Nowadays it is widely accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of large data management philosophy. In
this paper, we present a future view of the big data collection by synthetic aperture radiometry as a passive
microwave remote sensing towards building a global monitoring system. Since the collected data may not have
any value, it is mandatory to analyses these data in order to get valuable and beneficial information with respect
to their base data. The collected data by synthetic aperture radiometry is one of the high resolution earth
observation, these data will be an intensive problems, Meanwhile, Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in
several bands, X, C, S, L and P-band. The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is how to collect data
from areas with inadequate network infrastructures where the ground network facilities were destroyed. The
future concern is to establish a new global data management system, which is supported by the groups of
international teams working to develop technology based on international regulations. There is no doubt that the
existing techniques are so limited to solve big data problems totally. There is a lot of work towards improving 2-
D and 3-D SAR to get better resolution.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Granular Mobility-Factor Analysis Framework for enrichingOccupancy Sensing wi...IJECEIAES
With the growing need for adoption of smarter resource control system in existing infrastructure, the proliferation of occupancy sensing is slowly increasing its pace. After reviewing an existing system, we find that utilization of Doppler radar is less progressive in enhancing the accuracy of occupancy sensing operation. Therefore, we introduce a novel analytical model that is meant for incorporating granularity in tracing the psychological periodic characteristic of an object by emphasizing on the mobility and uncertainty movement of an object in the monitoring area. Hence, the model is more emphasized on identifying the rate of change in any periodic physiological characteristic of an object with the aid of mathematical modelling. At the same time, the model extracts certain traits of frequency shift and directionality for better tracking of the unidentified object behavior where its applicabilibility can be generalized in majority of the fields related to object detection.
Passive remote sensing is a class of Remote Sensing that make use of Passive Remote Sensors. The sensors are used to detect natural radiations that are emitted by the object or by its surrounding areas. The most common source of energy that is measured by Passive Remote Sensors is “Reflected Sunlight”.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Granular Mobility-Factor Analysis Framework for enrichingOccupancy Sensing wi...IJECEIAES
With the growing need for adoption of smarter resource control system in existing infrastructure, the proliferation of occupancy sensing is slowly increasing its pace. After reviewing an existing system, we find that utilization of Doppler radar is less progressive in enhancing the accuracy of occupancy sensing operation. Therefore, we introduce a novel analytical model that is meant for incorporating granularity in tracing the psychological periodic characteristic of an object by emphasizing on the mobility and uncertainty movement of an object in the monitoring area. Hence, the model is more emphasized on identifying the rate of change in any periodic physiological characteristic of an object with the aid of mathematical modelling. At the same time, the model extracts certain traits of frequency shift and directionality for better tracking of the unidentified object behavior where its applicabilibility can be generalized in majority of the fields related to object detection.
Passive remote sensing is a class of Remote Sensing that make use of Passive Remote Sensors. The sensors are used to detect natural radiations that are emitted by the object or by its surrounding areas. The most common source of energy that is measured by Passive Remote Sensors is “Reflected Sunlight”.
RADAR (RAdio Detection and Ranging) use modulated waveforms and directive antennas to transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume in space to search for targets. The targets within the volume reflect echoes back to the radar which are further processed to extract target information. A better SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) to for radar surveillance is achieved. The results are provided by Matlab simulation.
Design and Fabrication of Ground Station Antennaijtsrd
As the communication technology is thriving day by day, the number of satellites are shooting up in a faster rate. The use of smaller satellites for Education, Scientific and Commercial purposes are usually positioned in LEO Low Earth Orbit flights and typically their short periods of crossing across the Line Of Sight of an Earth Station brings the need of finding ways of expanding the communication between ground and space segments. This paper elucidates the aspects related to the design and implementation of a Ground station using a directional antenna for tracking satellites which utilizes UHF band for payload transmission. First the design parameters are enumerated using Yagi Calculator Software. For verification feasibility an Electro magnetic model of an antenna is developed using ANSYS HFSS software. The procured results demonstrate some important paramount aspects of the antenna model. Finally, the “Off Shelf†components are integrated and after successful testing of hardware and software is done, it can be further extended for commercial tracking. S. Bakthanandhini | S. Balaakshaya | T. Durga Devi | N. Meenakshi "Design & Fabrication of Ground Station Antenna" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30733.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30733/design-and-fabrication-of-ground-station-antenna/s-bakthanandhini
The presentation explains the basics of LiDAR Technology with its applications and case studies. This is presented by the Second Year Instrumentation and Control Engineering students of Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.
Air quality challenges and business opportunities in China: Fusion of environ...CLIC Innovation Ltd
MMEA (The Measurement, Monitoring and Environmental Efficiency Assessment) research program final seminar presentation by Dr. Ari Karppinen, Finnish Meteorological Institute
LIDAR is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology used to examine the surface of the earth, often using pulses from a laser.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
RADAR (RAdio Detection and Ranging) use modulated waveforms and directive antennas to transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume in space to search for targets. The targets within the volume reflect echoes back to the radar which are further processed to extract target information. A better SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) to for radar surveillance is achieved. The results are provided by Matlab simulation.
Design and Fabrication of Ground Station Antennaijtsrd
As the communication technology is thriving day by day, the number of satellites are shooting up in a faster rate. The use of smaller satellites for Education, Scientific and Commercial purposes are usually positioned in LEO Low Earth Orbit flights and typically their short periods of crossing across the Line Of Sight of an Earth Station brings the need of finding ways of expanding the communication between ground and space segments. This paper elucidates the aspects related to the design and implementation of a Ground station using a directional antenna for tracking satellites which utilizes UHF band for payload transmission. First the design parameters are enumerated using Yagi Calculator Software. For verification feasibility an Electro magnetic model of an antenna is developed using ANSYS HFSS software. The procured results demonstrate some important paramount aspects of the antenna model. Finally, the “Off Shelf†components are integrated and after successful testing of hardware and software is done, it can be further extended for commercial tracking. S. Bakthanandhini | S. Balaakshaya | T. Durga Devi | N. Meenakshi "Design & Fabrication of Ground Station Antenna" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30733.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30733/design-and-fabrication-of-ground-station-antenna/s-bakthanandhini
The presentation explains the basics of LiDAR Technology with its applications and case studies. This is presented by the Second Year Instrumentation and Control Engineering students of Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.
Air quality challenges and business opportunities in China: Fusion of environ...CLIC Innovation Ltd
MMEA (The Measurement, Monitoring and Environmental Efficiency Assessment) research program final seminar presentation by Dr. Ari Karppinen, Finnish Meteorological Institute
LIDAR is an acronym for light detection and ranging. It is an optical remote sensing technology used to examine the surface of the earth, often using pulses from a laser.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance of RGB and L Base Supervised Classification Technique Using Multi...IJERA Editor
In the present growth of sensor technology is to improve the new chance and applications in GIS. This enhances the technology law a new method that should not focus on real time available products, but it must automatically lead to new ones. The aim of the paper is to make a maximum use of remote sensing data and GIS techniques to access land use and land cover classification in the Kiliyar sub basin sector in palar river of northen part of Tamil Nadu.IRS P6 LISS III is merged data to perform the classification using ERDAS Imaging. The RGB and L base supervised classification was based up on a Multispectral analysis, land use and land cover information‟s (maps and existing reports), which involves advanced technology and complex data processing to find detailed imagery in the study region. Ground surface reflects more radar energy emitted by the sensor from the study region, which makes it easy to distinguish between the water body, hilly, agriculture, settlement and wetland.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SPSDC - To the Cloud! Using IaaS as a Hosting Provider for SharePointScott Hoag
To the cloud! This phrase seems to come up more and more often for organizations looking to reduce their SharePoint footprint and operational expenses in their on premise data centers. In this session Scott will give a brief overview of a few of the premier Infrastructure as a Service hosting providers for SharePoint, how SharePoint in the cloud stacks up against Office 365 and how to quickly get your SharePoint system built in a repeatable fashion for development environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Catchment classification: multivariate statistical analyses for physiographic...IJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to determine physiographic similarity, as indicator of hydrologic similarity
between catchments located in the Upper Niger Basin, and to derive the dominant factors controlling each group
singularity. We utilized a dataset of 9 catchments described by 16 physical and climatic properties distributed
across a wide region with strong environmental gradients. Catchments attributes were first standardized before
they underwent an integrated exploratory data analysis composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
followed by Hierarchical Clustering. Results showed a clear distribution into 2 major clusters: a group of
easterly flat catchments and another of westerly hilly catchments. This nomenclature came from the
interpretation of the main factors, topography and longitude, that seem to control the most important variability
between both clusters. In addition, the hilly catchments were designated to be dominated by forest and
ACRISOL soil type, two additional drivers of similarity. The outcome of this study can help understanding
catchment functioning and provide a support for regionalization of hydrological information.
Canberra SPUG - February 2014 - Pitfalls of Migrating to SharePoint 2013Scott Hoag
Organisations of all sizes are begging their technical departments to setup SharePoint 2013 (and in some cases 2010!) so that they're able to make use of some of the capabilities introduced within the SharePoint platform. While designing, implementing, configuring and deploying a system in and of itself has its own set of challenges, migrating into that shiny, new environment can be even more difficult.
In this session, Scott Hoag will share some of his experiences and lessons learned tips, tricks and pointers for ensuring that you've considered the various aspects and challenges that arise during a migration effort. Further, as a bonus we’ll discuss strategies for how to not fall prey to some of these pitfalls, but demonstrate that you're a well-rounded professional that's thought things through before pressing the enter key.
SPIntersection 2016 - MICROSOFT CLOUD IDENTITIES IN AZURE AND OFFICE 365Scott Hoag
Looking to reduce the number of post-it notes you see stuck around the office? Seeking to automate your user creation processes for Office 365? Or maybe you're interested in single sign-on for everything you host in the cloud? Are you questioning what a cloud identity is?
This session will take you through the basics of identity in the Microsoft Cloud and show you to how to set up and configure Office 365 with Azure Active Directory using the Azure Active Directory Synchronization Connect tools.
March Sydney Office 365 Meetup - Office 365 and Hybrid Solutions... what work...Scott Hoag
Going to The Cloud(tm) doesn't mean we need to start over. Organisations big and small can leverage Office 365 with their on-premises systems, gaining the agility of a hosted solution that is always up-to-date while adhering to our current policies for compliance and security. If you've ever heard the term "Hybrid SharePoint", but want to understand what it really means and what you can really do with it when it comes to Office 365 and SharePoint Online, this is the session for you. We'll walk through the Hybrid models and the advantages and disadvantages of each.
In this session we'll discuss the various aspects of why an organization may wish to stay in a hybrid solution with both on-premises and cloud hosted solutions that are integrated with one another. Further, migration tips and tricks, planning techniques and processes will be discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
Catalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol Using Gamma Irradiated PVA/Ag Nanocomp...IJERA Editor
In this work, PVA/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by adding different volumes of AgNO3 to PVA solution. PVA/Ag nanocomposites used as a catalyst for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). The responsive catalyst is easily synthesized, environmentally compatible, cost-effective and can be easily recovered by handling from the aqueous solution. The shape and particle size distribution were studied using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible Absorption Spectra of Gamma-irradiated PVA/AgNO3 Films were studied.
Automatic traffic light controller for emergency vehicle using peripheral int...IJECEIAES
Traffic lights play such important role in traffic management to control the traffic on the road. Situation at traffic light area is getting worse especially in the event of emergency cases. During traffic congestion, it is difficult for emergency vehicle to cross the road which involves many junctions. This situation leads to unsafe conditions which may cause accident. An Automatic Traffic Light Controller for Emergency Vehicle is designed and developed to help emergency vehicle crossing the road at traffic light junction during emergency situation. This project used Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) to program a priority-based traffic light controller for emergency vehicle. During emergency cases, emergency vehicle like ambulance can trigger the traffic light signal to change from red to green in order to make clearance for its path automatically. Using Radio Frequency (RF) the traffic light operation will turn back to normal when the ambulance finishes crossing the road. Result showed the design is capable to response within the range of 55 meters. This project was successfully designed, implemented and tested.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Adaptive 3D ray tracing approach for indoor radio signal prediction at 3.5 GHzIJECEIAES
This paper explained an adaptive ray tracing technique in modelling indoor radio wave propagation. As compared with conventional ray tracing approach, the presented ray tracing approach offers an optimized method to trace the travelling radio signal by introducing flexibility and adaptive features in ray launching algorithm in modelling the radio wave for indoor scenarios. The simulation result was compared with measurements data for verification. By analyzing the results, the proposed adaptive technique showed a better improvement in simulation time, power level and coverage in modelling the radio wave propagation for indoor scenario and may benefit in the development of signal propagation simulators for future technologies.
REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AM Publications
Remote sensing technology's increasing accessibility helps us observe research and learn about our globe in ways we could only imagine a generation ago. Guides to profound knowledge of historical, conceptual and practical uses of remote sensing which is increasing GIS technology. This paper will go briefly through remote sensing benefits, history, technology and the GIS and remote sensing integration and their applications. Remote sensing (RS) is used in mapping the predicted and actual species and dominates the ecosystem canopy.
In the modern age, High-resolution radar images can be achieved by employing SAR technique. It is well
known that SAR can provide several times better image resolution than conventional radars. The exploration for efficient
image denoising methods still remains a valid challenge for researchers. Despite the difficulty of the recently proposed
methods, mostly of the algorithms have not yet attained a pleasing level of applicability; each algorithm has its
assumptions, advantages, and limitations. This paper presents a review of synthetic aperture radar. Behind a brief
introduction in our work we are especially targeting the noise called backscattered noise in SAR terminology which
causes the appearance of speckle Potential future work in the area of air flight navigation, mapping Weather Monitoring
& during natural disaster like earth quake. The SAR having the capability, to make human visibility beyond optical
vision, is also discussed.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of A Pentagon Microstrip Antenna for Radar Altimeter Application dannyijwest
In the navigational applications, radar and satellite requires a device that is a radar altimeter. The
working frequency of this system is 4.2 to 4.3GHz and also requires less weight, low profile, and high gain
antennas. The above mentioned application is possible with microstrip antenna as also known as planar
antenna. In this paper, the microstrip antennas are designed at 4.3GHz (C-band) in rectangular and
circular shape patch antennas in single element and arrays with parasitic elements placed in H-plane
coupling. The performance of all these shapes is analyzed in terms of radiation pattern, half power points,
and gain and impedance bandwidth in MATLAB. This work extended here with designed in different shapes
like Rhombic, Pentagon, Octagon and Edges-12 etc. Further these parameters are simulated in ANSOFT-
HFSSTM V9.0 simulator.
Contrastive Parametric Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch ...RSIS International
The comparative analysis of the rectangular and
circular patch antenna parameters is presented in this paper. To
make it acceptable for various wireless applications the selected
bandwidth is 10 GHz. HFSS is a software development tool
which is used for design and the study of the performance of the
presented antennas. The study gives the idea that the rectangular
patch antenna exhibits higher return loss than the return loss of
circular patch antenna whereas the rectangular patch antenna
has an improved VSWR value of 1.18 than that of the circular
patch with VSWR 1.27. Also the circular patch antenna offers
about 8% higher radio bandwidth and nearly 2.0dB less side
lobe power than that of the rectangular patch antenna. With rise
in the dielectric constant of the substrate material there is a
diminish structure of the patch antenna which leads to an
accommodation in bandwidth, impedance and efficiency of the
antenna. The simulated antennas are used in the field of 3G
communications due to the resonance frequency. The delineate
study about the dimensions such as width, length, feed point
location, ground dimension for each patch antenna of different
dielectric material are calculated and compared and the result
shows about the contrastive analysis of different patch antenna
performance parameter like VSWR, Reflection coefficient,
Bandwidth, Impedance, Mismatch loss, Directivity, Gain and
Field are analysed and compared. The paper includes the
detailed analysis of various tables, graphs.
National Highway Alignment from Namakkal to Erode Using GISIJERA Editor
The vision of the Highway Alignment is to increase the capacity, connectivity, efficiency and safety of the Highways System so as to enable balanced socioeconomic development of all sections of the people and all regions from NAMAKKAL to ERODE via and to reduce the traffic and travelling of the state. It is to establish shortest path for road network time in the roads which provide a better and comfortable base for updating the traffic and other related information in road administration. It is to identify the short route for the vehicles traveling from NAMAKKAL to ERODE and to reduce the time travel for the vehicles with possible paths or routes or places for laying eco-friendly highway. To optimize the route for the vehicles traveling from NAMAKKAL to ERODE using GIS with Network analysis tools. From this we can find the suitable route for peoples to carry out without any traffic disturbances and protecting the environment. It also took advantages of GIS capabilities that offer the ability to overlay maps, merge them, and perform spatial analysis on various layers of information in either two or three dimensions
Implementation of Adaptive Digital Beamforming using CordicEditor IJCATR
Sonar imaging is one of the simplest technique for detection of under water drowned bodies. There is a need for design of
conventional beamforming which are robust and simple. Adaptive beamformer is used to improve the quality of the sonar image. As a
result we get an image containing more useful and correct information. The CORDIC computing technique a highly efficient method
to compute elementary functions like sine, cosine, translate, rotate values using CORDIC algorithm. The system simulation was
carried out using ModelSim and Xilinx ISE Design Suite 9.2i.. Matlab code is used to implement sin and cos using cordic angles and
amplitude response of beamformed data by optimized method in order to enlarge the validity region of beamforming. Synthesis
results of cordic shows the reduced memory requirement and less power consumption.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of triangular array eight patches antennas for circularly-polariz...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we obtain the left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) of triangular array eight patches antennas using corporate feeding-line for circularly polarized-synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with compact, simple, and efficient configuration. Although the corporate feeding-line design has already been developed, its design was for the side antenna view of 0° and only produced one of LHCP or RHCP instead of both. Here, the design for LHCP and RHCP eight patches array fed by corporate feeding-line having the side antenna view of 36° at f=1.25 GHz for CP-SAR are discussed. We use the 2016 version of computer simulation technology (CST) to realize the method of moments (MoM) for analyzing. The performance results, especially for gain and axial ratio (Ar) at resonant frequency are consecutively 13.46 dBic and 1.99 dB both of LHCP and RHCP. Moreover, the 12-dBic gain-bandwidth and the 3-dB Ar-bandwidth of them are consecutively around 38 MHz (3.04%) and 6 MHz (0.48%). Furthermore, the two-beams appeared at boresight in elevation plane for average beamwidth of 12 dBic-gain and the 3 dB-Ar LHCP and RHCP have similar values of around 12° and 46°, respectively.
Different GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Receiver’s combination an...IJMTST Journal
The greater part of the modern GNSS receiver are able to guarantee a fair positioning performance almost
everywhere. The aim is to investigate the effective potentialities of GNSS sensor such as GPS, GLONASS and
to make a statistical analysis of these receivers. The continuous increase of the number of GNSS multiconstellation
station will give a good opportunity to improve accuracy and precision levels. The system is
based on sensors, Arm cortex, and personal computer. Positioning data which includes both longitude and
latitude is extracted using NMEA protocol of the receiver. The extracted data will be displayed and saved on
personal computer and retrieved later. Each receiver sensor is analyzed, statistically characterized and its
error probabilities are obtained.
Self-steering Yagi-Uda antenna positioning system for televisionIJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop a prototype that automatically improves the position of a Yagi-Uda antenna using a microcontroller and to illustrate its radiation pattern through the use of MATLAB®. This study is intended for students and professors in the electronics engineering field. This served as their educational materials for teaching antenna system principles and theories. Developmental and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. The materials and components generally used in this study are a Yagi-Uda antenna, stepper motor, Arduino Uno, L293D motor shield, USB TV stick tuner, slotted optocoupler, ADS1115, coax cable splitter, speaker stand, and timing belt. The statistical tool used in this study was a Z-test to find out if the experiment results were significant. In testing the effectiveness of the automatic antenna system, the TV display in every increment of 1.8° was taken. It was the basis for the effectiveness of the study. At 5% α/2 level (1.96), the computed z value is 1.76, which is less than 1.96. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the picture quality of the TV display at every angle and the desired angle with maximum reception of the signal with the integration of MATLAB®.
SAR is a type of radar which works with antenna and receiver using radio waves which can create two dimension or three dimension of the objects . A synthetic-aperture radar is an imaging radar mounted on a moving platform. SAR gives high resolution data and works 24*7.
Similar to Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System
1. Ali. A. J.Al-Sabbagh et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards
Global System
Ali. A. J.Al-Sabbagh**, Ruaa.A.S.Alsabah***, Josko.Zec*, Ivica Kostanic*
*Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Florida, USA
**Department of Babylon, SCIS, Ministry of Communication, Iraq
***Department of Computer Science, University of Karbala, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Nowadays it is widely accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of large data management philosophy. In
this paper, we present a future view of the big data collection by synthetic aperture radiometry as a passive
microwave remote sensing towards building a global monitoring system. Since the collected data may not have
any value, it is mandatory to analyses these data in order to get valuable and beneficial information with respect
to their base data. The collected data by synthetic aperture radiometry is one of the high resolution earth
observation, these data will be an intensive problems, Meanwhile, Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in
several bands, X, C, S, L and P-band. The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is how to collect data
from areas with inadequate network infrastructures where the ground network facilities were destroyed. The
future concern is to establish a new global data management system, which is supported by the groups of
international teams working to develop technology based on international regulations. There is no doubt that the
existing techniques are so limited to solve big data problems totally. There is a lot of work towards improving 2-
D and 3-D SAR to get better resolution.
Keywords – Global system, Synthetic Aperture radiometry, L-Band, Passive remote sensing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays Engineers are looking for the role of
satellite technology to provide pivotal
communication links to out of reach areas. Installing
terrestrial networks in different areas of the world can
be costly, although there are a lot of regions that are
not logged on yet, they rely heavily on satellite
connectivity. For example, impossible to connect
users at sea or in the air can only connect by using
the satellite. Also in this case, there is no profitable
way to justify the costs to rollout fiber to remote link,
sparsely populated areas because the frequency range
that the satellite communications has is limited, and
regulated by international agreements. The IoT is
expected to continue driving up demand for the
integration of satellite and high altitude Internet
services. [1] The future IoT will be a cognitive IoT
with large numbers of various interconnected
devices, these generate a massive data in an
explosively. The data we collect may not have any
value, so data analysis, interpret, understand is
mandatory now to get a valuable and beneficial
information with respect to their base data. [2] This
future concern towards a global system is how to use
a new satellite communication to collect a data from
some areas which are not included any sensor. That
might be a significant challenge towards a smart
society. The important thing is how to collect the data
from a huge number of things or from a huge area
with low cost and short range such as rural areas or
desert or sea to predict any disaster. Satellite collects
data from sensor or the reflected signal from passive
microwave radiometer and sends the data to ground
stations or any other cloud station to materialize such
smart systems, it is needed to collect data from these
smart things with sensor or material depend on their
reflection as a microwave radiometry using synthetic
aperture or any other L-band techniques. Microwave
radiometer is an important tool for passive remote
sensing of the earth. Traditionally, it images the
brightness temperature distribution by scanning a real
aperture antenna beam across the desired field. The
resolution is determined by the ratio of wavelength
and aperture size. To accomplish a high resolution for
a given frequency and distance to the object, one has
to enlarge the aperture size of the antenna. The
Synthetic aperture radiometer (SAR) is the most
promising technique for passive remote sensing. It
has the ability to achieve high resolution without
suffering of the problem of deploying large scanning
antenna that exists in the traditional real aperture
radiometer. There are many airborne SAR systems
have been developed [3], such as ESTAR are the
representative ones. On the other hand, there is the
space borne application projects of the SAR system
like ESA’s SMOS/MIRAS [4] are also being
implemented. These applications of the aircraft or
spacecraft instruments are all operated in the far field
of the antenna array. Because of the development and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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maturity of integrating digital correlator technology,
this led to the increasing in the interest of applying
SAR in short range imaging applications like,
security, detection of concealed weapons or other
contrabands, all weather reconnaissance and
surveillance, and ground penetrating imaging for
landmine detection or archeology[5].
II. SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADIOMETRY
Synthetic Aperture synthesis (SAR) is an
interferometry technology for passive microwave
remote sensing it is solving the problem of putting
large apertures in space since it is working as
imaging radar, that high-resolution radar images of
the earth’s surface can be produced from airborne
and spaceborne platforms. This technology has the
ability of imaging in the day-and-night, because SAR
is working as an active sensor, also the microwave
band uses the in the broad radio spectrum, in addition
it is able to penetrate could cover, and to some extent,
rain. The principal of SAR working technique is
similar to a large extent to earth-rotation synthesis
employed in radio astronomy. It can be described as a
product of pairs of small antennas while the signal
processing is used in place of a single large aperture.
The coherent product in the aperture synthesis of the
signal is measured the different antenna-pair spacing
(baselines). So the result of that product at each
baseline give a sample point in the Fourier transform
of the brightness temperature map of the scene, and
by inverting the sampled transform, the scene itself is
reconstructed [6][7].
Figure (1) Space synthesis for remote sensing
Figure (1) shows how this technique works to
remote sensing from space. Imagine two antennas in
orbit, one spiraling around the other, and each
looking at the same regime on the surface (indicated
by the oval).
At intervals indicated by the dashes, the signals
which are taken from the two antennas are multiplied
and averaged. It is readily shown that this product is
proportional to the Fourier transform of the
brightness temperature of the scene evaluated at a
frequency that depends on the spacing between
antennas. The predecessor of the present two-
dimensional synthetic-aperture radiometer is a one-
dimensional one, named the Electrically Scanned
Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) [3]. The
ESTAR is operating in the L – band and it employs
an aperture synthesis in the cross-track dimension
only, while using a conventional antenna for
resolution in the along-track dimension. On the other
hand the two-dimensional instrument also operates in
the L - band to be precise, at a frequency of 1.413
GHz in the frequency band restricted for passive use
(no transmission) only such as the SMOS (Soil
Moisture and Ocean Salinity) which is based on the
MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer with
Aperture Synthesis). The following sections explain
in more details the ESTAR and the SMOS. [4], [8].
III. ESTAR
ESTAR is an instrument prototype developed by
the Goddard Space Flight Center and the University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, to develop the
technology of aperture synthesis for remote sensing.
It represents a technology which was developed for
passive microwave remote sensing of the
environment from space. It has been demonstrated
successfully using an aircraft instrument called
ESTAR. It is an L -band radiometer in the hybrid
configuration designed for remote sensing of soil
moisture where the need for large apertures in space
is greatest. The hybrid configuration was adopted
because it is practical for application in space and
involves relatively simple processing [3].
The real antennas in ESTAR are linear arrays
which are horizontally polarized dipoles with their
long axis in the direction of motion as shown in
figure (2). The stick antennas produce a narrow “fan”
beam that provided with good resolution along the
track and essentially, on the other hand there is no
resolution in the across track dimension. Resolution
across the track is obtained using aperture synthesis.
This is the configuration used in the aircraft
prototype. [8], [9]
Figure (2) ESTAR radiometer configuration
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IV. SMOS
The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS)
mission is an Earth Explorer Opportunity mission of
the European Space Agency (ESA). It is the first 2-D
aperture synthesis radiometer for Earth observation.
The mission of the SMOS is to produce global maps
of soil moisture and ocean salinity using the
Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture
Synthesis (MIRAS) [4].
In addition to the data which assist in an in-depth
study of the structure of the Cryosphere. Because to
date, it doesn’t have the ability to obtain moisture and
tracking maps from space, since the measurement of
these geophysical parameters is localized and not
continuous. For this reason it is a good idea to have a
satellite for providing the measurement of the
planet’s two geophysical parameters over the entire
surface and with a high rate of repetition. The SMOS
is designed to operate at L –band and employs an
aperture synthesis in two dimensions, in addition to
that, it employs antennas in the “Y” configuration as
shown in Figure 3. [3].
In the SMOS configuration the “Y” is tilted
forward at an angle of about 21 with respect to nadir.
On the other hand the arms are about 4.5-m long and
contain 27 antennas spaced 0.8 wavelengths apart.
The analyses show that this configuration, with
antennas distributed along the arms has the ability of
optimizing space resolution and Instrument
sensitivity. There are three segments of which are
connected by a hinge. The arms are folded to the
sides of the central structure during launch. [9].
Figure (3) SMOS radiometer configuration
V. SAR APPLICATION
The SAR is used in different area of research
such as oceanography to archeology the following are
some selected fields of SAR application examples.
Note that not all applications are in practical use;
many applications are still in developing stages [6].
Hydrology: it is used in the following branch
such as, wetland, river flow, soil moisture ,water
equivalent snow & ice, drainage pattern, water
cycle, water resources in the desert
Agriculture: for Agriculture it is important in the
following area like, plantation acreage or crop
classification, soil moisture, growth, harvest and
the disaster.
Cryosphere: it can be considered a good idea for
the distribution & changes of ice & snow on land
also, classification or iceberg tracking,
equivalent water, sea & lake, ice age, glacier
flow, ship navigation in sea ice
Urban :the urban represent the structure &
density, subsidence, traffic monitoring
,urbanization, skyscraper height estimation and
the change detection
Forestry: for the forestry it used in forest fire
monitoring, tree biomass, species, height,
plantation and deforestation.
Geology: topography, DEM & DSM production,
crust movement, faults, GIS, soil structure,
lithology, underground resources
Disaster: prediction, lifeline search, monitoring
of damage & recovery, tsunami & high tide
landslide & subsidence by earthquake, volcano
& groundwater extraction.
Archeology: exploration of aboveground and
underground remains, survey, management
Oceanography: ocean waves, internal waves,
wind, ship detection, identification & navigation,
currents, front, circulation, oil slick, offshore oil
field, bottom topography [10].
VI. FUTURE VISION OF SAR
There is a lot of work towards improving SAR in
different branches, but the general trends are that the
spatial resolution is becoming better, wide-swath
scan modes with coarser resolution and different
beam modes are available including high-resolution
spotlight as shown in figure (4). The conventional
single-polarization mode is becoming dual or full
Polari metric modes.
Figure (4) Different beams modes, left to right: strip
(map), squint strip (map), wide-swath scan, and
spotlight modes.
There are many airborne SARs which are
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developed by various organizations and all resent
systems are operating at multi-frequency full
polarization mode, on the other had, some of which
are equipped with cross-track and/or along-track
interferometric modes. The spatial resolution is order
of meters or less [6].
In addition to the improving resolution and
altitude, the main difference of airborne SARs is the
motion compensation requirement. Since the
platform of spaceborne SARs is relatively stable, in
contrast the airborne SARs usually are suffering from
platform instability which is caused by the variety of
the speed and/or motion of aircrafts. Since the
azimuth reference signal assumes a stable platform
path, the azimuth reference signal does not “match”
the signal in raw data, and the images are degraded.
For this reason it is necessary to estimate the platform
movement to produce a correct azimuth reference
signal so the images can be formed of high quality by
airborne SARs [11].
In addition, it should be mentioned that space
borne SARs, in particular interferometric SARs,
sometimes suffer from image degradation by
tropospheric and ionospheric effects. High-frequency
airborne SARs may have some effects when imaging
through dense rain cells, but in general, they are not
affected by the atmospheric effects [6].
VII. L-BAND
Microwave radiometers play an important role in
Earth observation as a remote sensing. Numerous
environmental parameters are efficiently monitored
by passive microwave techniques. For regular Earth
observation purposes the radar covers an angle range
of 25 to 60 degrees at altitudes of up to 6km above
sea level. The frequency range that the satellite
communications has is limited, and regulated by
international agreements. The spectrum must be used
in the best and most efficient manner.
Figure (5) L-band airborne location
Passive microwave remote sensing from space at L
band has the penetrating advantages of atmosphere.
The satellite M2M and IoT connections will rise up
to 5.8 million globally. This is done by using L-band
with over 93% of in-service terminals in 2023. [xxx]
Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in full Polari-
metric in four bands, X, C, S, L and P-band, which
cover the wavelengths from 3 to 85 cm. In Here, only
the L-band is used. The modes of measurement
contain single channel operation (1 wavelength and
polarization at a time), table shown below. [12]
Table (1) Satellite bands [1]
As a case study; Japan aerospace agency
developed an aerospace called ALOS earth
observation Radar-Sat based on L-band, this type of
L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar is an active
microwave sensor using L-band frequency to achieve
cloud free, day and night earth observation.
This project will enable to obtain 250 to 350km
width of SAR images of spatial resolution. This
swath is 3-5 times wider than conventional SAR, The
project includes a special type of sensors which have
a beam steerable in elevation and operate at L-band.
VIII. WHY GLOBAL TREND
The future mission is to establish a new global
data management system, which is supported by the
groups of international teams working to develop
technology based on international regulations. The
resulting system of cooperation provides an
international mechanism to broaden the exact and
hidden value of these data into vital information for
society as shown in below diagram. The important
role of the space information technology is to achieve
development in earth observation, instead to build a
huge number of sensors in some specific area to
manage natural resources. Constellations of small and
medium satellites are emerging as promising tools to
assess, monitor, and to share data on expected natural
disasters. Because of the amount of data satellites
produced in a month is so huge, so the question
comes is how the data are going to be managed
specially many of these satellite and airborne systems
are built individually by governments or some
organizations for their own purposes. Now is widely
accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of
large data management philosophy. Over the world
are tens of satellites with sensors lies to make a
numerous kind of accurate, and high resolution
remotely sensed data, to measure changes in any area
of interest, on earth, there are tens of thousands
stations have been installed, using special sensors
aboard aircraft to measure the atmosphere and the
land, this massive amount of data has the potential to
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help us in many ways, from disaster prediction to
another phenomenon’s management.
Figure (6) global system.
To take the advantage of the satellite and
airborne by using L-band and Synthetic aperture
radiometry is towards large monitoring area of the
Earth’s surface quickly and efficiently. In general all
people interested in rare and extreme events such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and glacier surges).
So, if we want to capture these events and their
natural variability, it’s mandatory to allow the global
access to make easy data collection and analysis. [1],
[13].
IX. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Currently, one of the most famous characteristics
of IoT is the increasing inter connectivity among
general things or objects, a number of interesting
services or applications are emerging. Still, so far
many of the existing IoT applications are still highly
dependent on human beings for cognitive processing.
The future IoT will be a cognitive IoT with large
numbers of various interconnected devices, these
generate a massive data in an explosively. The data
we collect may not have any value, so data analysis,
interpret, understand is mandatory now to get a
valuable and beneficial information with respect to
base data [1], 14]. Data streaming from the spacecraft
in current active NASA mission approximately be
1.73 GB gigabytes. The remote sensing data collected
by a single satellite data center are dramatically
increasing by terabytes per day. Data collection from
sensor is difficult in some places, so using a passive
microwave radiometry to collect the data, then,
analyze it can improve our lives and help build a
smart society. Data collection from cars, on a wide
area, might be utilized to prevent traffic jams. To
materialize such smart systems, it is needed to collect
data from these smart things with sensor or materials
depend on their reflection as a microwave radiometry
using synthetic aperture or any other L-band
techniques. The important thing is how to collect the
data from a huge number of things or from a huge
area with low cost and short range such as rural areas
or desert or sea to predict any disaster. This is a
future concern towards a global system using satellite
communication to collect a data from some area not
included any sensor. That might be a significant
challenge to realize a smart society. [15] The novelty
of future is how to get the wisdom from data as
known as DIKW pyramids which is the term refer to
(Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom) hierarchy
is ably presented in Sharma (2004) This term is refers
to a class of models for representing the functional
relationships between data, information, knowledge,
and wisdom.
Typically information is defined in terms of data,
knowledge in terms of information, and wisdom in
terms of knowledge" as shown in figure of DIKW
Hierarchy [16]:
Figure (7) hierarchy of DIKW
Satellite collects data from sensor or the reflected
signal from passive microwave radiometer and sends
the data to ground stations or any other cloud station,
which manage and analyze the data from these sensor
based on their applications to get a valuable image.
The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is
how to collect data from areas with inadequate
network infrastructures where the ground network
facilities were destroyed. This will optimize the
amount of data and reduce the delay and time for
processing to achieve an efficient data collection
from numerous sensor or nodes or scanned
microwave areas. [1] The radiometric techniques
using satellite L-band will be an alternative
generation for data collection because the data are
now rapidly expanding in all science and engineering
domains, including physical, biological and
biomedical sciences, in both directions hardware and
software. In fact, for decades, companies have made
business decisions based on transaction data stored in
relational databases.
Big Data mining in satellite communication
offers opportunities to go beyond traditional
relational databases to rely on less structured data
especially when there are no sensors. This will be a
step one towards an integrated data management
system (Global) using satellite and radar techniques
as shown in figure (8).
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Figure (8) Future data management system
X. GLOBAL MONITORING FOR
ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
(GMES) is the European project established by
Europe for Earth Observation. The main operation of
the GMES space component covers the space and
ground. The ground division related to space data
comprises tasking, storage, processing and
acquisition. This program will provide accurate and
easily accessible information to improve the
management of the environment. Global Monitoring
for Environment and Security (GMES) is an initiative
aimed at streamlining European activities and funds
in the field of Earth observation. This project
included three main components which are:
1- Global Land. Managed by the European
Commission's Joint Research Centre, Global
Land produces biophysical parameters on a
worldwide scale.
2- Pan-European continental land which produces
high resolution information sets on the main land
cover types.
3- Local land: focuses on "hotspots" which are
prone to specific environmental challenges like
such as flooding.
Earth observation using satellite radiometric
techniques (including airborne systems) is a future
mission to ensure the long term collection and
operational delivery of high resolution measurements
as shown in figure below (9) [17]
Figure (9) Technical implementation of GMES
It might be also useful in security issues such as
border surveillance against attacker or terrorism in a
different areas and countries. A large amount of data
has already been collected and analyzed, both at
national and international levels. GMES included
four steps missions, first mission will provide
information for all domains for GMES day and night
radar imaging from land and ocean services.
The second mission will convey high resolution
imaging for land services and 3rd
mission will provide
services for global land monitoring. The last mission
will provide data for atmospheric composition
monitoring from geostationary and orbits. The space
part is a pre-operational stage, serving users with
satellite data currently available through the GMES
Contributing Missions at international levels. These
four missions consist of:
A- Deployment and operation of a European
satellite system for a sustained 20-year period.
B- A robust ground sector managing the mission
and generating products through a distributed
system.
The resulting from GMES will bring a wide
range of benefits to many fields of society as shown
in the first parts such as natural resource
management, water and security. Also will provide a
great geo-graphic coverage of the state and trends of
key environmental limitations. Businesses and
citizens will also benefit through innovation and
motivations to apply a new practical application
based on this information. This change will transfer
us gradually from regional monitoring system to the
global monitoring system. Simply the data collection
can be broadly classified into; land, marine and
atmosphere information to ensure the systematic
monitoring at regional and global levels. Second is
the climate change information to support monitoring
issue to calculate the effects of climate change and
assessing mitigation measures. Also the emergency
and security information which providing support in
the event of emergencies and humanitarian aid needs,
in particular to civil protection authorities (i.e. sea
surveillance, border control, global stability) as
shown in figure (10) [18]
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Figure (10) Global monitoring system
XI. CONCLUSION
The future mission is to establish a new global
data management system, which is supported by the
groups of international teams working to develop
technology based on international regulations. The
resulting system of cooperation provides an
international mechanism to broaden the exact and
hidden value of these data into vital information for
society. Big data and the analysis from SMOS and
MIRAS are the challenges to space Industry towards
a new generation of earth observation. The satellite
collects data from the sensor or the reflected signal
from passive microwave radiometer and sends the
data to ground stations or any other cloud station,
which manage and analyze the data from these sensor
based on their applications to get a valuable image.
The step forward for future mission is to use of
microwave radiometers will be considered essential
for high resolution. In spite of high performance
computer systems, but still remain considerably
challenging with big data issues. The large scale
monitoring is our future task to implement a new data
management system to convert from regional to
global one by a different global space and airborne
projects such as GMES. There is a growing interest
in the use of microwave and millimeter wave
radiometers for remote sensing applications, due to
the need of large antennas and scanning mechanism.
Recent and future trend of SAR technologies is
described in this paper; the increasing numbers of
space borne SARs have been launched during the last
decades. We have presented the recent trend and
development of synthetic aperture radiometry and
related techniques with the specifications of airborne
and space borne SAR.
The important role of synthetic aperture
radiometry is how to collect data from areas with
inadequate network infrastructures where the ground
network facilities were destroyed. There is no doubt
that the existing techniques are so limited to solve big
data problems completely. Finally the opportunities
are followed by challenges, more data become
available from international civilian satellites and as
scientific demands become greater with the use of
these data.
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