Final Regents Review: The Middle Ages
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A review of the history of the Middle Ages originally created by Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greely H.S. Chappaqua, NY.
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Gothic Europe from the 12th to 15th centuries saw periods of expansion and crisis. There was growth of trade and crafts as well as recovery in agriculture following improvements to farming technology. This led to increased food production and population growth. However, the late Middle Ages were marked by crisis including the Plague that devastated Europe's population and economic disruptions from the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes settled across Europe, establishing new kingdoms. They adopted some Roman governmental structures but retained Germanic social traditions like powerful family units. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire, strengthening ties between Germanic, Christian, and Roman elements. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire survived but faced threats to its frontiers and internal disputes, including a schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
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The document summarizes developments in medieval Europe from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD to the late Middle Ages in the 1400s. It describes how Christianity spread throughout Europe, the rise and fall of empires like Charlemagne's, the development of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of trade and cities, the formation of kingdoms like England, and events like the Crusades and Black Death pandemic. Key institutions that shaped medieval Europe included the Catholic Church and feudal political structures.
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Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire, where wealthy nobles, artisans, shopkeepers, and enslaved people lived. Enslaved people numbers increased as Rome conquered more territories and worked in homes, farms, and helped build infrastructure. The Roman family was important, with the father as the head and women having few rights. Rome adapted ideas from Greece and Latin became the basis for European languages. The Western Roman Empire declined in the 3rd century AD due to a weakening government, failing economy, and Germanic invasions. The Eastern Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, emerged and lasted until the 15th century.
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2) It describes advances in technology, navigation, and the growth of powerful nation-states that enabled trans-oceanic voyages of exploration and conquest.
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3) The document summarizes the initial colonization of the Americas by Spain and Portugal through figures like Columbus and Cortes, as well as the devastating impacts on indigenous populations and the Columbian Exchange that resulted.
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The decline of the Roman Empire was due to economic, social, political, and military factors:
1. Economically, the empire struggled without expansion to provide new resources and taxes, facing issues like inflation, decreased grain production, and overreliance on slave labor.
2. Socially, unemployment increased as the empire stopped expanding, and many citizens grew accustomed to free bread and entertainment funded by the state treasury. The rise of Christianity also weakened traditional Roman values.
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The Fall of Rome was a gradual process that took hundreds of years, as Germanic tribes migrated into the Roman Empire and invaded its territory from the late 300s to early 400s AD. In 476 AD, the German general Odoacer captured Rome, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire after 1000 years. This precipitated an economic, political and social crisis and the beginning of the Medieval period. While the Western Roman Empire fell, the Eastern Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople remained, maintaining a pocket of Roman civilization.
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The document provides definitions for 37 important terms related to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It describes key figures like Romulus and Remus, events like the Punic Wars that expanded Rome's territory, and accomplishments such as establishing Latin as the dominant language and developing civil law. The summary also mentions the eventual adoption of Christianity as the official religion and the reasons for Rome's decline, including invasions from outside groups and internal political issues.
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The Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern Roman Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. It had its capital in Constantinople and was richer than the Western Roman Empire, which fell to Germanic invasions in 476 AD. The Byzantine Empire was ruled by an emperor and had an advanced administrative system with civil servants governing provinces. The Byzantine Orthodox Church played an important role by crowning emperors and holding spiritual authority. Conflicts arose such as over the use of icons and the East-West Schism divided the Church in 1054. Byzantine art flourished with mosaics, architecture like Hagia Sophia, and icons. Meanwhile, the Carolingian Empire emerged in
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Unit 3 feudal europe
Feudalism emerged in Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a response to instability from invasions. Under this system, monarchs established relationships of vassalage where nobles pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for land holdings. Society was strictly stratified with nobility, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived and worked on manorial estates, owing labor and taxes to lords in exchange for use of land. The Catholic Church was the dominant social and political institution, accumulating vast wealth and influencing all aspects of life.
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- By 500 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and Germanic tribes had begun migrating into the region, intermarrying with Romans and establishing new states ruled by Germanic kings. The Franks eventually established the kingdom of France.
- The Roman Catholic Church grew powerful during the Middle Ages, establishing authority over Western Christians and becoming the most influential institution through the 1100s. Monks helped spread Christianity in Europe.
- Feudalism emerged as a political and economic system characterized by obligations between lords and vassals in which peasants and serfs worked lands in exchange for military protection. Manors and castles defined social hierarchies across fragmented kingdoms.
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The document discusses several ancient empires of the Middle East and Mediterranean regions that practiced slavery, including Mesopotamia, Babylonia, the Persian Empire, Byzantine Empire, China, Greece, and Rome. Slavery was an important part of the economies and labor forces of these civilizations. Slaves were typically acquired through war, piracy, debt, or heredity and worked in agriculture, mining, households, and other industries. The empires rose and fell over time, influencing the development of civilization.
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe entered a period of decline known as the Middle Ages. Three groups contributed to the emergence of a new civilization: the Romans through their legacy of laws and infrastructure; the Christian Church which spread across Europe and established a hierarchical organization; and Germanic tribes which established new kingdoms and introduced concepts of loyalty and family. Charlemagne later united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire and was crowned by the Pope, representing the fusion of Roman, Christian and Germanic influences. However, his empire did not endure and Europe remained politically fragmented.
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This document provides information about Ancient Rome in three main sections. It begins with the political organization of Rome from the monarchy period starting in 753 BC through the Roman Republic and Empire. Next it discusses the Roman economy, including agriculture, crafts, and trade. Finally, it covers aspects of Roman society such as social classes, religion, architecture, and engineering. The document was created by five Spanish students as a school assignment on the topic of Ancient Rome.
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After the fall of Rome, several Germanic kingdoms emerged in Europe. Charlemagne took control of much of Western Europe by 800 AD and promoted education, but after his death his empire fragmented. As central authority weakened, the feudal system developed where lords offered protection to vassals who gave military service. The Catholic Church gained significant wealth and political power over this period and tensions grew between it and secular rulers like the Holy Roman Emperor. The period saw conflicts like the Crusades and the Hundred Years' War, as well as devastation from the Black Death plague in the mid-1300s.
WH Chapter 9 Section 1 Notes
Feudal monarchs in Europe had limited power due to their reliance on vassals for military support, while nobles and the Church often had as much or more authority. In England, William the Conqueror strengthened royal power after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when he became the first Norman king. His successor, William II, had a census conducted in 1086 known as the Domesday Book, which helped him and later English rulers establish efficient tax collection. Under King Henry II in the 12th century, England developed a common law system and early jury trials. In France, the Capetian dynasty established strong centralized royal authority over three centuries starting with Hugh Capet in 987.
The Middle Ages
During the Medieval period in Europe from 500-1400 AD:
1. The fall of the Western Roman Empire led to disruption of trade, the downfall of cities, and a population shift to the countryside as people turned to the Church for stability and order.
2. Feudalism and the manorial system provided a social and economic structure where lords granted land to vassals who provided military and labor services in return.
3. The Crusades were a series of religious wars called by the Pope starting in 1095 in response to Muslim conquests. They temporarily resulted in Christian control of Jerusalem but ultimately failed to retain the Holy Land.
High Middle Ages
Feudalism established a political and social hierarchy in medieval Europe consisting of three main classes: the clergy who prayed, the nobility who fought, and peasants who worked. Peasants gradually became serfs who were bound to manor lands and owed labor and taxes to lords. The rise of towns and trade in the 11th century led to the growth of a merchant class. New universities and the spread of Christianity through the Crusades transformed Europe.
Module Seven Presentation Notes
1. In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England and defeated the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, establishing Norman rule over England and bringing feudalism to its lands.
2. Under Henry II in the 12th century, England's legal system was strengthened through the establishment of common law, trial by jury, and a unified court system.
3. The 13th century saw the development of Parliament in England as kings needed money and granted power to the nobility and commoners to tax and spend, establishing the foundations of representative democracy.
Developing Society
The document summarizes the history of England from the Norman conquest in 1066 through the Wars of the Roses that ended in 1485. It describes the line of Norman kings who conquered England and established feudal system, followed by the House of Plantagenet. Key events included Henry II strengthening royal power over barons and reforming justice system, conflicts with the church, signing of the Magna Carta, the emergence of Parliament, the devastation of the Black Death, and finally the War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the throne.
Medieval 2
The document provides an overview of life in Medieval Europe from 500-1500 AD, known as the Middle Ages or Medieval period. It summarizes that the period began with the collapse of the Roman Empire and was characterized by the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the conflicts between Christians and Muslims, such as the Crusades. Key developments included the establishment of monarchies and nation-states, the spread of Christianity, and the founding of universities that helped revive learning.
Medieval
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe from 500 to 1500 AD. It describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism and the manorial system. Key events included the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, the development of languages and kingdoms in Europe, and the Crusades between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The period ended with the devastation of the Black Death pandemic in the late Middle Ages.
Ch 10 Medieval Europe
The document provides an overview of the Middle Ages in Europe from 500-1400 AD. It summarizes key events and developments, including the rise of the Franks under Clovis; the expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne; the growth of feudalism and manorialism; the Norman conquest of England; the signing of the Magna Carta; the rise of powerful monarchies in France and England; the Crusades; the Black Death plague; and cultural and architectural developments like Gothic cathedrals and vernacular literature.
The Middle Ages in Europe - World History
The document provides an overview of major events and developments in Europe during the Middle Ages. It discusses the decline of the Roman Empire and rise of feudalism, the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the Crusades, and key figures like Charlemagne and Joan of Arc. It also covers advances in areas like architecture, trade, and banking as well as setbacks like the Black Plague pandemic in the 14th century.
Middle Ages
The document provides information on the Middle Ages in Europe, including the rise of feudalism and the feudal system. It discusses how the invasions of groups like the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influenced the development of Europe by leading to the establishment of manors and castles for protection and undermining trade and towns, reinforcing the feudal system. It also summarizes key aspects of feudal society like the relationship between lords and vassals.
Fall roman empire middle ages
The document discusses the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Middle Ages. It cites disease (the bubonic plague) and invasions by tribes from modern-day Germany and France as contributing to the fall of Rome. This led to the emergence of a feudal system and the rise of power of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages, a time of castles, knights, and isolated manors for protection. Important technological developments during this period included water wheels, eyeglasses, mechanical clocks, printing, and gunpowder.
Middle ages
The document provides an overview of the Middle Ages in Europe from the decline of the Roman Empire to the late Middle Ages. It discusses the rise of barbarian tribes and new forms of government, the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital, the expanding influence of the Christian Church. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system defined by obligations between lords and vassals. The High Middle Ages saw the rise of royal dynasties and the establishment of laws to limit violence. The Late Middle Ages was defined by the Black Death pandemic that killed one-third of Europe's population and led to social changes.
Parliamentary Growth of Uk (former Great Britain)
1) Parliamentary growth in Great Britain influenced the development of a strong navy and independent thinking as the island was separated from continental Europe.
2) The Magna Carta established limits on royal power and affirmed rights like trial by jury.
3) The beginnings of Parliament emerged from the Model Parliament called by Edward I, which included representatives from the counties.
Feudalism
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages. It describes the rise of feudalism as a political system where kings granted land to lords in exchange for military service. Lords then granted land to knights who protected peasant farmers known as serfs. People typically lived in self-sufficient farming communities called manors, centered around a lord's castle. It also discusses key events like the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the creation of the Magna Carta in 1215, which established early limits on a king's power and influenced the development of parliamentary democracy.
Building National Monarchies
Building National Monarchies (1000-
1500)
Growth of Royal Power in
England and France
The Struggle Between Popes
and Emperors
Strong Monarchies in Spain
and Scandinavia
Decline of Medieval Society
The Middle Ages in England
This document summarizes events in England between 1066 and 1485:
1) William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 after Edward the Confessor's death, establishing Norman rule and gradually replacing Anglo-Saxon culture with Norman-French culture.
2) Feudalism became the dominant economic and social system, and the French language was used among the aristocracy. Chivalry also became an important influence on nobility.
3) Events like the signing of the Magna Carta, the Black Death plague, and the Wars of the Roses weakened the monarchy and feudal system, while the Renaissance began to take hold in England by the late 15th century.
The rise of europe section 1 4
The document summarizes developments in Europe between 500-1300 AD. It describes how after the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes divided Western Europe into small kingdoms. Feudalism emerged as a political and social system in response to invasions. Under feudalism, peasants were bound to manors while nobles pledged loyalty to greater lords. The Catholic Church grew powerful and shaped daily life, though faced challenges that led to reform movements. Population growth and new technologies sparked an agricultural revolution and commercial expansion, transforming the medieval economy and society. Towns and guilds emerged amid this economic change.
Middle ages
The document summarizes key aspects of life in medieval England such as social life, important events, politics, religion, heritage, literature, and the timeline of kings from 1066-1485 CE. It describes the feudal system established by William the Conqueror, women's inferior status, common activities like music and sports. Major events included the Battle of Hastings, Hundred Years' War, Wars of the Roses, and Black Death pandemic. The Catholic Church was powerful and Christianity the official religion. The Magna Carta limited royal power. Literature included heroic and religious works by authors like Chaucer and Langland.
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The Space Race
The Space Race began in 1957 with the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, starting a competition between the US and USSR to demonstrate technological superiority. Both nations sought to lead in rocketry and spaceflight, with the US focusing on landing humans on the Moon before the Soviets. This competition drove rapid advances in science and technology during the Cold War era until cooperation emerged in the late 20th century.
Supreme court Landmark Cases
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The document discusses how World War II transformed life on the American home front. The government took on an expanded role, mobilizing industries for war production and providing incentives to businesses. Over 2 million Americans moved to California for war jobs. Organized labor grew dramatically. However, racial minorities still faced significant discrimination and Japanese Americans were forcibly interned. The war accelerated the civil rights movement and women entered the workforce in large numbers. The Manhattan Project developed the atomic bomb, which the U.S. dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, hastening the end of the war in the Pacific.
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The document summarizes key events in America's entry into World War II and relations with other nations during this period. It describes the US's Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, continuing isolationism, and reluctance to get involved in another European war after WWI despite wanting to help Britain. It also outlines increasing tensions with Japan over its expansionism in Asia, culminating in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 that prompted the US to declare war.
New deal
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Dust bowl
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Final Regents Review: The Middle Ages
- 1. By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY
- 2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
- 3. Europe in the 6c
- 4. The Medieval Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. monasticism: St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. provided schools for the children of the upper class. inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
- 5. The Power of the Medieval Church bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. curb heresies crusades; Inquisition tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].
- 6. A Medieval Monk’s Day
- 7. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
- 9. Romanesque Architectural Style Rounded Arches. Barrel vaults. Thick walls. Darker, simplistic interiors. Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
- 10. Charlemagne: 742 to 814
- 12. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
- 13. The Rise of European Monarchies: England
- 14. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843
- 15. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
- 16. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
- 17. Parts of a Medieval Castle
- 18. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
- 19. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
- 21. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work
- 23. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)
- 24. Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I: William’s son. set up a court system. Exchequer dept. of royal finances. Henry II: established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. grand jury. trial by jury.
- 25. Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I: William’s son. set up a court system. Exchequer dept. of royal finances. Henry II: established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. grand jury. trial by jury.
- 26. Magna Carta, 1215 King John I Runnymeade “Great Charter” monarchs were not above the law. kings had to consult a council of advisors. kings could not tax arbitrarily.
- 27. The Beginnings of the British Parliament Great Council: middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. eventually called Parliament. by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords nobles & clergy. o House of Commons knights and burgesses.
- 28. The Rise of European Monarchies: France
- 29. Gothic Architectural Style Pointed arches. High, narrow vaults. Thinner walls. Flying buttresses. Elaborate, ornate, “Flying” Buttresses airier interiors. Stained-glass windows.
- 30. Setting Out on Crusade
- 31. Christian Crusades: East and West
- 32. Late Medieval Town Dwellings
- 33. Medieval Trade
- 34. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices