PCI Geomatics is a leading geospatial software and solutions company with over 70 employees and 25,000 licenses installed worldwide. They provide powerful and scalable image processing solutions to extract information from satellite imagery such as SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) and LIDAR. Their capabilities include orthorectification, image classification, change detection, and digital elevation model extraction. They support a variety of sensors and applications in areas such as maritime surveillance, disaster response, and natural resource monitoring.
The document provides definitions and examples of what a Geographic Information System (GIS) is. It discusses how GIS involves tools to collect, manage, use, share and interpret spatial data to understand relationships and patterns. A GIS allows users to visualize, analyze and draw conclusions from geographical data. While GIS often involves computer software and hardware, it does not necessarily require technology, as paper maps and mental maps can also serve as GIS.
The document discusses geospatial technology and its applications in agriculture. Geospatial technology includes geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning systems (GPS). GIS allows large datasets to be analyzed and visualized spatially. Remote sensing uses sensors to acquire data about Earth from satellites and aircraft. GPS provides location data that can be integrated into GIS. Together, these technologies are used for applications like precision agriculture, crop monitoring, and resource management.
This document discusses how GIS is enabling e-governance. It notes that GIS allows for spatially integrated thinking and shared geographic knowledge. It outlines how GIS is changing how people collaborate, organize information, communicate, and make decisions through visualization and analysis of geospatial data. It discusses how geospatial data and GIS services are growing and supporting many applications across various sectors like social security, agriculture, education and more. The document proposes that GIS will result in an integrated geospatial framework and shared services that can be leveraged across different levels of government and users to support access, collaboration and transparency.
This summarizes a document about change detection techniques in remote sensing for analyzing land use and land cover changes. Remote sensing using aerial photographs and satellite imagery allows efficient monitoring of land cover changes compared to traditional field surveys. Change detection involves identifying transformations of land cover types over time and space using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Common techniques include comparing imagery from Landsat, QuickBird and other satellite sensors to detect changes in agriculture, deforestation, urban growth and other human and natural impacts on the earth's surface.
This document provides an overview of basic data models used in GIS, including vector data models and raster data models. It discusses how raster data models establish a grid pattern over a geographic area with cells defined by row and column indices. Each cell is assigned a value representing dominant features or multiple features in that area. It also lists common raster data formats used in GIS like TIFF, JPEG, and netCDF files.
The document discusses the applicability of fuzzy theory in remote sensing image classification. It presents three experiments comparing different classification methods: 1) Unsupervised fuzzy c-means classification, 2) Supervised classification using fuzzy signatures, 3) Supervised classification using fuzzy signatures and membership functions. The supervised fuzzy methods achieved higher accuracy than the unsupervised method, with the third method performing best with an overall accuracy of 83.9%. Fuzzy convolution can further optimize results by combining classification bands.
The document provides definitions and examples of what a Geographic Information System (GIS) is. It discusses how GIS involves tools to collect, manage, use, share and interpret spatial data to understand relationships and patterns. A GIS allows users to visualize, analyze and draw conclusions from geographical data. While GIS often involves computer software and hardware, it does not necessarily require technology, as paper maps and mental maps can also serve as GIS.
The document discusses geospatial technology and its applications in agriculture. Geospatial technology includes geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning systems (GPS). GIS allows large datasets to be analyzed and visualized spatially. Remote sensing uses sensors to acquire data about Earth from satellites and aircraft. GPS provides location data that can be integrated into GIS. Together, these technologies are used for applications like precision agriculture, crop monitoring, and resource management.
This document discusses how GIS is enabling e-governance. It notes that GIS allows for spatially integrated thinking and shared geographic knowledge. It outlines how GIS is changing how people collaborate, organize information, communicate, and make decisions through visualization and analysis of geospatial data. It discusses how geospatial data and GIS services are growing and supporting many applications across various sectors like social security, agriculture, education and more. The document proposes that GIS will result in an integrated geospatial framework and shared services that can be leveraged across different levels of government and users to support access, collaboration and transparency.
This summarizes a document about change detection techniques in remote sensing for analyzing land use and land cover changes. Remote sensing using aerial photographs and satellite imagery allows efficient monitoring of land cover changes compared to traditional field surveys. Change detection involves identifying transformations of land cover types over time and space using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Common techniques include comparing imagery from Landsat, QuickBird and other satellite sensors to detect changes in agriculture, deforestation, urban growth and other human and natural impacts on the earth's surface.
This document provides an overview of basic data models used in GIS, including vector data models and raster data models. It discusses how raster data models establish a grid pattern over a geographic area with cells defined by row and column indices. Each cell is assigned a value representing dominant features or multiple features in that area. It also lists common raster data formats used in GIS like TIFF, JPEG, and netCDF files.
The document discusses the applicability of fuzzy theory in remote sensing image classification. It presents three experiments comparing different classification methods: 1) Unsupervised fuzzy c-means classification, 2) Supervised classification using fuzzy signatures, 3) Supervised classification using fuzzy signatures and membership functions. The supervised fuzzy methods achieved higher accuracy than the unsupervised method, with the third method performing best with an overall accuracy of 83.9%. Fuzzy convolution can further optimize results by combining classification bands.
The document summarizes key male and female reproductive structures in various animal species. In males, it describes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, sperm, scrotum, urethra, semen, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. In females, it outlines the ovaries, follicles, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and clitoris. It also provides illustrations of the reproductive tracts of bulls, rams, stallions, cows, and sows.
Contrast enhancement techniques are used to increase visual distinction between features in remote sensing images. This is done by manipulating the spectral properties as opposed to spatial properties. The main techniques discussed are contrast stretching and level slicing. Contrast stretching involves linear, histogram equalization, and Gaussian transforms to map the original pixel values to a new range to take advantage of the full display range. Level slicing segments values into discrete slices that are assigned a single display value and color. These techniques help enhance features that are difficult to distinguish due to narrow brightness ranges.
This document summarizes different image enhancement techniques, including contrast enhancement methods like linear and non-linear contrast stretching. It defines image enhancement as manipulating pixel gray levels to highlight specific image features for a given application. Contrast enhancement works to increase the difference between features by stretching the gray levels. Linear contrast stretching uniformly distributes pixel values across the full display range from 0-255. Non-linear techniques like histogram equalization assign a wider range to more frequently occurring pixel values to better highlight information. The goal of enhancement is to use the full sensor radiometric scale but techniques must be chosen based on the specific application and user preferences.
Satellite Image Processing technique to enhance raw images received from cameras or sensors placed on satellites, space probes and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day to day life in various applications.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This document discusses raster processing and map algebra. It defines map algebra as a set of primitive operations that allow two or more raster layers to be combined through algebraic operations. Different types of raster operations are described, including local, focal, zonal, global, and boolean operations. Syntax for operators and functions in map algebra are provided along with examples. Considerations for handling no-data values in raster calculations are also covered.
ArcGIS for Server, Portal for ArcGIS and the Road Ahead - Esri norsk BK 2014Geodata AS
The document summarized the key updates and new capabilities in ArcGIS Server 10.2.x, including two new server extensions for real-time event processing and enabling on-premises web GIS via Portal for ArcGIS. It also previewed some of the planned updates for ArcGIS Server and Portal in upcoming 10.3 release, such as new metrics dashboard, stream service, 3D services, and scalable data store tier.
This document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a collection of hardware, software, and geographic data used to capture, store, analyze and display spatially referenced information. The document gives a brief history of GIS and describes its key components, including spatial data, attribute data, software, and users. It also explains different types of data layers, scales, and four common map types: choropleth, contour, dot, and symbol maps. The overall purpose of the document is to explain the basic concepts and applications of GIS.
The document discusses how geoinformatics, which combines GIS, GPS, remote sensing, and the internet, provides an innovative tool for developing decision support systems and strategic planning using geo-referenced data and information. It recommends incorporating such emerging technologies into higher education institutions for collaborative research support through expertise sharing. Geoinformatics allows accurate analysis and modeling of real-world features and phenomena by integrating geospatial data within a common framework.
The document provides an overview of change detection techniques in remote sensing. It defines change detection as the process of identifying differences in objects or phenomena by observing them at different times using remote sensing images. The main goals of change detection are to detect land use and land cover changes over time and understand how the Earth's surface is changing. Several change detection techniques are described, including visual analysis, image differencing, image ratioing, and post-classification comparison. Practical examples of detecting changes in lakes and forests over time are also presented.
Deep sort and sort paper introduce presentation경훈 김
This document discusses multi-object tracking algorithms. It begins by introducing object tracking and classification of trackers. Simple Online and Realtime Tracking (SORT) is described, which uses a Kalman filter for state estimation and the Hungarian algorithm for data association. Deep SORT is then introduced, which improves on SORT by incorporating appearance features and using the Mahalanobis distance and cosine distance for data association, helping with short-term and long-term occlusion. Results show Deep SORT performs well on benchmark datasets.
Geographic Information System for Egyptian Railway System(GIS)Ismail El Gayar
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and presenting spatial data linked to locations. Key points include:
- GIS merges cartography and database technology to store and link map features to attribute data.
- The main components are a database for storing attribute and spatial data, tools for managing and analyzing spatial relationships, and functions for producing maps.
- GIS allows for integration of diverse spatial datasets, visualization, querying, overlay analysis and other functionality to support decision-making.
- Popular GIS software includes ArcGIS, ArcView and AutoCAD Map.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Understanding Coordinate Systems and Projections for ArcGISJohn Schaeffer
Everything you need to know to work with coordinate systems and projecting data in ArcGIS. The presentation starts by explaining the terminology, and then discusses the details you need to know to actually work successfully with coordinate systems, use the proper projections, and geographic transformations. This is a very practical look at a complex subject.
The document provides an introduction to ArcGIS. It outlines that it will discuss what GIS is, how geographic data is represented in GIS, how data is stored in ArcGIS, GIS maps, GIS analysis processes, what ArcGIS is, and planning a GIS project. It then proceeds to define GIS, explain how geographic data is modeled in vector and raster formats, describe how data is organized and stored in an ArcGIS geodatabase, discuss GIS mapping and visualization, and overview spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS.
This document discusses key concepts related to data in GIS systems. It describes the different types of spatial and attribute data as well as vector and raster data formats. It explains how data is organized into layers and how those layers can be queried and overlaid to integrate information from different sources and analyze spatial patterns in the data.
This document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and defines several key related terms. It states that GIS stands for geographic information system, with geographic information science being another name. GIS is defined as a computer information system. The company ESRI, which stands for Environmental Systems Research Institute, makes the ArcGIS Arc Editor intermediate-level GIS being used. GPS is defined as standing for global positioning system and being a navigation and positioning system, with a GPS unit being an electronic receiver of satellite signals about location. Garmin is stated to be the company that makes their GPS units.
The document discusses several key issues around the closing of the American western frontier in the late 19th century, including:
1) Various groups migrated westward for opportunities including free land, profit, and manifest destiny, straining relations with native peoples and leading to conflicts over land and resources.
2) Iconic figures and groups emerged during this period like cowboys, gunslingers, miners, ranchers, settlers, and soldiers, many of whom faced hard lives and conflicts on the frontier.
3) Native American tribes suffered tremendously from loss of lands and buffalo herds, disease, and conflicts with white settlers and government policies which led to many being forced onto reservations.
This document provides information about an upcoming training course on advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing being offered by the Applied Technology Institute (ATI). The 2-day course will be held on May 6-7, 2009 in Chantilly, Virginia and will be instructed by Bart Huxtable. It will cover topics such as SAR review origins, basic and advanced SAR processing techniques, interferometric SAR, spotlight mode SAR, and polarimetric SAR. The course outline and schedule are provided along with instructor biographies and registration information. Additionally, the document advertises ATI's ability to provide on-site customized training courses.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and its use in remote sensing applications. SAR uses signal processing to simulate a large physical antenna on an airborne or spaceborne platform. As the platform moves, SAR collects and combines radar return signals to generate high-resolution imagery of the terrain below. Key aspects of SAR discussed include cross-range resolution, sequential generation of the synthetic antenna aperture, and phase correction to focus the SAR image. Applications mentioned include military reconnaissance, oceanography, geology, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.
The document summarizes key male and female reproductive structures in various animal species. In males, it describes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, sperm, scrotum, urethra, semen, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. In females, it outlines the ovaries, follicles, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and clitoris. It also provides illustrations of the reproductive tracts of bulls, rams, stallions, cows, and sows.
Contrast enhancement techniques are used to increase visual distinction between features in remote sensing images. This is done by manipulating the spectral properties as opposed to spatial properties. The main techniques discussed are contrast stretching and level slicing. Contrast stretching involves linear, histogram equalization, and Gaussian transforms to map the original pixel values to a new range to take advantage of the full display range. Level slicing segments values into discrete slices that are assigned a single display value and color. These techniques help enhance features that are difficult to distinguish due to narrow brightness ranges.
This document summarizes different image enhancement techniques, including contrast enhancement methods like linear and non-linear contrast stretching. It defines image enhancement as manipulating pixel gray levels to highlight specific image features for a given application. Contrast enhancement works to increase the difference between features by stretching the gray levels. Linear contrast stretching uniformly distributes pixel values across the full display range from 0-255. Non-linear techniques like histogram equalization assign a wider range to more frequently occurring pixel values to better highlight information. The goal of enhancement is to use the full sensor radiometric scale but techniques must be chosen based on the specific application and user preferences.
Satellite Image Processing technique to enhance raw images received from cameras or sensors placed on satellites, space probes and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day to day life in various applications.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This document discusses raster processing and map algebra. It defines map algebra as a set of primitive operations that allow two or more raster layers to be combined through algebraic operations. Different types of raster operations are described, including local, focal, zonal, global, and boolean operations. Syntax for operators and functions in map algebra are provided along with examples. Considerations for handling no-data values in raster calculations are also covered.
ArcGIS for Server, Portal for ArcGIS and the Road Ahead - Esri norsk BK 2014Geodata AS
The document summarized the key updates and new capabilities in ArcGIS Server 10.2.x, including two new server extensions for real-time event processing and enabling on-premises web GIS via Portal for ArcGIS. It also previewed some of the planned updates for ArcGIS Server and Portal in upcoming 10.3 release, such as new metrics dashboard, stream service, 3D services, and scalable data store tier.
This document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a collection of hardware, software, and geographic data used to capture, store, analyze and display spatially referenced information. The document gives a brief history of GIS and describes its key components, including spatial data, attribute data, software, and users. It also explains different types of data layers, scales, and four common map types: choropleth, contour, dot, and symbol maps. The overall purpose of the document is to explain the basic concepts and applications of GIS.
The document discusses how geoinformatics, which combines GIS, GPS, remote sensing, and the internet, provides an innovative tool for developing decision support systems and strategic planning using geo-referenced data and information. It recommends incorporating such emerging technologies into higher education institutions for collaborative research support through expertise sharing. Geoinformatics allows accurate analysis and modeling of real-world features and phenomena by integrating geospatial data within a common framework.
The document provides an overview of change detection techniques in remote sensing. It defines change detection as the process of identifying differences in objects or phenomena by observing them at different times using remote sensing images. The main goals of change detection are to detect land use and land cover changes over time and understand how the Earth's surface is changing. Several change detection techniques are described, including visual analysis, image differencing, image ratioing, and post-classification comparison. Practical examples of detecting changes in lakes and forests over time are also presented.
Deep sort and sort paper introduce presentation경훈 김
This document discusses multi-object tracking algorithms. It begins by introducing object tracking and classification of trackers. Simple Online and Realtime Tracking (SORT) is described, which uses a Kalman filter for state estimation and the Hungarian algorithm for data association. Deep SORT is then introduced, which improves on SORT by incorporating appearance features and using the Mahalanobis distance and cosine distance for data association, helping with short-term and long-term occlusion. Results show Deep SORT performs well on benchmark datasets.
Geographic Information System for Egyptian Railway System(GIS)Ismail El Gayar
This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and presenting spatial data linked to locations. Key points include:
- GIS merges cartography and database technology to store and link map features to attribute data.
- The main components are a database for storing attribute and spatial data, tools for managing and analyzing spatial relationships, and functions for producing maps.
- GIS allows for integration of diverse spatial datasets, visualization, querying, overlay analysis and other functionality to support decision-making.
- Popular GIS software includes ArcGIS, ArcView and AutoCAD Map.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Understanding Coordinate Systems and Projections for ArcGISJohn Schaeffer
Everything you need to know to work with coordinate systems and projecting data in ArcGIS. The presentation starts by explaining the terminology, and then discusses the details you need to know to actually work successfully with coordinate systems, use the proper projections, and geographic transformations. This is a very practical look at a complex subject.
The document provides an introduction to ArcGIS. It outlines that it will discuss what GIS is, how geographic data is represented in GIS, how data is stored in ArcGIS, GIS maps, GIS analysis processes, what ArcGIS is, and planning a GIS project. It then proceeds to define GIS, explain how geographic data is modeled in vector and raster formats, describe how data is organized and stored in an ArcGIS geodatabase, discuss GIS mapping and visualization, and overview spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS.
This document discusses key concepts related to data in GIS systems. It describes the different types of spatial and attribute data as well as vector and raster data formats. It explains how data is organized into layers and how those layers can be queried and overlaid to integrate information from different sources and analyze spatial patterns in the data.
This document provides an introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and defines several key related terms. It states that GIS stands for geographic information system, with geographic information science being another name. GIS is defined as a computer information system. The company ESRI, which stands for Environmental Systems Research Institute, makes the ArcGIS Arc Editor intermediate-level GIS being used. GPS is defined as standing for global positioning system and being a navigation and positioning system, with a GPS unit being an electronic receiver of satellite signals about location. Garmin is stated to be the company that makes their GPS units.
The document discusses several key issues around the closing of the American western frontier in the late 19th century, including:
1) Various groups migrated westward for opportunities including free land, profit, and manifest destiny, straining relations with native peoples and leading to conflicts over land and resources.
2) Iconic figures and groups emerged during this period like cowboys, gunslingers, miners, ranchers, settlers, and soldiers, many of whom faced hard lives and conflicts on the frontier.
3) Native American tribes suffered tremendously from loss of lands and buffalo herds, disease, and conflicts with white settlers and government policies which led to many being forced onto reservations.
This document provides information about an upcoming training course on advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing being offered by the Applied Technology Institute (ATI). The 2-day course will be held on May 6-7, 2009 in Chantilly, Virginia and will be instructed by Bart Huxtable. It will cover topics such as SAR review origins, basic and advanced SAR processing techniques, interferometric SAR, spotlight mode SAR, and polarimetric SAR. The course outline and schedule are provided along with instructor biographies and registration information. Additionally, the document advertises ATI's ability to provide on-site customized training courses.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and its use in remote sensing applications. SAR uses signal processing to simulate a large physical antenna on an airborne or spaceborne platform. As the platform moves, SAR collects and combines radar return signals to generate high-resolution imagery of the terrain below. Key aspects of SAR discussed include cross-range resolution, sequential generation of the synthetic antenna aperture, and phase correction to focus the SAR image. Applications mentioned include military reconnaissance, oceanography, geology, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It explains that pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution using long duration, low power pulses by modulating the pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp) and then correlating the received signal with a reference chirp. This improves the signal to noise ratio compared to using short pulses directly. The document covers topics such as range resolution, pulse compression, chirp waveforms, stretch processing, correlation processing, window functions, and how pulse compression affects signal to noise ratio and blind range.
This document provides an overview of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) basics and theory. It discusses key aspects of SAR including how it works, imaging geometry, spatial resolution, backscatter coefficients, common frequency bands, and advanced modes. SAR uses microwave radiation and can image the Earth's surface in all weather and light conditions, providing complementary data to optical remote sensing. It discusses concepts such as range and azimuth resolution, factors that influence backscatter, and challenges like speckle that SAR addresses through techniques like multi-look processing.
The document summarizes the GulfSAR earth observation satellite program. The first satellite will be launched in early 2012 and will use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to provide high-resolution imagery. A constellation of multiple satellites is planned to provide frequent revisit times. The satellites will operate in different imaging modes and provide data to customers for applications such as security, environmental monitoring, and cartography.
FR1.L09.2 - ONBOARD RADAR PROCESSING CONCEPTS FOR THE DESDYNI MISSIONgrssieee
The document discusses onboard radar processing concepts for the DESDynI Earth observation mission. It describes how onboard processing can enable more frequent observations than currently feasible by reducing the volume of downlinked data through techniques like SAR image formation and compression. Onboard processing could generate targeted science products to enable rapid response to natural hazards. Examples of potential onboard products discussed include forest fire extent, forest fuel load, earthquake damage assessment, glacier melting, and vegetation classification.
The document summarizes a six-year study of the Pre-Seed Workshop (PSW) program. Some key points:
- The PSW is a 2.5 day program that brings together university researchers and local business experts to evaluate inventions for commercial potential and form early-stage companies.
- Over six years, 203 teams participated in 34 workshops across New York, forming 112 companies that have raised $21 million and created over 350 jobs.
- The PSW addresses a "pre-seed gap" where researchers lack support to evaluate commercial opportunities for their inventions before starting companies.
- By integrating university research and community resources, the PSW helps move technologies out of labs and determine their market potential in an
This document provides a summary of the 2014 State of the Satellite Industry Report. Some key findings include:
- Global satellite industry revenues grew 3% in 2013 to $195.2 billion.
- Satellite services was the largest segment and grew 5% due to growth in consumer services like satellite TV and broadband.
- Satellite manufacturing revenues grew 8% globally, with the US share of revenues nearing 70%.
- 107 satellites were launched in 2013, with communications satellites representing the largest share of revenues.
Disaster monitoring by multi-temporal images of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake an...grssieee
PASCO analyzed data from satellites, aircraft, and vehicles after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami to monitor the affected areas. Multi-source and multi-temporal data allowed automatic detection of inundation areas within hours of acquisition. Flood maps covering over 12,000 km2 were created from various satellite images and distributed to authorities for disaster management.
Vivi from class XII social 1 wants to inform others about AIDS. AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV virus, which can be transmitted through blood, hypodermic needles, unprotected sex, or blood transfusions. While there is currently no cure for AIDS, research is ongoing to develop an effective HIV vaccine to prevent the disease.
SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the human body from cell phones. It is measured in kg/watt per gram of tissue. The FCC limits SAR to 1.6 kg/watt. High SAR values from cell phones can cause health effects like headaches, memory loss, and may increase risk of diseases like Alzheimer's. SAR is measured using phantoms that simulate the human head and body to test radiation absorption at different phone positions and frequencies. Steps are outlined to reduce radiation exposure and prevent high SAR, such as using headsets or speakerphone, keeping calls brief, and purchasing phones with low reported SAR values.
Karakterisasi Letusan Merapi menggunakan Data SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)Achmad Darul
The document summarizes research using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and other remote sensing data to characterize eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia over the last decade. SAR data from 1996-2006 was used to detect and analyze pyroclastic flow deposits from each eruption. ALOS/PALSAR SAR data observed the large 2010 eruption, detecting pyroclastic deposits 7 times larger than 2006. Interferometric SAR, thermal infrared data, and field measurements were used to analyze ground deformation, lava dome growth, and surface temperatures as precursors to the 2010 eruption. Inflation was detected in 2008 and 2010 via SAR interferometry.
Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) forms microwave images of terrain by transmitting radar beams from the side of an aircraft. SLAR uses the Doppler effect to measure target velocity and provides resolution determined by pulse length and antenna beam width. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced version of SLAR that records frequency differences from multiple antenna positions to synthesize higher resolution images, as if from a larger antenna, by processing returned signals over time. SAR allows for high-resolution imaging of terrain from aircraft or spacecraft.
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases that are suspended in the air from sources like car emissions, factory chemicals, dust, pollen and mold. Ozone, a gas, is a major pollutant in cities and is called smog when it contributes to air pollution. Methods to control air pollution include using tall chimneys to reduce pollution concentrations at ground level, using low-sulfur fuels in industries, removing pollutants from industrial emissions through differential solubility in water, keeping industrial areas surrounded by vegetation, and shifting to modern energy resources like nuclear and solar power.
The document discusses using satellites for global maritime awareness through international collaboration. It outlines several types of satellites and sensors that can be used, including Automatic Identification System (AIS), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and Electric Optic (EO) imagery satellites. The goal is to develop an internationally available program to enhance maritime domain awareness using civil and commercial space systems, as outlined in the U.S. National Space Policy.
WE3.L10.3: THE FUTURE OF SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADARgrssieee
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The measure of the rate of which the radio frequency or RF energy is absorbed by a living body from the measuring source (cell phone in this case) is known as SAR or Specific Absorption Rate.know more by visiting www.plus100years.com
The satellite industry grew 4% in 2014 to $203 billion globally. Satellite services was the largest segment at $122.9 billion, growing 4% led by consumer services. Launch industry revenues grew 9% on more commercial launches, while satellite manufacturing grew 1% and ground equipment grew 5%. In earth observation, new competitors have emerged using smallsats and data analytics to provide real-time imagery, while commercial meteorology is emerging.
Uttam Pudasaini gives a presentation on geomatics, which involves determining the precise position of objects on Earth and representing spatial information digitally. Geomatics incorporates fields like geodesy, surveying, GPS, remote sensing, photogrammetry, GIS and programming for spatial data analysis. It is a rapidly developing industry focused on collecting and analyzing location-based information. Geomatics engineers design systems to gather and study data about land, oceans, natural resources and man-made structures to support decision-making. The career was entered due to advice, scholarships and its dynamic nature combining mathematics, computers, travel and policy work.
This document provides an overview of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR uses motion of a radar antenna mounted on a moving platform to synthesize a large antenna and create high-resolution radar images. It describes the basic principles of SAR, including how successive radar pulses are transmitted and echoes received to build up an image. Applications of SAR include remote sensing, mapping, and monitoring changes over time. Spectral estimation techniques are used to process SAR data and improve resolution. Polarimetry and interferometry are additional SAR techniques. Typical SAR systems are mounted on aircraft or satellites.
This corporate presentation summarizes PCI Geomatics as a leading provider of high-speed, scalable image processing solutions. It has over 80 employees, more than 25,000 licenses installed worldwide, and offices in Toronto, Gatineau, USA, and China. The presentation highlights PCI Geomatics' capabilities across the geospatial value chain, from image collection to value-added content. It also outlines the company's competitive advantages in processing speed, sensor agnosticism, and automated workflows.
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Rolta Geomatica Suite is a single integrated software system, which brings highest degree of automation for Remote Sensing and Image Processing and turns imagery into answers and offers robust solutions for all types of desktop Geomatics. It helps in various GIS based workflow applications and advanced image analysis such as change detection. The software brings patented algorithms for image classification, cartographic map production, hyper-spectral analysis, advanced Data visualization and editing and raster spatial analysis.
This document describes IDS GeoRadar, a company that produces ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems for utility detection and mapping. IDS GeoRadar is a division of IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi, an Italian company with over 400 employees that specializes in applied electromagnetics, radar systems, and engineering. IDS GeoRadar leads the market in multi-frequency, multi-channel GPR arrays, and was one of the first companies to introduce this technology. The document discusses GPR technology principles, regulations around utility locating, and why GPR is used to locate utilities given risks from excavation accidents.
"Laser Beam Scanning LiDAR: MEMS-Driven 3D Sensing Automotive Applications from Interior to the Exterior" presentation by Jari Honkanen at FutureCar 2017: New Era of Automotive Electronics Workshop, Nov 8-10, 2017, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
The document describes INNOVA, an Italian company that provides remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and HPC services and solutions. It has 30 employees and works closely with research institutes and universities. INNOVA has expertise in areas like remote sensing, image processing, software development, and high performance computing. It is currently involved in projects like COSMO-SkyMed, InterRisk, PRIMI, and provides software for OCEANSAT-2. INNOVA also publishes papers and conducts research and development to improve its knowledge and expertise in remote sensing technologies.
2012 Workshop, Introduction to LiDAR Workshop, Bruce Adey and Mark Stucky (Me...GIS in the Rockies
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Thames Tunnel: GIS Leads Information IntegrationEsri
The document discusses the role of GIS in managing spatial data and information integration for the Thames Tunnel project. Key points:
- The Thames Tunnel project aims to address sewage overflows into the Thames river to comply with EU directives.
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SATPALDA is a leading provider of satellite imagery and geospatial services established in 2002. It has successfully completed projects in South/Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe. SATPALDA works with satellite imagery to provide services including digital terrain modeling, orthorectification, contour generation, and land cover classification. Recent projects include DTM creation in Africa and building extraction from satellite images.
IRJET- Geological Boundary Detection for Satellite Images using AI TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for detecting geological boundaries in satellite images using artificial intelligence techniques. The method involves pre-processing images, generating histograms to analyze pixel values, performing 2D convolution on image planes, applying a particle swarm optimization algorithm to identify boundaries, and testing the approach on pre-flood and post-flood satellite images of Kerala, India. The results show differences in detected geological boundaries between the two images, allowing changes from flooding to be identified. The method provides a way to automatically analyze satellite imagery and extract geological boundary information.
Paradigm IT - Outsourcing advantages for yousantoshkr
Paradigm IT is an IT services company established in 1994 providing geospatial and structural engineering services. It has over 200 specialists including engineers, GIS experts, and surveyors. The company has offices in Kochi, Delhi, and Chennai, India and delivers remote services through a networked infrastructure. Paradigm focuses on geospatial services including GIS, photogrammetry, LiDAR, and remote sensing and has completed various international projects involving mapping, data processing, and application development.
This document discusses 5-sense computing in robots for remote monitoring applications. It describes how giving robots human-like senses such as sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch would allow them to be used for remote inspection in hazardous environments. Current robotic sensing capabilities are outlined and examples of using multi-sensory robots for remote quality control, tank inspections and underground mine monitoring are provided. The networking requirements for transmitting multi-sensory data from robots in real-time are also summarized.
This document discusses how data-centric systems are increasingly needed to manage growing data volumes and velocities. It presents the Data Distribution Service (DDS) as a solution, which defines a common data model and quality of service contracts. DDS provides a standardized publish-subscribe architecture around the shared data model for improved integration and interoperability compared to traditional message-based approaches. It has been adopted for several major systems due to reducing programming effort, costs, and risks.
GWT 2014: Emergency Conference - 02 le soluzioni geospaziali per la gestione ...Planetek Italia Srl
Geospatial World Tour 2014: Emergency Conference.
Napoli, 28 maggio 2014.
Le soluzioni Geospaziali per la gestione delle emergenze.
Simone Colla, Hexagon Geospatial
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6. We provide…
Powerful and scalable
image processing
solutions that let you
quickly and efficiently
produce information
products from any type
of imagery
SCALABLE TO WE ARE UNMATCHED
ANY SIZE SENSOR AUTOMATED
PROJECT AGNOSTIC WORKFLOWS
BUILDING
HIGH SPEED ADVANCED
SOLUTIONS
MULTI FOR RADAR
CPU / GPU CAPABILITY
30 YEARS
7. WHICH SOLUTION IS RIGHT FOR YOU?
$1M
$500
Price
($000’s)
$200
$10
10 GB 100 GB 500 GB 1 - 5TB 5 - 10TB
Page 7
8. PCI – SAR technology development
Canada has been an innovator in SAR data
acquisition and processing since the early
1980s – PCI has been involved since the
beginning
PCI Geomatics participated in GlobeSAR
program, delivered training and software
PCI Geomatics developed technology
through Canadian Government (SAR
Polarimetry Workstation)
PCI Geomatics works with multi-sensor SAR
imagery
Page 8
9. SAR Sensor Support
RADARSAT 1 & 2
TerraSAR-X
Cosmo-SkyMed,
UAVSAR
PALSAR
ASAR
ERS 1 & 2
Page 9
10. Generic SAR Capabilities
Support for Single, Dual, Quad, Data
Automatic Calibration*
Automatic Geocoding*
Speckle Filtering (many)
Statistical & Analysis Capabilities
Ortho-rectification, Integration and
Visualization with Optical Data
* If available
Page 10
12. Advantages for applications
Key Advantages of Commercial Radar Imagery
– Data collections are independent of lighting and cloud conditions
– Frequent imaging supports routine change detection
– Provides effective wide area (100 –500+ km swath) coverage
– A variety of information is contained in the return signal that can be
extracted
Key Maritime Missions:
– Large Area Maritime Domain Awareness
– Efficient Tasking of Patrol Assets
– Monitoring Port Activity
Key Terrestrial Missions:
– Change Detection
– Disaster Response
– DEM Generation
Page 12
15. 1. Amplitude Change Detection
Different sensors / beam modes /
resolutions can be used in combination
Revisit is more important in this case than
matching geometry
Presence / absence of features readily
observed
Page 15
19. 2. Coherent Change Detection
Measures phase differences in SAR signal
Geometry must be matching (repeat pass)
Multiple collections over same area from
different sensors/orbits can be combined
Page 19
22. Coherent Change Detection
Loss of Coherence
is indicated by
Dark Colour
Note:
Loss of Coherence for Trees
Page 22
23. Cross Sensor Change Detection
Sample CCD over Flevoland
TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2
acquisitions
Two sets of repeat pass collections
PCI Technology used to achieve high
cross-sensor image registration
Page 23
33. 3. Polarimetric Analysis and Change
Detection
Basics of Polarimetry
Polarimetric information for ship dectection
Page 33
34. Some Polarimetric Basics
V
For a single
polarization, the
return is
proportional to the
target cross
section.
H
For HH we would
get a return
indicated by red.
For VV it would be
blue.
So the amount of return we get depends on
target orientation and polarization
Page 34
35. Some Polarimetric Basics
V
For a single
polarization, the
return is
proportional to the
target cross
section.
For HH we would H
get a return
indicated by red.
For VV it would be
blue.
So the amount of return we get depends on
target orientation and polarization
Page 35
36. Some Polarimetric Basics
X Polarimetric radar
data provides full
scattering information
in the direction of the
line of sight
Y
Y X
We want to compare these targets.
Page 36
37. Some Polarimetric Basics
Polarimetric radar
data provides full
scattering information
in the direction of the
Y line of sight
Y H X
Y
X
H
We can do some fancy arithmetic and rotate the
scattering matrix until we get a maximum X and a
minimum Y.
Then we can compare their properties. Page 37
38. Non-polarimetric Parameters
Time 2001-02-30 12:34:56 GMT
Position: 12:01:21.58 N 34:14:43.37 W
Incidence Angle: 27.15°
Estimated Length: 226 m
Estimated Heading: 260°
Estimated Velocity: 9.70 m/s
Page 38
39. Polarimetric Processing Steps
Ingest Full Polarimetric Data
(Optionally) calibrate to σ
Apply multi-channel speckle filter
Decompose (Cloude-Pottier) image into (16) polarimetric classes
Iterate (3-5 times) to enhance classification and remove outliers
Exclude pixels from the largest class (which will be water)
Generate land mask *
Generate polarimetric parameters using FOCUS, SPW and SPTA
from remaining (non-masked) pixels
Page 39
41. Polarimetric Information
Maximum of the degree of polarization: 0.7916655
Minimum of the degree of polarization: 0.09595539
Maximum of the completely polarized component: 2.520944
Minimum of the completely polarized component: 0.2940039
Orientation of Maximum Polarisation 70
Ellipticity of Maximum Polarisation -5
Maximum of the completely unpolarized component: 2.769960
Minimum of the completely unpolarized component: 0.6619406
Maximum of the scattered intensity: 3.210612
LL
Minimum of the scattered intensity: 2.850842
Coefficient of Variation: 0.1160221
Fractional Power: 0.7920792
HH VV
Pedestal Height 1.318336
HH / HV Ratio 4.014223
HH / HV Correlation 0.2035844 RR
HH / VV Ratio 0.9518262
Page 41
HH / VV Correlation 0.3857002
42. Polarimetric Signature Information
V
LL
5° Ellipticity
70° Orientation
H
VV
Maximum Return
V
LL
RR
Secondary
HH Return Max
Return
H
- 20° Orientation
Strong Secondary Return
Page 42
RR
44. Polarimetric Decompositions
Cloude-Pottier
Target Average % High % Medium % Low
Entropy 0.8480822 2.253302 76.30148 21.44522
Anisotropy 0.5064220 55.63326 44.36674
Alpha Angle 43.200062 27.50583 30.53613 41.95804
Touzi (ICTD)
Target Tilt Dominant Eigen Symmetric Symmetric Helicity
Angle Value Scattering Type Scattering Type (Symmetry)
(deg) Magnitude Phase (deg)
-27.432373 0.5600992 10.467688 -50.483246 5.841676
van Zyl
% Unclassified % Odd % Even % Diffuse
1.892744 48.264984 23.343849 26.498423
Page 44
45. van Zyl Decomposition
Radar Measurement Physical Meaning
Odd Number Bounce Flat Surface
Even Number Bounce Superstructure
Diffuse Scattering Complex / Random
Page 45
46. Symmetric Scattering Decomposition
Trihedral
(odd number of bounces)
Cylinder
(weak return in one direction)
Dipole
(no return in one direction)
Quarter Wave
(delay in second direction)
Dihedral
(even number of bounces)
Narrow Dihedral
(with one direction attenuated)
Page 46
55. Stereo DEMs
All or
Maximum Overlap
Next Pair
Image match based upon Power
Linear or Decibels
Image A Image B
No
Overlap, Look Direction
Angular Difference Suitable Pair ?
Downsample Image A Downsample Image B
to User Specs to Epipolar Image A
Spacing Affects DEM
Detail Level Extract Window Area Extract Search Area
Ignore Background Find Common Points
(No Data) Pixels
Stereo Intersection
Store Elevation
No
Last Pair ?
Blend Overlap Areas
Last, Average, High Score Arbitrate Values
Write Failed Value where Fill Gaps/Holes
“gaps” remain
Remove “buildings “ * Write Final DEM
56. Suggestions for Selection of Stereo Pairs
Selection of Stereo Image Pairs
Candidate pair should have more than 50 % overlap
Candidate pair should have nominally the same resolution
Best results obtained from same-side (i.e., descending/descending
or ascending/ascending) image pairs
Candidate pair should have matching polarizations
Large incident angle (i.e., S7 ) are preferable (to minimize terrain
displacement effects)
The larger the difference between incident angles, the greater the
parallax in the stereo pair (recommend 5 - 25 angular difference)
Opposite-side (i.e., ascending/descending) image pairs only
recommended for very low relief areas; with similar tonal
characteristics
67. Wind Speed Analysis
Steps:
#1: Convert to calibrated data (SARINGEST)
#2: Boxcar Filter (19 x 19)
#3: Convert filtered HV data to decibel
#4: If HV data ( < -21 dB) apply Paris Vachon
algorithm to generate Windspeed in m/s.
Purple = 10 m/s to red = 16 m/s.
Page 67
71. Summary of PCI Capabilities
Software / scalable Experience/ know-how
Geomatica Radar Suite Dedicated development
www.pcigeomatics.com/sar team
Includes SPW and Target Senior SAR scientist on
Analysis
Ingest, correct Multi-sensor
staff
SAR data 30 years of experience
SAR training available
SAR for GXL
Custom implementation of
SAR analysis for large
volume processing
Page 71