The document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception. It discusses the basic principles of sensation including thresholds, adaptation and psychophysics. It then examines the senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell and movement. For vision it explores light characteristics, the eye anatomy, visual processing and color vision. For hearing it covers sound characteristics, ear anatomy, theories of audition and localization of sounds. It emphasizes that sensation and perception involve both bottom-up and top-down processing to construct representations of the external world.
Use Your Mind to Change Your Brain: Tools for Cultivating Happiness, Love and...Rick Hanson
Tools for well-being, grounded in cutting-edge science and the wisdom of the world’s contemplative traditions.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Use Your Mind to Change Your Brain: Tools for Cultivating Happiness, Love and...Rick Hanson
Tools for well-being, grounded in cutting-edge science and the wisdom of the world’s contemplative traditions.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Inner Peace - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Integrate the latest brain science research with the ancient wisdom of contemplative practice. Discover practical methods for improving mindfulness and concentration, calming the heart, weaving positive experiences into your brain and your self, and then bringing these new strengths into your relationships with both kindness and assertiveness.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Buddha's Brain: Natural Enlightenment and Unshakable Peace - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Combining the power of the latest brain science with the wisdom of contemplative practice, this workshop will present practical methods for centering your brain in its natural state of gladness, love, and peace. In particular, you'll learn brain-savvy ways to reduce anxiety and irritability, feel stronger and safer, and clear old pain.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Humans Aren’t Computers: Effective Management Strategies for IT LeadersMichele Chubirka
IT leaders are expected to break down silos between different technology teams, get end users to understand and embrace policies, and forge productive relationships with their counterparts on the business side of the organization. This is harder than it sounds, because while people can behave rationally, they can also be governed by emotions such as frustration and fear of change. They can be driven by ego, a bad attitude, or simple ignorance. They can cause conflict that can disrupt professional relationships, drag down a team or even poison an entire department. Unfortunately for technical-minded leaders, there’s no Python script to program company-wide collaboration and harmony and get everyone to sing Kumbaya. We have to learn how to build healthy relationships with employees, drive engagement, and understand how to resolve conflicts using practical, effective strategies.
Happiness and Brain Plasticity: Kaiser/VA-presentation0neW0rldT0gether
Innovative Patient Care, Presentation by Cindy Mason for American Stroke Association meeting held at Kaiser Permanente Hospital. Slide content summarizes latest brain studies and the clinical experience with remarkable reduction in recovery time and meds/suffering with Stanford bone marrow transplant/ critical care patients using psychophysiophilosophy. Psychophysiophilosophy is accessible and requires no pharmaceuticals and is considered by many to be a part of growing new area in future medicine regarding self help. Slides include instruction for self help and discussion of online instruction in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Thai and Bahasia Indonesia.
Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Inner Peace - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Integrate the latest brain science research with the ancient wisdom of contemplative practice. Discover practical methods for improving mindfulness and concentration, calming the heart, weaving positive experiences into your brain and your self, and then bringing these new strengths into your relationships with both kindness and assertiveness.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Buddha's Brain: Natural Enlightenment and Unshakable Peace - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Combining the power of the latest brain science with the wisdom of contemplative practice, this workshop will present practical methods for centering your brain in its natural state of gladness, love, and peace. In particular, you'll learn brain-savvy ways to reduce anxiety and irritability, feel stronger and safer, and clear old pain.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Humans Aren’t Computers: Effective Management Strategies for IT LeadersMichele Chubirka
IT leaders are expected to break down silos between different technology teams, get end users to understand and embrace policies, and forge productive relationships with their counterparts on the business side of the organization. This is harder than it sounds, because while people can behave rationally, they can also be governed by emotions such as frustration and fear of change. They can be driven by ego, a bad attitude, or simple ignorance. They can cause conflict that can disrupt professional relationships, drag down a team or even poison an entire department. Unfortunately for technical-minded leaders, there’s no Python script to program company-wide collaboration and harmony and get everyone to sing Kumbaya. We have to learn how to build healthy relationships with employees, drive engagement, and understand how to resolve conflicts using practical, effective strategies.
Happiness and Brain Plasticity: Kaiser/VA-presentation0neW0rldT0gether
Innovative Patient Care, Presentation by Cindy Mason for American Stroke Association meeting held at Kaiser Permanente Hospital. Slide content summarizes latest brain studies and the clinical experience with remarkable reduction in recovery time and meds/suffering with Stanford bone marrow transplant/ critical care patients using psychophysiophilosophy. Psychophysiophilosophy is accessible and requires no pharmaceuticals and is considered by many to be a part of growing new area in future medicine regarding self help. Slides include instruction for self help and discussion of online instruction in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Thai and Bahasia Indonesia.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
14. Detection No Intensity Absolute Threshold Detected Yes Yes No No Observer’s Response Tell when you (the observer) detect the light.
15.
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19. Signal Detection Theory (SDT) Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on: Person’s experience Expectations Motivation Level of fatigue Carol Lee/ Tony Stone Images
20. SDT Matrix The observer decides whether she hears the tone or not, based on the signal being present or not. This translates into four outcomes. Correct Rejection False Alarm Absent Miss Hit Present Signal No Yes Decision
25. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy Visible Spectrum Both Photos: Thomas Eisner
26.
27.
28. Wavelength (Hue) Different wavelengths of light result in different colors. 400 nm 700 nm Long wavelengths Short wavelengths Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
29.
30. Intensity (Brightness) Blue color with varying levels of intensity. As intensity increases or decreases, blue color looks more “washed out” or “darkened.”
38. Optic Nerve, Blind Spot & Fovea http://www.bergen.org Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there. This creates a blind spot. Fovea: Central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster.
39. Test your Blind Spot Use your textbook. Close your left eye, and fixate your right eye on the black dot. Move the page towards your eye and away from your eye. At some point the car on the right will disappear due to a blind spot.
41. Bipolar & Ganglion Cells Bipolar cells receive messages from photoreceptors and transmit them to ganglion cells, which are for the optic nerve.
42. Visual Information Processing Optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to the visual cortex.
43. Ganglion & Thalamic Cells Retinal ganglion cells and thalamic neurons break down visual stimuli into small components and have receptive fields with center-surround organization. Action Potentials ON-center OFF-Surround
44. Feature Detection Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles, and movement. Ross Kinnaird/ Allsport/ Getty Images
45. Shape Detection Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses. Ishai, Ungerleider, Martin and Haxby/ NIMH
46. Perception in Brain Our perceptions are a combination of sensory (bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) processes.
52. Photoreceptors Red Cones Green Cones Long wave Medium wave Short wave MacNichol, Wald and Brown (1967) measured directly the absorption spectra of visual pigments of single cones obtained from the retinas of humans. Blue Cones
53.
54. Opponent Colors Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30 Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot and report whether or not you see Britain's flag.
68. Theories of Audition Place Theory suggests that sound frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane at specific places resulting in perceived pitch. http://www.pc.rhul.ac.uk
79. Gate-Control Theory Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com
81. Taste Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”. Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken)
82. Sensory Interaction When one sense affects another sense, sensory interaction takes place. So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.
83. Smell Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of smell.
84. Age, Gender, and Smell Ability to identify smell peaks during early adulthood, but steadily declines after that. Women are better at detecting odors than men.
85. Smell and Memories The brain region for smell (in red) is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory (limbic system). That is why strong memories are made through the sense of smell.
86. Body Position and Movement The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis . The vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position. http://www.heyokamagazine.com Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Editor's Notes
OBJECTIVE 1 | Contrast sensation and perception, and explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing.
OBJECTIVE 2 | Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss whether we can sense stimuli below our absolute thresholds and be influenced by them.
OBJECTIVE 3 | Describe sensory adaptation, and explain how we benefit from being unaware of changing stimuli.
OBJECTIVE 4 | Define transduction, and specify the form of energy our visual system converts into neural messages our brain can interpret.
OBJECTIVE 5 | Describe the major structure of the eye, and explain how they guide the incoming ray of light toward the eye’s receptor cells.
OBJECTIVE 6 | Contrast the two types of receptor cells in the retina, and describe the retina’s reaction to light.
OBJECTIVE 7 | Discuss the different levels of processing that occur as information travels from the retina to the brain’s cortex.
OBJECTIVE 8 | Discuss parallel processing and discuss its role in visual processing.
OBJECTIVE 9 | Explain how the Young-Helmholtz and opponent-process theories help us understand color vision.
OBJECTIVE 10 | Explain the importance of color constancy.
OBJECTIVE 11 | Describe the pressure waves we experience as sound.
OBJECTIVE 12 | Describe the three regions of the ear, and outline the series of events that triggers the electrical impulses sent to the brain.
OBJECTIVE 13 | Contrast place and frequency theories, and explain how they help us to understand pitch perception.
OBJECTIVE 14 | Describe how we pinpoint sounds.
OBJECTIVE 15 | Contrast two types of hearing loss, and describe some of their causes.
OBJECTIVE 16| Describe how cochlear implants function, and explain why Deaf culture advocates object to these devices. Where these implants are pertinent for hearing parents with deaf children, deaf culture advocate not using them especially on children deafened before learning to speak.
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the sense of touch. “Touch is both the alpha and omega of affection” (James, 1890).
OBJECTIVE 18| State the purpose of pain, and describe the biopsychosocial perspective on pain.
One way to treat chronic pain is to stimulate it through massage by electrical stimulation or acupuncture. Rubbing causes competitive stimulation to pain thus reduces its effect.
Burn victims can be distracted by allowing them to engage in illusory virtual reality. Their brain scans show differences in pain perceptions.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the sense of taste, and explain the principle of sensory interaction.
OBJECTIVE 20| Describe the sense of smell and explain why specific odors so easily trigger memories.
OBJECTIVE 21| Distinguish between kinesthesis and vestibular sense.