Screening, identification and isolation of cellulolytic fungi
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Cellulase assay for Enzyme production The activity of -glucosidase ( G), total cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase (CMCase) was studied as cellulolytic activity. Filter paper activity (FPase) for total cellulase activity in the culture filtrate was determined according to the standard method (Eveleigh DE et al.2009). CMCase (carboxy methyl cellulase) activity was assayed using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Mandels and Weber, 1969).
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Fungal culture methods and media are described. Most molds grow best at 25-30°C while most yeasts grow best at 35-37°C. General incubation is 14 days but it can be as short as 7 days for detecting oral yeast or as long as 28 days for tissue specimens. ChromAgar differentially identifies Candida species by color. Chlamydospore agar induces chlamydospore formation in C. albicans. Sabhi agar is recommended for recovering fungi from clinical specimens. Czapek's agar is a synthetic medium used to observe fungal morphology and pigment production.
Seminar 2013-6-3
Investigate different measurements of cellulase screening and the effect of different substrates under solid-state fermentation on conidia production or enzyme activity by Trichoderma
Criteria for classification of microbes
This document provides an overview of microbial taxonomy and methods for classifying microorganisms. It discusses the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and describes various morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques used to identify and classify microbes, including staining methods, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, nucleic acid analysis, and numerical taxonomy. The document aims to explain the criteria and analytical processes involved in the formal identification and organization of microorganisms.
Penicillins
Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that were discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. They work by inhibiting the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. There are several classes of penicillins including natural penicillins, anti-staphylococcal penicillins, and extended spectrum penicillins. They are generally well-absorbed, have varying spectra of activity, and can cause allergic reactions ranging from mild rashes to anaphylaxis. Common adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, neutropenia, seizures, and pseudomembranous colitis.
Section11
This document provides 200 facts about taxonomy and the classification of organisms. It discusses the 7 levels of biological classification from kingdom to species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and species names. Viruses are not considered living organisms and are not classified within the traditional biological taxonomy. The four main kingdoms are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, and Fungi. Each kingdom has distinguishing characteristics.
industrial applications of fungal proteases
- Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins and have many industrial uses. They are produced by animals, plants, and microbes. Microbial sources such as fungi are preferred for large-scale production due to their fast growth.
- Fungal proteases exhibit high diversity, broad substrate specificity, and stability under extreme conditions. Important fungal genera producing commercial proteases include Aspergillus, Beauveria, and Acremonium. These proteases have applications in food processing, textiles, detergents, leather processing, and more.
- Proteases are classified based on factors such as their site of action, pH optimum, and catalytic mechanism. Major classes include serine, aspart
MIC204 (Food Microbiology) - Chapter 11 : Beneficial Uses of Microorganisms
Microorganisms are widely used in industry to produce valuable commercial products through fermentation. Key criteria for industrial microorganisms include producing large amounts of a single product, easy cultivation, genetic stability, and ability to grow rapidly and inexpensively. Common microorganisms and products include:
1) Aspergillus niger produces citric acid. Lactobacillus produces lactic acid. Gluconobacter produces gluconic acid.
2) Vitamins like riboflavin are produced by fungi like Ashbya gossypii. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria grown in cobalt.
3) Enzymes such as amylase, produced by Asper
23395987 penicillin-fermentation (1)
The document discusses the production of penicillin through fermentation. It begins by describing Penicillium fungi and how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1952. It then outlines the key steps in penicillin production which include media preparation, inoculation, fermentation under controlled conditions, and downstream processing including isolation and purification. The optimal fermentation conditions require temperature control, pH regulation, aeration and agitation. Mutations can be encouraged through radiation or chemicals to develop more productive strains. Purification involves solvent extraction, precipitation and chromatography to isolate penicillin from the fermentation broth.
Recombinant Proteins
This document discusses recombinant protein expression in different host cell systems. It begins by outlining strategies for engineering host cells to efficiently produce proteins, including optimizing transcription, translation, and protein stability. It then compares various host cell expression systems, such as bacteria, yeast, insect and mammalian cells, considering factors like post-translational modification abilities and production costs. Specific systems are covered in more detail, like using the pET and pBAD vectors to control protein expression in bacteria. The document concludes by discussing eukaryotic cell expression and challenges producing complex eukaryotic proteins in prokaryotic systems due to lack of post-translational modifications.
General properties of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that differ from bacteria in having true nuclei and organelles. Most fungi are multicellular and have cell walls containing chitin. Fungi can be classified based on their morphology and reproductive structures. Important characteristics include whether they are molds, yeasts, or dimorphic. Laboratory identification of fungi involves microscopic examination of stained smears and cultures as well as culture characteristics. Direct visualization with KOH preparations and histopathology are used to diagnose fungal infections.
Microbial taxonomy and classification system
- Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms. It provides understanding of biodiversity which is important for conservation and sustainability.
- Aristotle was the first to attempt classifying organisms by type and introduce binomial nomenclature. Later systems were proposed by Linnaeus, Whittaker, and Woese based on new understandings of cell structure, genetics, and evolution.
- Different classification systems include artificial, natural, phylogenetic, polyphasic, and numerical taxonomy which use varying characteristics and methodologies.
Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
FUNGi POWER POINT
This document provides information about fungi through text and images. It describes the main characteristics of fungi, including that they are eukaryotic and heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from dead organisms. It details their structures, including being made of hyphae and having cell walls containing chitin. The document outlines the different phyla of fungi and their characteristics. It also discusses fungi's roles in ecosystems, such as recycling nutrients, being plant parasites, and forming symbiotic relationships in lichens and mycorrhizae.
Chap 1 classification of fungi
Fungi can never be classified in the kingdoms Plantae or Animalia because:
- Fungi are non-motile (lack mobility) unlike animals which are motile.
- Fungi reproduce via spores unlike plants which reproduce via seeds and animals which reproduce sexually.
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients externally from their environment unlike plants which produce their own food via photosynthesis. Animals obtain nutrients internally through ingestion and digestion.
- Fungi lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll for photosynthesis unlike plants. They also lack organized tissues like plants.
- Fungi are more similar to protists in their nutrition and some reproductive characteristics. But they
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MIC204 (Food Microbiology) - Chapter 11 : Beneficial Uses of Microorganisms
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1) The study examined the effects of two commercial biofertilizers (G and Y) on cellulolytic activity and microbial community structure in agricultural soil undergoing cellulose decomposition.
2) Filter paper strips buried in soil treated with biofertilizer G showed significantly higher weight loss, while those in soil treated with biofertilizer Y showed lower weight loss, indicating different rates of cellulose decomposition.
3) Analysis of microbial community structure showed shifts in the fungal community during cellulose decomposition, but no major changes in the bacterial community. The predominant fungal species in soil treated with biofertilizer G was identified as a wood-decaying species that can decompose cellulose.
Aa03301610167
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of microorganisms from dairy effluent for use in activated sludge treatment. Fifteen bacterial isolates were obtained from dairy plant effluent samples. The isolates were characterized based on their cultural, morphological, biochemical and enzymatic properties. Several isolates showed amylase, urease and gelatinase activity. Most isolates were able to utilize glucose and other carbohydrates. Through characterization, microorganisms were identified that could potentially break down dairy effluent organic pollutants in activated sludge treatment.
C033012018
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
Impact of fresh root material and mature crop residues of oilseed rape (Brass...
Impact of fresh root material and mature crop residues of oilseed rape (Brass...Gyeongsang National University, Korea
To determine the effect of repeated inputs of fresh detached OSR root material on soil and rhizosphere microbial diversity associated with subsequently planted OSR
To determine the influence of field-derived mature OSR crop residues and their associated microbial communities, on the development of microbial communities associated with living roots of subsequently grown OSRPoly-훽-hydroxybutyrate degradation by Aspergillus fumigates isolated from soi...
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate acid (PHB) is thermoplastic biopolymers, synthesized by some bacterial genera under stress conditions. The degradation of PHB was detected in Petri dish by formation of a clear zone around the fungal colonies due to production of depolymerase enzyme which has interesting role in PHB degradation process. The most active PHB degrader fungi was selected and identified as Aspergillus fumigates using morphological characters. The highest PHB degradation in Petri dish by A. fumigates was at pH 5, 30ᵒC and 7days. In liquid medium, degradation by A. fumigates was studied using enzyme assay method (U/ml). All the experiments were performed enzyme activities were monitored. After 3 days of incubation, maximum PHB depolymerase production was at pH 5 and 30°C. In conclusion, PHB can be degraded in solid and liquid medium using fungal depolymerase enzyme.
Azospirilum- Isolation & Marketing
The document discusses the isolation and mass multiplication of Azospirillum bacteria for use as a biofertilizer. It describes the isolation process from plant roots using selective media. Mass multiplication is done by growing the bacteria in large fermenters with controlled temperature and agitation. The cultured bacteria are then mixed with an inert carrier like peat soil or lignite to produce packaged biofertilizer products containing approximately 109 cells/g. The document also outlines the benefits of using Azospirillum and other biofertilizers like Azotobacter for improving soil fertility and sustainability.
Production and Application of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as Biofertilize...
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Abstract— Soil microorganism plays an important role in regulating the levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur at the rhizosphere. Solubilization of macronutrient is an important aspect in plant growth and development research. Phosphorus is one of the vital nutrient required for optimum growth of plant. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) plays an important role in increasing the phosphate uptake by the plants. Pikovskaya medium containing TCP or tricalcium phosphate helps in isolation of PSB from soil sample. Isolated strains were tested and screened by Halo zone formation and pH test. The selected strains showing marked decrease in pH and clear zone formation was selected for field trial. The objective of this study was to ascertain that PSBs isolated from the soil sample can be used as biofertilizer. Application of PSBs with a carrier mixed with maize seeds in the field of study and compared against a control field and against commercially available fertilizer showed that PSBs can improve the quality of soil and in turn improved the growth and development of the plants.IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...
1. The document describes a study that isolated Bacillus species bacteria from malathion contaminated soil that is capable of degrading malathion.
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3. When the isolated Bacillus species bacteria were added to soil supplemented with malathion and incubated, the phosphate levels increased, indicating the bacteria's ability to degrade malathion.
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Abstract— The current scenario encounters the steady demand of food supply and the application of fertilizer is become an indispensable in modern agriculture. Hence, the present study is focused on distribution of microbial and diazotrophic Azotobacter population in rhizosphere soil sample. Total microbial population viz, bacteria, fungi, actiomycetes and diazotrophic Azotobacter were enumerated from five different rhizosphere soil samples and compared the distribution of diazotrophic Azotobacter with other three microbial groups. The results of enumeration of total microbial population reveals that comparatively the bacterial population found to be higher followed by Azotobacter population in various rhizosphere soil. Based on the predominant growth, five Azotobacter strains (one isolate from each sample) were isolated and authenticated through morphological and biochemical characteristics. Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
SOIL ENZYMES AND THEIR ACTIVITY
Soil enzymes play an important role in decomposing organic matter and releasing nutrients. They are produced by microorganisms, plant roots, and residues. Common soil enzymes include amylase, catalase, proteases, and urease. Amylase breaks down starch, catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, proteases break down proteins, and urease breaks down urea. Soil enzyme activities can be measured to assess microbial activity, soil health, and the impacts of pollutants.
Isolation and purification of peroxidase from soyabean
Peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7), an oxidoreductase, has iron porphyrin ring generally and catalyzes a redox reaction between H202 as an electron acceptor and many kinds of substrates by means of oxygen liberation from HzOz (Brill, 1996).
Effect of palm oil mill effluent on soil samples on the environment
This document analyzes the effect of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on soil samples in Isiala Mbano LGA, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from sites with POME discharge (locations A) and without POME discharge (locations B). Physicochemical analysis found higher levels of COD, BOD, nutrients and lower pH in location A soils, indicating pollution from POME. Microbial analysis identified higher counts of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and fungi in location A soils. While POME increased soil nutrients, it also decreased microbial populations and made the soil dark, damp, and prevented vegetation growth due to pollution. The study concludes POME significantly impacts soil properties and quality.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat Straw
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Jablonsky des fractionation_bioresources_2015
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Ravnoor Kaur paper
This document reports on a study that isolated and identified yeast species from grape surfaces in Dehradun, India. 52 yeast isolates were obtained from grapes collected from different locations and subjected to morphological and biochemical characterization. Morphological analysis involved gram staining and capsule staining under the microscope. Biochemical tests included carbon assimilation testing with 9 sugars, fermentation testing with 8 sugars, and a urease test. The isolates showed variation in colony characteristics, cell shapes, and abilities to utilize different carbon sources and ferment sugars. 29 isolates tested positive for urease production. The study identified yeast at the species level based on their phenotypic properties.
hindawi
This study compared five different methods for extracting DNA from soil samples in order to study soil microbial communities. The inclusion of 120 mM phosphate buffered saline for washing and mannitol in the lysis buffer allowed extraction of DNA with minimal equipment and time, improved purity and yield, and facilitated amplification of metagenomic DNA. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis revealed that both the abundance and composition of the indigenous microbial community depended on the DNA recovery method. The mannitol-phosphate buffered saline-polyethylene glycol/sodium chloride method was found to be the most effective for extracting high quality DNA from soil samples.
Isolation and Characterization of Halophilic Bacteria from Sundarban Soil Deb...
Isolation and Characterization of Halophilic Bacteria from Sundarban Soil Deb...SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.19
ABSTRACT- Halophiles, the most predominant organisms found in the mangrove forest, include halophilic bacteria in different environment such as salt lakes, saline soils and salted food. The majo rviatyri eodf hgaelnoeprhai loicf pmriocproerotrigesa nwishmicsh s tfuadciielidta steo iftasr upsreo dwuicteh ccoommpmoeurncdias l waiitmh sg. rIena tt hpiost esntutidayl ionf inSduunsdterirabla pnr osoceils,s faoncdu st hheays hbaeveen pmhaydsieo loong itchael iasnodla wtieorne oufs ehda lfooprh pilhiyc soiorgcahnemismicsa la anndd t mheiicrr ochbaioralocgteicriasla atinoanl.y sSiosi. lQs uwaelritea tciovlel escctreede nfirnogms foofu trh ed iifsfoelraetnets pwlaecree sd oofn eS uanndd etrhbraene aCmhaornagc tethriesmat iowna so f stehlee citseodl ahteasv iwnegr em doodneer aatneldy bgaoseodd ognr o1w6Sth rRwNhiAch g ewnaes sefuqrutehnecr inogp tpimhyisloegde nine tidci ftfreeree nwt egrer ocwotnhs trmucetdeida.. aTsh we eisllo laast evsa rsihoouws eedx tmrauceltlilpullea rh eenazvyym mee ptarol dtoulcetriaonncse t haenrde bayn teixbpiolotirci nrge stihsetairn cues.a gTeh efo or rvgaarnioisums sb iwoeterceh fnuortlohgeric taels pteudr pfoosr eEs.P S Key-words- Sundarban, Halophiles, EPS, NaCl
Unculturable soil biota (microbes)
many microorganisms from the soil are still undiscovered, while most of the discovered microbes cannot be cultivated in the artificial medium due to various reasons. This is briefly discussed in this presentation.
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More from Dr. sreeremya S
Offf shore wind park
Trends in the geometric size and rated power capacity of offshore wind turbines, the main components of an OWT system, encompassing a typical monopile foundation, the substructure, transition piece, the tower, rotor blades and nacelle (hub). Modern OWTs are installed with either pitch-regulated blades or variable rotational speed systems in order to allow optimisation of the power production over a wide range of prevailing wind speeds. The rotational speed of the main rotor shaft is typically between about 10 and 20 rp. Key electromechanical components of the wind turbine, including the gearbox and the generator (Roberts et al.,2007). The gearbox may cause efficiency losses for the wind turbine and is the particular source of the noise. Recent developments in the design of permanent magnet generators have made it possible to construct some types of wind turbines without the requirement for a gearbox. In this case, the rotor is mainly connected directly to a low-speed multi-pole generator that rotates at the same speed, termed the direct-drive unit. Removing the gearbox mainly removes one of the key components requiring more maintenance, and that is mainly prone to failure. This simplification of the mechanical part allows reductions in size and the mass of the nacelle (Gilling, 2009).
Plant based bifuel
The source of energy captured by plants is the sun, which will be the constant source of energy for the next few billion years. The carbon released from the burning of biofuels is continually cycled rather than being released from the ancient fixed carbon sources, as is the case for fossil petroleum and natural gas. The problem is that the cost of the production of fuels from lignocellulose and plant oils is high and this nascent industry cannot compete with the oil prices. Current progress: For the past two decades, ethanol has been synthesized primarily from cornstarch and cane sugar. Fourteen billion gallons of ethanol were synthesized in the USA from cornstarch in 2014. Approximately 40% of the current USA corn crop is availed to produce ethanol and is not likely to expand anymore, because the remainder of the crop is being availed for animal feed and human food. Ethanol is produced from cane sugar in Brazil at a level of 7.2 billion gallons in the year 2014. The renewable energy source is the major terrain to be considered (Sreeremya, 2019).
Agroforestry
Agroforestry has a high potential for simultaneously satisfying three important objectives viz., protecting and also stabilizing the ecosystems; producing a high level of output of economic goods; and improving the income and basic materials to the rural population. It has helped in the rehabilitation of the degraded lands on the one hand and has increased farm productivity on the other. At present, agroforestry meets almost half of the demand for fuelwood, 2/3 of the small timber, approx. 70-80 per cent wood for plywood, 60 per cent raw material for paper pulp and approx. 9-11 per cent of the green fodder requirement of livestock, besides meeting the subsistence needs of the households for food, fruit, fiber, medicine etc.
Phenylthiocarbamide (ptc)
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a bitter tasting chemical compound that some people can taste while others cannot. The ability to taste PTC is determined by a single gene and is inherited in a dominant fashion, with tasters having the genotype TT and non-tasters having tt. Studies have found differences in the frequency of the tasting allele between different human populations. Characterizing the exact PTC gene could help further examine its associations with food preferences and certain medical disorders.
Initial corrosion behavior of element copper in atmospheric environment
Copper and copper-based alloys encompassing brasses (Cu-Zn) and bronzes (Cu-Sn)are widely used in different industrial and the societal applications. They are common engineering materials in modern architecture and primarily availed for roofing and facade cladding due to their significance of visual appearance (important from an architectural perspective in terms of the design or during renovation of modern or ancient cultural building), ductility, malleability, the atmospheric corrosion resistance and long-term performance. When exposed to air, the copper forms a brownish-green or greenish blue corrosion layer, often denoted as the patina. Copper patina is commonly known as an aesthetically pleasing surface, and one reason for the extensive use of the copper metal and copper-based alloys in both the ancient and modern architecture. One of the most famous examples is the Statue of Liberty in the harbor of the New York, US.
Bronze alloys are the family of copper-based alloys traditionally alloyed with tin. Bronze alloys are of the exceptional historic interest and still finds wide applications.
Green chemistry
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Thermoluminescence
Thermoluminescence is light emission from materials when they are heated after being exposed to radiation. This phenomenon was discovered in photosynthetic materials in the 1950s. The document discusses the use of thermoluminescence to study the effects of various chemicals on photosystem II activity in Chlorella cells. It finds good correlation between reduced photosystem II activity and algal growth inhibition for most chemicals. The document provides an overview of the history and development of using thermoluminescence to study photosynthesis, including identification of components involved in generating the glow curves observed. It describes how cooling and heating photosynthetic membranes in the dark produces light emission at distinct temperatures.
Corona virus current scenario
Corona virus was first identified as the cause of the common cold in 1960. In one study carried out in Canada in 2001, more than 510 patients presented with flu-like symptoms. Virological analyses showed that 3.7% of these cases were positive for the HCoV-NL63 strain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Until 2002, the corona virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus; however, an outbreak in 2002–2003 in the Guangdong province in China, which resulted in spread to many other countries, encompassing Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong Singapore, and the United States of America, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and high mortality rates in over 1000 -1100 patients.
Air purifying plants
In the modern times pollution has become the biggest menace for the survival of the biological species. There are different types of pollution e.g. air, water, soil, sound and mental pollution. Earth was the beautiful landscape but man has ruthlessly exploited for his greed specially, in the last century. With sporadic industrialization and random urbanization environmental pollution has become the serious problem. Over exploitation of open spaces, ever-increasing number of automobiles and the demographic pressure has further aggravated the problem. There are different ways and means to mitigate the urban environmental pollution. Plan-ting of trees and the shrubs for abatement of pollution and improvement of environment is a much effective way and well recognized throughout the world. Earlier, the purpose of planting trees in the urban areas was purely aesthetic (Sheldon et al., 1988a). The incessant increase of urban environmental pollution has necessitated to typically reconsider the whole approach of urban landscaping and its orientation in the order to achieve duel effect i.e. bio-aesthetics and mitigation of pollution.
Relation between haemorrhoids and constipation
Patients frequently complain of bleeding with or without the defecation, a swelling, mild discomfort or irritation. Other symptoms may include soilage or the mucous discharge, pruritis, difficulties with the hygiene, and a sense of incomplete evacuation. Internal hemorrhoids are otherwise painless unless they are mainly thrombosed, prolapsed with edema, or strangulated. External hemorrhoids result in pain when the thrombosis occurs and bleeding if ulceration occurs from pressure necrosis. Skin tags may form from the prior acutely edematous or the thrombosed external haemorrhoids (Johanson et al., 1990
Local food environment and obesity
Given the rapid aggrandize, it has been postulated the environment has a key role in the causation of obesity. Factors such as the neighborhood-scale features (referred to as the built environment) have been mainly identified as influencing diet and physical activity (2). Of particular the importance to this framework are features of the food environment (FE), thus constituting barriers and opportunities to food sources of the varying nutritional quality and energy density (3). The FE is delineated as the physical presence of food that can mainly influence a person’s diet (4). Contributing to the FE is the proximity to food store locations such as mainly the restaurants (fast-food, full service, and bars and pubs) and the retail outlets (food markets/grocery stores and liquor stores). Fast- food establishments generally have foods of lower nutritional quality and higher caloric density than the home-prepared foods (3). Early studies have reported fast-food restaurants to be more common in the neighborhoods with a higher prevalence of obesity. However, more recent studies have been melanged,
Adverse conditon provided for influenza virus (mutated
THIS MUTATED INFLUENZA VIRUS CAN BE TREATED IN PH1-2 . TO CHECK THE LYSIS OF THE VIRUS
SIMULATING THE INTERFERON ACTIVITY HAS TO BE DONE SIMULTANEOUSLY.
Cellulosic bmw
The document discusses cellulosic biomedical waste. It notes that while 76-90% of biomedical waste is non-hazardous, the remaining 10-26% is hazardous to humans, animals, and the environment if not handled properly. Major hospitals generate substantial amounts of biomedical waste, as do smaller facilities like nursing homes and clinics. Common disposal methods like incineration and landfilling are expensive and less environmentally friendly. The Government of India established rules in 1998 to regulate the handling and disposal of biomedical waste, including categories and proper procedures. Key steps for management include segregation by color, storage, transportation, and final treatment or disposal.
Corona virus current scenario (theoretical outlook)
This document discusses the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It provides background on coronaviruses, noting they were first identified in 1960 and can cause respiratory illnesses like SARS. The current coronavirus emerged in China in late 2019 and has since spread globally, killing hundreds daily. While studies on animals are limited, research aims to develop treatments like RNA silencing. Prevention efforts are led by CDC and WHO. Coronaviruses can spread through airborne droplets and contact with infected animals or humans. Further research is needed to fully understand transmission and develop effective treatments.
Kite turbine for wind energy
INTRODUCTION
As people have seen, the giant industrial wind farms, small household wind turbines, and also everything in between are erecting all over the places. In 2012, the electricity capacity from the wind power in the total electric capacity is about 7.2% in EU, 2.0% in China, and 3.6% in US. Nevertheless, most people agree that wind energy should claim much greater share of the future energy supply. For eg:-, the United States is working on an ambitious target of 21% total electricity capacity by 2030. Indeed, wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources today and also in the foreseeable future. However, findings a suitable site to build the wind farm or simply set up the wind turbine is not always easy. The wind must be strong and must be consistent; the tower cannot obstruct the view; and the noise cannot disturb the local residence. Due to the fast growth of the population, it is aggrandizingly difficult to find a suitable place that is proper for a wind turbine yet will not interfere with the people’s everyday life (Srensen et al., 2002).
Electro hybrid system
INTRODUCTION
A lot of basic concepts, technologies and pioneering solutions aiming on very high power densities were mainly developed within the last 20 years. Sometimes this is denoted as the mechatronic system integration or simply as mechatronics. Besides many of the technical aspects, the movings within the value chain represent the great challenge in this process. This is because traditionally defined between electronic device and the power module manufacturers, electronics assemblers, and the metalworking industry will blur or slowly disappear. However, the pressure to go this path increases. If one thinks, e.g., about the hybrid drive as an upgrade option for conventional passenger cars, one is directly faced with the lack of construction space as one of the main serious problems (Alkuhayli et al., 2012).
Excess maize in diet and pellagra
Pellagra may also occur as the result of a variety of (relatively rare) conditions affecting tryptophan metabolism and as a side-effect of the number of drugs that inhibit tryptophan metabolism. In alcoholics, it is unclear whether pellagra is the result of an impairment of tryptophan and the niacin metabolism directly attributable to alcohol, or whether it reflects general under nutrition among the people who obtain a considerable proportion on their energy needs from alcohol, and hence have the low intake of (nutrient rich) foods(Goldberger et al.,1922a).
SYMPTOMS
The major symptoms of pellagra are dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. This is because niacin deficiency is most noticeable in the body parts with high rates of cell turnover, such as the skin or gastrointestinal tract (Goldberger et al., 1923).
Combined effect of walking and forest
The growing interest in the environmental stress has been accompanied by a rapid accumulation of evidence indicating that the environment can elicit substantial stress in people living in urban environments. Furthermore, it is widely conceived that the natural environment can enhance human health. There have been several questionnaire studies and investigations on the psychological effects of forest environments. A previous study found an enhancement of the positive emotions among subjects who were shown pictures of natural environments. Moreover, other researches have also found that forest environments improve the psychological wellbeing of people
Liquid biopsies
As the techniques that have enabled us to analyses and assess a biopsy become ever more sophisticated, we have realised the limitations of looking at the single snap-shot of the tumour. This single-biopsy bias was highlighted in which it was mainly demonstrated that a portion taken from different parts of a primary tumour and its metastases showed and proved extensive intertumoural and intratumoural evolution. This tumoural heterogeneity mainly highlights the difficulty of dictating a therapeutic course of action based on the single biopsy, as it is likely to underestimate the ramification of the genomic landscape of the tumour (Chomczynski et al., 2016).Having established that there is mainly considerable tumour heterogeneity, taking multiple biopsies from the patients‘ primary tumour and the metastases would seem to be the most obvious next step. There are so much difficulties in obtaining the tissue biopsy— including the discomfort suffered by the patient, the inherent clinical risks to the patient
Rivivna humilis berry extract as fungal source
The introduction of the mankind had marked the continuous exploitation of the plants as organisms and their products for the pharmacological prospects and key features (Guha et al., 1999). In most of the agronomic domains around the globe, the conventional modes of the treatment are still in exercise and also in upcoming research (Srivastava et al., 2003).
These approaches most commonly exploit the various dynamics and much specific potential and applications of plant extracts (Bonde et al., 2007) . The distinctions of the first and foremost large-scale screening of the green plants evaluate and also assess the antimicrobial activity of 2,300 plants (Nautiyal et al., 1984).
Dyeing is an ancient and traditional art which predates written records. It was practised specifically during the Bronze Age in Europe (Sreeremya, 2016). Conventional dyeing techniques encompassed sticking plants to fabric or rubbing crushed pigments into cloth.
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
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◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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Screening, identification and isolation of cellulolytic fungi
- 1. Screening, Identification and Isolation of Cellulolytic fungi By sreeremya.s Asst professor,sree narayana guru college,cbe
- 2. • Fungi constitute a group of microorganisms • that are widely distributed in environment • especially in soil (Boer et al., 2005). Since • they produce wide variety of hydrolytic • enzymes and hence exist in nature in • saprophytic mode (Ng TB, 2004).
- 3. • Cellulases bring about the hydrolysis of • cellulose, a homopolymer of -1,4 linked • glucose units that comprises amorphous and • crystalline regions, by synergistic action of • its constituent enzymes (Bhat M and Bhat • S,1997). Cellulases are group of • extracellular enzymes commonly employed • in many industries for the hydrolysis • of cellulolytic material.(Mahmood RT et al., • 2013).
- 4. • Characterization and Identification of • fungal Isolates • Fungal colonies were isolated form soil • samples enriched for cellulase producing • microorganisms by serial dilution method • wherein, PDA (potato dextrose agar) media • was prepared, autoclaved and poured in • sterile petriplates. 50μl of soil samples • diluted upto 10-5 dilutions were spread on • respective solidified PDA plates. The • inoculated petriplates were incubated at • 28°C for 48 hours.
- 5. • Cellulase assay for Enzyme production • The activity of -glucosidase ( G), total • cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase • (CMCase) was studied as cellulolytic • activity. Filter paper activity (FPase) for • total cellulase activity in the culture filtrate • was determined according to the standard • method (Eveleigh DE et al.2009). CMCase • (carboxy methyl cellulase) activity was • assayed using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) • method (Mandels and Weber, 1969).
- 6. • Therefore, • there is a growing interest in assessing soil • biodiversity and its biological functioning • (Barrios E, 2007). At the ecosystem scale, • extracellular enzyme activity is influenced • by organic matter abundance and • composition (Sinsabaugh RL et al., 2008).