1) The document discusses the concept of "big geography" and the need to consider the entire world rather than just certain regions.
2) It examines different map projections and how they distort sizes and shapes of land areas. The Peters projection accurately represents areas while the Mercator projection preserves angles and directions.
3) It proposes thinking of Eurasia and Africa together as a single continent called "Afroeurasia" since they are connected, with seas inside rather than separating them.
A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands. A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age.
A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands. A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age.
Download the lesson exemplar so you can follow this ppt. I have uploaded the lesson plan on this presentation too. Please search continental drift theory LP
if videos do not play, here are the links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaUk94AdXPA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwWWuttntio
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
This PPT shows and describes the Unsolved mysteries of the world. At every corner of the world there is a mystery about which people keep wondering about and are not able to solve it for centuries.
This is a powerpoint showing the Pangaea theory. A theory of the continents once forming a huge super continent before breaking apart. Alfred Weneger, a German scientist, was the one who thought of the continents once existing as one before splitting and breaking apart.
Apresentação Dr. Majid Labbaf Khaneiki - ICQHSLuís Inverno
Apresentação do Professor Dr. Dr. Majid Labbaf Khaneiki - ICQHS, investigador do International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures (ICQHS), Yazd, Irão, no âmbito da sessão de Apresentação Pública do Colóquio Internacional e Projeto em Rede, no dia 07 de Maio de 2012 na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Download the lesson exemplar so you can follow this ppt. I have uploaded the lesson plan on this presentation too. Please search continental drift theory LP
if videos do not play, here are the links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaUk94AdXPA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwWWuttntio
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
This PPT shows and describes the Unsolved mysteries of the world. At every corner of the world there is a mystery about which people keep wondering about and are not able to solve it for centuries.
This is a powerpoint showing the Pangaea theory. A theory of the continents once forming a huge super continent before breaking apart. Alfred Weneger, a German scientist, was the one who thought of the continents once existing as one before splitting and breaking apart.
Apresentação Dr. Majid Labbaf Khaneiki - ICQHSLuís Inverno
Apresentação do Professor Dr. Dr. Majid Labbaf Khaneiki - ICQHS, investigador do International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures (ICQHS), Yazd, Irão, no âmbito da sessão de Apresentação Pública do Colóquio Internacional e Projeto em Rede, no dia 07 de Maio de 2012 na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
The Atlantic is relatively a narrow body of water. It exists between two parallel continental masses.
The Atlantic Ocean touches both the Europe and the Africa on its eastern side. It is bounded by North America and South America along its western region. The Atlantic has no definite northern or southern boundaries. It runs into the Arctic Ocean on the north, and the Antarctic Ocean on the south. Some geographers consider the Arctic Circle as its northern boundary, and the Antarctic Circle as its southern boundary. The ancient Romans named the Atlantic after the Atlas mountains. These mountains rose at the western end of the Mediterranean sea.
After attending this lesson, the learner should be able to comprehend about the geographic setting of the Pacific ocean, its dimension, associated water masses, morphological features of the ocean floor, very significant conditions of the ocean, sediments, marine life, marine pollution and other hazards. In addition the user should be able to understand, the importance of the Pacific in the context of global activities including the historical oceanographic explorations.
Until about 500 years ago, the rising oceans of the last ice age kept the world divided into four different zones. In each, people developed very different ways of living. The modern age was born when these zones reconnected.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
South America is a continent of Extremes from the largest forest to the driest place on Earth:
It is home to the World’s largest river, the Amazon River.
It is Home to the World’s driest place, The Atacama Desert.
It is home to the largest Oxygen producer, The Amazon Rainforest.
Vampire Bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus.
Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering approx. 47.3% of the continent's land area and encompassing around half of the continent's population.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
7. On a Mercator projection, invented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569, any straight line is a line of constant compass bearing. This enables a navigator to plot a straight-line course.
8. Despite the values of the Mercator Projection, it distorts the size and shape of land areas. Fact: South America is 8 times as large as Greenland. Fact: Africa is 14 times as large as Greenland. The Peters Projection is an “ equal area” map. It represents areas accurately, but it seriously distorts shapes. Compare the size of Europe to Africa on the two maps. Compare the size of the former USSR to China on the two maps.
9.
10. The lithosphere is in constant, though slow motion. The surface of the earth and the location of its land masses have therefore had a continuously changing history.
11. The scene of history is continuously moving land masses. Notice in the left column the names of distinct land masses that no longer exist. The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon . Pangaea Laurasia Gondwanaland India South America 550 Million Years Ago 220 Million Years Ago 190 Million Years Ago 130 Million Years Ago 65 Million Years Ago Today
16. Conventional definition of a continent A large mass of land surrounded, or nearly surrounded, by water. If that is the conventional definition, why are Europe and Asia separate continents?
17. Since the nineteenth century, most scholars have accepted the Ural Mountains as part of the dividing Line between “Europe” and “Asia” as continents. The Urals as a border between continents? They are not that impressive.
18. Ural Mts. Another part of the dividing line: Bosporus and Dardanelles (Straits) EUROPE ASIA
20. What significance have the Bosporus and Dardanelles had as a line dividing peoples from one another in history? Almost none!
21. The Ottoman Turkish Empire about 1550. Its territory cut straight across the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
22. Here’s a highway bridge across the Bosporus. Today, you can drive from “Asia” to “Europe” in a few minutes.
23. So, why is Europe a continent? European scholars of the nineteenth century decided that it should be one. One of the benefits of having power in the world is that you get to name things!
26. But is Africa separated from Eurasia by a wide ocean? No! Why not think of Eurasia and Africa together as a single “supercontinent?” Let’s call it “Afroeurasia.”
27. Africa + Asia + Europe = Afroeurasia A F R O E U R A S I A
28. Think of Afroeurasia as having some seas “inside” it. Black Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea You figure out which is which?
29. One of the big geographical features of Afroeurasia is the Great Arid Zone. This is the belt of arid or semi-arid land that extends nearly across Afroeurasia. Great Arid Zone
30. Scenes in the Great Arid Zone of Afroeurasia Extreme dryness Ahaggar Mts., Sahara Desert Semi-aridity Grassy steppes of Mongolia
31. Historically, peoples who herd animals as a way of life have inhabited many parts of the Great Arid Zone. These herders are pastoral nomads, that is, they move with their herds or flocks from pasture to pasture. Herders in Mongolia
32. A major theme in world history has been the dynamic relations between pastoral nomadic peoples of the Great Arid Zone… … and peoples who have been farmers or city-dwellers.
33. Nomadic peoples of the Great Arid Zone both traded and clashed with farming and city-dwelling peoples who lived adjacent to the Great Arid Zone. One of the greatest clashes was the attacks of Mongol nomads on cities of Eurasia in the 13th century.
34. 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 The Eleven Seas of Afroeurasia They made it easier for people to communicate by water across Afroeurasia. 7 1 Name these seas!
35. Before modern times, merchants relayed goods from one link in the “chain of seas” to another. That is, a single merchant did not make the trip from one end of the chain to the other, though it was theoretically possible.
36. Another feature of big geography is the earth’s great mountain chains Mountains have been barriers to human communication. But passes across them have also served as “ valves” of communication.
37. The major winds and currents of the oceans Until the coming of steamships in the 19th century, sailors had to know winds and currents to have confidence that they could sail from one place to another in an approximate amount of time. These winds and currents follow large global patterns. It was a matter of discovering what those patterns were. summer winter Indian Ocean Monsoon Winds
38. The wind cycle in the North Atlantic helped Christopher Columbus sail both ways across the ocean. WIND WIND
39.
40. Are the Americas one continent or two? Try to think of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea as bodies of water “ inside” the Americas . Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea
41. Columbia Mississippi Amazon Congo Niger Danube Nile Tigris-Euphrates Indus Ganges Mekong Yangze Yellow (Huang) Darling-Murray Finally, let’s not forget great rivers. They have served as channels of communication between seas and deep interior lands.
Editor's Notes
NASA Big Blue Marble Images http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/bluemarble/index.html
Cartoon source unknown. If you know the source, please share with Director, World History for Us All, http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu.