The document is a presentation on sensation and perception in psychology. It defines sensation as the simple experience received through the senses, while perception involves higher-level cognitive processing to interpret sensations and derive meaning. It discusses the different types of sensations based on the senses, as well as factors that influence perception like similarity, proximity, and mental sets. The document also distinguishes between illusions, which involve mistaken perceptions but are still related to a real stimulus, and hallucinations, which involve perceiving something without an external stimulus being present.
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The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
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The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
Games to Illustrate Human Sensation, Perception, Assumptions, Learning, Decis...Ronald G. Shapiro
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Rhode Island Science Teachers Association (RISTA)
Providence RI
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Champion: Sophia Lambertsen
Semifinalist: Brigette Banta-Cain
Semifinalist: Abby Crowley
Support: Viv Eisner
Support: John Mitchell
Support: Caroline Savery
Support: John Shannon
Prism sets by Gerry Palmer of Psychkits.Com
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Perception is a fundamental cognitive process that involves interpreting and making sense of sensory information received from the environment. It's how we organize and interpret what we see, hear, feel, taste, and smell, allowing us to create a meaningful understanding of the world around us. Perception plays a crucial role in shaping our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions with the external world.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
4. Whether ghost is
present or not?
OK…
Come along with me to
find out the truth…
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 4
5. A.S.Arul Lawrence M.Sc., M.Phil.(Zoo.), M.Ed., M.Phil.(Edn.), NET,
Principal, U.S.P.College of Education,
Tenkasi-627804, Tamil Nadu.
E-mail: arullawrence@gmail.com,
Mobile: 9994103888
6. Sensation: Meaning
Any experience that takes place through a
sense organ is called Sensation.
Sensation is also called as the gate ways of
knowledge, because all our knowledge is
based upon the functioning of sense organs.
Sensation is the simple and most elementary
process, which creates the desire to work for
something and how to know something based
on previous experiences.
It is purely sensory knowledge, which does not
have any relationship with any knowledge or
awareness.
A sensation does not help us acquiring
complete knowledge.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 6
7. Definitions:
The impressions received through the sense
organs are called sensations – Mathur.
A sensation is an elementary cognitive
experience – Dr. Jalota.
Sensations are first things in the way of
consciousness – James.
Sensation is defined as the simplest of all
conscious experience – Duglas and Halland.
Sensation is the process of receiving,
translating and transmitting information to the
brain from the external and internal
environment – Huffman.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 7
8. Types of Sensation:
We can divide easily the sensation
process into five categories on the basis
of sense organs.
1.Visual Sensation
2. Auditory Sensation
3. Olfactory Sensation
4. Taste Sensation
5. Tactual Sensation
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 8
10. Sl. Sense Knowledge
Type of Sensation Senses
No. Organ gaining
1. Visual Sensation Eye Sight 83%
2. Auditory Sensation Ear Hear 11%
Olfactory
3. Nose Smell 3.5%
Sensation
4. Taste Sensation Tongue Taste 1.0%
5. Tactual Sensation Skin Touch 1.5%
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 10
11. Elements of Sensation:
The main elements of the sensation process are
given below:
Quality: The nature of each sensation is different
from other. Every type of sensation has got its own
special quality or characteristics. This quality of the
sensation helps us to distinguish one from other. For
example, green sensation of eye, cold sensation of
skin.
Intensity: Sensation differs in respect of its
intensity. If two sounds are created at once, one will
be the intenser than other. It is differs in same type of
sense or among the different types of sensations.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 11
12. Elements…
Extensity: Extensity refers the extension in
space. Each sensation has its extensity. The
vaster the stimulus, the more extensive the
sensation. The extensity is not true for all the
types of sensation, but restricted to certain.
Duration: Every sensation has its duration or
lasts for certain time. The auditory sensation of
aero plane sound is more extensive than the
sound of the calling bell.
Clarity: Every sensation has got clarity. The
sensation which lasts for longer period
becomes clearer than the sensation lasts for
shorter period.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 12
13. Perception: Meaning
When things come into contact with any of
our sense organs, we feel sensation. When
brain comes to know the form of these
sensations, it comes to know the stimulus
fully. This cognitive experience of the brain
is called perception.
Perception is the process by which an
organism interprets sensory input so that it
acquires meaning.
Perception = Sensation + Meaning (interpretation).
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 13
14. Definitions:
Perception is the process of getting to
know objects and objective facts by use
of senses – Woodworth.
Perception refers to the complex
processes which begin with the
stimulation of a sense organ and end
with an interpretation of the resulting
neural activity by the organism i.e. with
the meaning of the stimulus – James A.
Dyal.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 14
15. Perception:
All knowledge of the world is ultimately
obtained thorough sensory experiences.
Sensation alone is meaningless and it will
not result in acquisition of knowledge.
Sensation is to be followed by application
of mind. Then it results in perception.
In other words we can say that the first
response to a stimulus is sensation and
perception is the next response following
sensation.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 15
16. Nature of Perception:
Perception is meaningful.
Perception is selective.
Perception is based on sensation.
Perception is preventive and representative
process of mind.
Perception needs observation / experience.
Perception makes use of images.
Perception is both analytic and synthetic.
In perception sensory data gets enriched.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 16
17. Factors related to
Perception
There are several factors involved in
perception. They are categorized under
two types namely,
External and
Internal factors.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 17
18. External Factors:
Similarity: Similar elements
tend to be perceived as
belong together and they
are viewed as wholes.
Stimuli that have the same
size, shape and colour
tend to be perceived as
parts of the pattern.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 18
19. External…
Proximity: When objects are
close to each other, the
tendency is to perceive them
together rather than separately.
Even if the individual items do
not have any connection with
each other they will be grouped
under a single pattern or
perceived as a meaningful
picture.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 19
20. External…
Continuity: Anything which
extends itself into space in the
same shape, size and colour
without a break is perceived as a
whole figure.
For example, several dots from a
curved line, an individual may
perceive the figure as two different
continuous lines irrespective of the
factors like proximity and similarity
of the dots. Thus, the whole figure
is organized into a continuum
though the dots are unconnected.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 20
21. External…
Inclusiveness: The pattern which
includes all the elements present
in a given figure will be perceived
more readily than the other
figures.
The hexagonal figure formed by
all the dots may be perceived
more readily than the square
formed by the four middle dots.
Single dots at either end act as a
fence or enclosure within which
all the other elements are
included.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 21
22. External…
Closure: Closed areas more readily form in
group. The illusion of figure was caused by
closure which did not allow the attention to
dwell on by gaps, so that the figures
appeared organized.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 22
23. Internal Factors:
Familiarity: An organisation with which the
person is aquatinted, is perceived easily
and with enthusiasm. Seeing a familiar
picture quiz, we at once understand its
reality and solution and the remaining
figure forms no obstacle in this. But if the
aquatinted person is affected by some
other part of the picture, he will be
incapable of recognizing it, not
withstanding his familiarity.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 23
24. Internal…
Mental Set: Mental set has a by no means
insignificant effect upon the organization of the
sensation. One of the causes of mental set is
habit. For example, a philosopher looks at the
truths of the universe, while a trader is always
involved in worthy things.
Reinforcing Factors: These include good figure.
The supplementing of the incomplete is a mental
tendency, which diverts our attention from gaps
and presents a whole. The idea of good figure is
explained by the picture, in the description of
closure.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 24
25. Perceptual Errors:
It is quite possible that the same object
may be perceived differently by different
people or by the same person on different
occasions.
There are two errors of perception namely
illusion and hallucination.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 25
26. Illusion:
A wrong perception is called illusion.
A state in which errors of perception are
immediately confirmed by experience is
called an illusion.
In illusion we take a wrong meaning of
the stimulus present before us. It is
related with the stimulus.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 26
27. For example, at dim light the rope that we
find on the way is taken for a snake. Error
may result from inadequate stimulation,
poorly functioning sense organs or incorrect
interpretation of sensations.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 27
28. Common types of
illusions:
Illusion regarding distance
Illusion regarding size and shape of the
things
Illusion regarding colour
Illusion regarding movement and speed
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 28
34. Causes for Illusion:
Irregular or unusual conditions in the
external world
Defects in sensory organs
Anticipation expectation and suggestions
Interest and habits
Previous experience and present
selfishness
Present aptitudes
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 34
35. Hallucination:
Hallucination is false perception. Here, a
person experiences of the stimulus even in the
absence of it.
A hallucination is a mental state in which a
person begins to perceive something in spite
of the absence of any external stimulus.
For example, at night a person may see a
ghost when practically there is no stimulus
either in the form of a human figure or
anything resembling it. This is a case of
hallucination. There is no stimulus in
hallucination and memory image is taken for
perception.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 35
36. Types of Hallucination:
There are two kinds of hallucinations.
Visual Hallucination: A hallucination which
occurs in the sphere of vision is called a
visual hallucination, and it means seeing an
object which is not in front of eyes at all.
Auditory Hallucination: The hallucination
which occurs in the sphere of hearing is
called auditory hallucination. For example,
while sitting in solitude or loneliness, we may
suddenly feel, that someone is calling us,
through, in reality no one has called us.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 36
37. Causes for Hallucination:
More but vague and irrelevant continuous
thinking
Excessive imagination or day-dreaming
The will and desire in the unconscious
mind
Hysteria / madness, schizophrenia and
other related mental diseases.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 37
38. Difference: Sensation &
Perception
Sl. No Sensation Perception
Sensation is a normal,
Perception is a complex and
1. simplest, initial mental
developed mental activity
process
It begins with some object /
2. It begins with stimulus
fringe of meaning
It is based on external It is associated with internal
3.
stimuli, conditions mental conditions
There is passivity in
4. There is activity in perception
sensation
The processes of perception
The basis of sensation is
5. linked with actual life
mental analysis
experience.
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 38
39. Review
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 39
40. Evaluation
A.S.Arul Lawrence, U.S.P.College of Education 40