- Stimuli are detected by sense organs and transmitted as sensations. Perception involves interpreting these sensations based on prior knowledge and experience. - Key aspects of perception include grouping elements based on principles like proximity, similarity and continuity. It also involves figure-ground perception and maintaining constancies like size, shape, color and brightness despite changes in viewing conditions. - Sensory receptors underlie different senses like vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Vision involves rods and cones detecting light, while hearing codes frequencies via place and volley theories.

1. Sensation
and
Perception
Group 3

2. - Is the process of accepting
the stimulus by the sense.

3. Stimulus
- is any form of energy that can cause
awareness or change to the
consciousness (light waves, sound
waves, temperature, chemical state –
liquid, solid, gaseous, etc.).
- These stimuli are then modified and
accepted by the accessory structures
(eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, etc.)

4. Receptors
- are specialized cells responsible for
detecting specific type of energy as a
result of transduction.
- Transduction is the process of
changing the stimulus sense into
energy for neural activity.

5. Psychophysics
- is the relationship between the physical
and psychological environment. It connects
the external and internal world of an
individual. Psychophysics aims to examine the
sensitivity of the individual to various
stimuli. Then it determines the psychological
perception on the stimulus.

6. Absolute Threshold is the least quality
and quantity of a stimulus that can be
sensed and perceived consequently. It is
the smallest intensity of energy that
can be perceived 50% of the time.
SENSES ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
Light Sees a candlelight 30 miles away on a clear, dark night
Sound Hears the tick of a watch 20 feet away under silent situation.
Touch Feels wing of a fl 1 cm. away from the cheek
Taste Tastes the sweetness of one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of
water.
Smell Smells the scent of one drop of perfume diffused in a 3-room
apartment

7. Difference threshold
or Just Noticeable Difference (JND) is
the minimum difference in intensity
between two small stimuli when caused by
a smallest change. It does not only
determine the presence or absence of
stimulus but also detect whether the two
small stimuli are different or the same.

9. Rods
- Allow humans to see in black, white, and
shades of gray in dim light
- Mostly in the periphery
- Take 20 – 30 minutes to fully adapt to
darkness
Cones
- Enable humans to see color and fine
detail in adequate light, but that do not
function in dim light
- Mostly in the fovea
- Adapt fully to darkness in 2 – 3 minutes

10. Hue is the fundamental color, marked by the
intensity of wavelength of the light.
Saturation is associated with the purity of
color. There are colors that have single,
more intense wavelength than other
wavelengths.
Brightness conforms to the total degree of
all the wavelengths constituting light.

12. Coding of Frequencies
The auditory system can react to
various quantities of sound intensities.
The greater degree of sound is produced,
the more intense is the response of the
neuron. The range of specific neuron in
the auditory nerve is based on both
frequency and intensity of the stimulus.
The difference in frequency can be
explained by place theory and volley
theory.

13. Frequency Theory
(Frequency Matching: Volley Theory)
William Rutherford pioneered the frequency
theory on pitch discrimination. The
membrane vibrates faster if the tone is
high. This causes a greater number of
neurons to send the information faster
into auditory nerve at a particular time.
Pitch depends on how fast the stimulus is
sent to the brain by its frequency per
second.

16. - Sensations arising from the skin —
such as touch, pressure, cold, warmth,
and pain — and from the muscles,
tendons, and joints — such as the
position of the limbs and pain — are
known as somatic sensations.
- All somatic sensations start with the
excitation of sensory receptors located
in the appropriate tissue — skin,
muscle, joints etc.

18. Gustation
- The sensation of taste
Five basic tastes
- Sweet
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter

20. - Olfaction or the sense of smell is
somehow considered to be one of the
lower senses.
- Odors of gaseous state are senses in
the upper part of the nose. Molecules
enter through the nostrils (Opening) or
from the back of the mouth (oral cavity)
into the nasal cavity. Hence, olfaction
is a dual sense; it can smell internally
(oral cavity) and externally (nasal
cavity).

21. Proprioception
from Latin proprius, meaning "one's
own," and perception — is one of the
human senses. There are between nine and
21 in all, depending on which sense
researcher you ask. Rather than sensing
external reality, Proprioception is the
sense of the orientation of one's limbs
in space.

22. a. Vestibular Sense (balance)
-the sensations of body rotation and of
gravitation and movement)
b. Kinesthesia (posture and movement)
-is the perception of body movements. It
involves being able to detect changes in
body position and movements without
relying on information from the five
senses.

23. -The process by which sensory
information is actively organized
and interpreted by the brain

24. - Stimulus is recognized by the sense
organ – resulting to sensation.
- Perception interprets meaningful
experiences in totality. The meanings
on how the brain organized previous
and present knowledge or information
are obtained.

25. Grouping
- is when certain elements or objects
are put together forming a whole
pattern according to the following
principles:
a. Proximity
b. Similarity
c. Continuity
d. Closure
e. Figure and Ground

26. a. Proximity
Proximity occurs when elements are
placed close together. They tend to be
perceived as a group.

27. b. Similarity
Similarity occurs when objects look
similar to one another. People often
perceive them as a group or pattern.

28. c. Continuity
Continuation occurs when the eye is
compelled to move through one object and
continue to another object.

29. d. Closure
Closure occurs when an object is
incomplete or a space is not completely
enclosed. If enough of the shape is
indicated, people perceive the whole by
filling in the missing information.

30. C. Figure and Ground
Figure ground perception is the
tendency to discriminate between target
and background stimuli. The stimulus we
perceive as being the target is referred
to as the figure.

31. Constancy
Constancy is the capacity to
perceive stable properties belonging to
objects even if there are changes in
their features.
a. Size Constancy
b. Shape Constancy
c. Texture Constancy
d. Color Constancy
e. Brightness Constancy

32. a. Size Constancy
Size constancy refers to our ability
to see objects as maintaining the same
size even when our distance from them
makes things appear larger or smaller.

33. b. Shape Constancy
Shape constancy is the tendency to
perceive the shape of a rigid object as
constant despite differences in the
viewing angle.

34. c. Texture Constancy
Texture constancy reveals the true
nature or property of an object. If the
object is closer or nearer, the details
or features will be visualized. If the
same object is seen farther, it will
look smoother and the details cannot be
seen.

36. d. Color Constancy
Color Constancy of the same object
can vary in accordance with light
illumination. The lightning of an object
can appear different but its true color
remains the same. A bright lightning on
a hue will make the colors appeal
lighter and less lightning will make the
colors appear darker.

38. e. Brightness Constancy
Brightness constancy refers to our
ability to recognize that color remains
the same regardless of how it looks
under different levels of light.