Topography refers to the physical features of a place or region, which can be natural or man-made. Topography is caused by volcanic eruptions, soil erosion from water and wind, and the flow of water from high to low elevations. The document defines and describes various landforms like mountains, hills, islands, deserts, plains, valleys, canyons, and plateaus. It also defines bodies of water like oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, and coasts. Major oceans, deepest ocean trenches, historically important rivers, and examples of large lakes are identified.

1. Landforms and
Bodies of
Water
Pages 17 – 18

2. What is Topography?
• The physical feature of a place
or a region.
• Can be natural or man – made.

3. What causes Topography?
• Volcanic eruption
• Soil erosions
– Water
– Wind

4. What causes Topography?
WATER – The sun heats water, and it
evaporates into the atmosphere. This water
then falls back to the ground in the form of
rain. When it rains at any elevation above
sea level, the water then flows from high
elevation down to sea level. The water then
groups together and forms rivers (or any
body of water) which cut the ground and
wash loose dirt down.

5. What causes Topography?
WIND – In areas where there is no water (the
desert) the wind is the primary erosion
factor. The wind picks up small particles of
sand and hurls it through the air and smacks
it into rock, which breaks off small particles.

6. Landforms
• Natural shapes or features of
the earth.
• There are many different types
of landforms found on the
earth.

7. Landforms
1.Mountain 5. Plain
6. Valley
2.Hills 7. Canyon
3.Island 8. Plateau
4.Desert

8. MOUNTAIN
• A mountain is a place on Earth’s
surface that is much higher
than the land around it.
• A mountain is the highest kind of
land.
• Taller than a hill.

9. Highest
Peaks in the
World

10. Mount Everest
Height: 8,850 meters (29,035 feet)
Location: Nepal/Tibet

11. K–2
Height: 8,611 meters (28,250 feet)
Location: Pakistan/China

12. Kangchenjunga
Height: 8,586 meters (28,169 feet)
Location: India/Nepal

13. Lhotse
Height: 8,516 meters (27,940 feet)
Location: Nepal/Tibet

14. Makalu
Height: 8,462 meters (27,766 feet)
Location: Nepal/Tibet

15. Cho Oyu
Height: 8,201 meters (26,906 feet)
Location: Nepal/Tibet

16. Dhaulagiri
Height: 8,167 meters (26,795 feet)
Location: Nepal

17. Manaslu
Height: 8,163 meters (26,781 feet)
Location: Nepal

18. Nanga Parbat
Height: 8,125 meters (26,660 feet)
Location: Pakistan

19. Annapurna
Height: 8,091 meters (26,545 feet)
Location: Nepal

20. HILLS
• A hill is land that rises above
the land around it.
• A hill has a rounded top.

22. ISLAND
• Land that is completely
surrounded by water.

24. DESERT
• A desert is a hot dry place
with little or no rain.

26. PLAIN
• Flat area on Earth’s surface.

27. VALLEY
• A low area between higher
lands such as mountains.

29. CANYON
• A deep valley with steep rocky sides.

30. PLATEAU
• High area of level land separated
from the surrounding land.

31. Bodies of Water
•Any a c c u m u la t io n
o f w a te r tha t c o ve r
the e a rth.

32. Bodies of Water
1.Ocean 4. Lake
2.Sea 5. Waterfalls
3.River 6. Coast

33. OCEANS
• Largest bodies of water on earth.
• Made of salt water that surrounds a continent
• Cover more than two-thirds of the Earth's
surface
– Pacific Ocean
– Atlantic Ocean
– Indian Ocean
– Southern Ocean
– Arctic Ocean

35. • Pacific Ocean – separates Asia from the Americas.
• Atlantic Ocean – separates the Americas from
Europe and Africa.
• Indian Ocean – washes upon southern Asia and
separates Africa and Australia.
• Southern Ocean – sometimes considered an
extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian
Oceans, which encircles Antarctica.
• Arctic Ocean – sometimes considered a sea of the
Atlantic, which covers much of the Arctic and
washes upon northern North America and
Eurasia.

36. Deep Trenches
The deepest part of an
ocean.

37. Marianas Trench
• Known as the deepest point on
earth’s surface.
• It is located in the western Pacific
Ocean, to the east of the Mariana
Islands.
• 35,840 feet deep

39. Puerto Rico Trench
• Located on the boundary
between the Caribbean Sea and
the Atlantic Ocean.
• The deepest point in the Atlantic
Ocean.
• 28,232 feet deep

42. Java Trench
• Also called Sunda Trench.
• Located in the northeastern Indian
Ocean.
• This trench is the deepest part of
Indian Ocean.
• 23,376 feet deep

43. Eurasian Basin
• Deepest trench in the
Arctic Ocean.
• 20th deepest part of any
ocean in the world.
• 17,881 feet deep

45. SEA
• Large body of salty water that is
often connected to an ocean.
South China Sea
Caribbean Sea
Mediterranean Sea

47. RIVER
• Large, flowing body of water
that usually empties into a sea
or ocean.

49. In the history of humankind, the
first civilizations emerges along river
– valleys. These include:
River – valleys of Tigris –
Euphrates
Indus River
Yellow River (Huang Ho River)
Nile River

50. River – valleys of Tigris – Euphrates
• The longest and
the most
historically
important rivers
of Western Asia.

52. Indus River
• A major river which flows
through Pakistan.
• It has courses through
western Tibet (in China)
and Northern India.

54. Yellow River (Huang Ho River)
• The second-longest river in China
after the Yangtze and the sixth-
longest in the world at the estimated
length of 5,464 kilometers.
• “The cradle of Chinese civilization"

57. Nile River
• Generally regarded
as the longest river in
the world.
• It is 6,650 km (4,130
miles) long.

58. LAKE
• Large body of water surrounded
by land on all sides.
• Really huge lakes are often called
seas.

60. WATERFALLS
• A sudden drop in land where a river
flows.

61. COAST
• The area where the ocean
touches the land.