The document discusses several key landforms and geographic features. It defines islands as areas of land not connected to a continent and surrounded by water, noting there are two main types - continental and oceanic islands. It also discusses peninsulas as areas of land surrounded by water on three sides, and mentions examples like Florida and the Arabian Peninsula. Additionally, it provides definitions and descriptions of bays, waterfalls, volcanoes, isthmuses, mountains, plateaus, and plains - outlining their key characteristics and formation.

4. A.Very small islands such as emergent land features on
atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys.
There are two main types of islands: continental
islands and oceanic islands.
The word island comes from Middle English iland, from
Old English igland (from ig, similarly meaning ‘island’
when used independently, and -land carrying its
contemporary meaning.

5. J.Islands are areas of land that are not
connected to a continent and are surrounded by
water. Small islands are sometimes called cays,
keys, or islets. A group of islands is often called
an archipelago.
There are two main type of islands; continental
islands and oceanic islands. Continental islands
are part of a continental shelf. One example of
this is Great Britain is an island that sits on the
continental shelf of Europe. Oceanic islands are
islands that don't sit on a continental shelf. Many
oceanic islands are formed by undersea
volcanoes like Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.

8. J.A bay is a body of water connected to an ocean
or lake, formed by an indentation of the
shoreline.[1] A large bay may be called a gulf, a
sea, a sound, or a bight. A cove is a smaller circular
or oval coastal inlet with a narrow entrance; some
coves may be referred to as bays. A fjord is a
particularly steep bay shaped by glacial activity.
Bays can exist as the estuary of a river, as the
estuary of the Parramatta River in Australia. Bays
may be nested in each other; for example, James
Bay is an arm of Hudson Bay. Some large bays, such
as the Bay of Bengal and the Hudson Bay, have
varied marine geology.

9. .
The River Channel
A.Rivers flow in channels. The bottom of the
channel is called the bed and the sides of the
channel are called the banks
An introduction to Rivers
All rivers start at the highest point in an
area. As the river flows downstream, it
gains more water from other streams,
rivers, springs, added rainfall, and other
water sources.
What is a river?
A river is freshwater flowing across the
surface of the land, usually to the sea

12.  A peninsula is a region of land that sticks out
in a body of water. It is also defined as a piece
of land with water on three sides. korea, and
most of the U.S. state of Florida, are
peninsulas. If Eurasia is considered a
continent then the continent of Europe is
technically a peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula
is the largest peninsula in the world covering
3,237,500 sq. km area.

13.  A body of land surrounded by water on
three sides is called a peninsula. The
word comes from the Latin paene insula,
meaning “almost an island.” In the
United States Florida is the most obvious
peninsula. Alaska also fits the definition,
though it is very large and has a number
of its own peninsulas. On the East coast
the Delmarva Peninsula (named after
Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia) lies
between Chesapeake Bay and the
Atlantic Ocean. Mexico has two notable
peninsulas: the Yucatán in the east and
Baja California in the west.

16. A waterfall is a part of a river
or stream where the water
flows over a steep drop, often
landing in a plunge pool below.
Some waterfalls can have a
huge drop, and these are
definitely not waterfalls to
take a jump from!

17.  Erosion plays an important part in how
waterfalls are made. As a stream flows, it
carries sediment that can erode the soft
bed rock, which is limestone and
sandstone underneath. Eventually this
goes deep enough so that only the
harder rock, such as granite, stays.
Waterfalls are born as the granite forms
cliffs and ledges. Wow, it takes some
doing to create a waterfall.
 Just as waterfalls are made by the
process of erosion, they cause erosion
too. How weird. The speed of the stream
gets stronger and stronger as it nears a
waterfall, increasing the amount of
erosion.

20. A volcano is a mountain downward to a
pool of molten rock below the surface of
the earth. When pressure builds up,
eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up
through the opening and spill over or fill
the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can
cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash
flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash
and floods. Volcano eruptions have been
known to knock down entire forests. An
erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis,
flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and
rockfalls.

23.  An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that
connects two larger landmasses and
separates two bodies of water.
 Isthmuses have been strategic locations for
centuries. They are natural sites for ports
and canals linking terrestrial and aquatic
trade routes. Isthmuses are also key sites
for communications and cultural exchange,
as well as military outposts.

26.  What is a Mountain?
 The dictionary defines a mountain as that which
is ‘higher and steeper than a hill’.
 A mountain is a landform that rises high above
the surrounding terrain in a limited area. They
are made from rocks and earth.
 Generally, mountains are higher than 600 metres.
Those less than 600 metres are called hills.
 What do Mountains look like?
 Mountains usually have steep.

29.  Raised, flat-surfaced areas bounded on one
or more sides by cliffs or steep slopes are
known as plateaus. They are found on
every continent, along continental shelves,
and in most oceans. Continental plateaus,
along with their enclosed basins, account
for about 45 percent of Earth's land
surface.

32.  Broad and flat, plains are well named.
Some appear when glaciers and streams
erode away elevated terrain; others spread
where rising magma pushes, erupts, and
spews. Some plains spill into the oceans,
and others are bound by mountains on
several sides. They all hide a tumultuous
geologic history beneath their level
disguise.

39.  Europe is a small continent, but it is very diverse. Many
different landforms, water features, and climates can be
found there. Although we call Europe a continent, it is
actually part of Eurasia, the large landmass that includes
both Europe and Asia. Geographers consider the Ural
Mountains to be the boundary between the two
continents.
Look at the map of Europe. You can see that different
parts of Europe have very different features. In other
words, Europe’s topography (tuh-PAH-gruh-fee) varies
widely from place to place. Topography refers to the
shape and elevation of land in refers a region. Mountain
ranges cover much of southern Europe. Some peaks in
the Alps reach higher than 15,000 feet. The highest
mountains have large snowfields and glaciers.

41.  1. What is the name of the world’s largest reef system?
 2. Do male or female mosquitoes bite people?
 3. True or false? Earth Day is held on June 18.
 4. What state of the USA is the Grand Canyon located in?
 5. True or false? The Dead Sea is 8.6 times more salty than the
ocean.
 6. What are the 3 R’s of recycling?
 7. True or false? The horn of a rhinoceros is made from bone.
 8. What famous islands west of Ecuador were extensively studied by
Charles Darwin?
 9. Ayers Rock in Australia is also know as what?
 10. True or false? Burning or logging naturally occurring forests is
known as deforestation.

42.  1. Great Barrier Reef

 2. Female
 3. False (April 22)

 4. Arizona
 5. True

 6. Reduce, reuse and recycle
 7. False (keratin)

 8. Galapagos Islands
 9. Uluru

 10. True