eaten

35. Double Object Pronoun
DO Pronouns IO Pronouns English Equivalent
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)
nos nos us
os os you-all (familiar)
los, las les them, you-all (formal)
• When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect
object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object
pronoun comes first.
• For example: Ellos me los dan.
They give them to me.
IO pronoun: me
DO pronoun: los

36. Adverbs
 Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to
the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending
corresponds to -ly in English.
Adjective Fem. Form Adverb
claro clara claramente
constante constante constantemente
difícil difícil difícilmente

37. Adverbs
 Some adverbs do not follow any pattern of origination,
and must simply be memorized. Here is a list of some
common ones:
 Bastante Quite
 Demasiado Too
 Mal Badly
 Mucho A lot
 Muy Very
 Nunca Never
 Peor Worse
 Poco Little
 Siempre Always

38. Subjunctive
l Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
l Then drop the -o ending.
l Finally, add the following endings:

39. Subjunctive Irregulars
Dar: Estar: Haber:
dé esté haya
des estés hayas
dé esté haya
demos estemos hayamos
deis estéis hayáis
den estén hayan
Ir: Saber: Ser:
vaya sepa sea
vayas sepas seas
vaya sepa sea
vayamos sepamos seamos
vayáis sepáis seáis
vayan sepan sean

40. ‘Se’ Impersonal
 You will use the impersonal ‘se’ when the person doing
the action of the verb is not specified.
 The impersonal "se" is used with a third person singular
verb to express the impersonal English subjects, one,
you, people, or they.
3rd
‘Se’ person
singular

41. Progressive With Ir, Andar, Seguir
Present Participle
-ando
-iendo
-yendo