- Marbury v Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to invalidate laws that are unconstitutional.
- McCulloch v Maryland (1819) affirmed Congress's broad implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.
- Gibbons v Ogden (1824) expanded Congress's power under the Commerce Clause to regulate interstate economic activity.
Parliamentary sovereignty is a most thinkable constitutional principle of UK's west minister system of parliament. So, here we discuss some important issues on parliamentary sovereignty.
Article 356 is inspired by sections 93 of the Government of India Act, 1935,
which provided that if a Governor of a province was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the government of the province cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the said Act, he could assume to himself all or any of the powers of the government and discharge those functions in his discretion.The Governor, however, could not encroach upon the powers of the high court
Terrorism in International Law: The struggle to define terrorismAnthony Veluz
International Criminal Justice.
In our ICJ module we are required to do a presentation in each seminar on the week's topic area. Our presentation would usually consist of one of:
- literature review
- case review
- current issues
For our final seminar we had to give a presentation on one of the following topics:
- aggression
- terrorism
- torture
My presentation was on terrorism and I mainly looked at the literature on this area, with the odd case and current issues included. My primary focus was on the definition of terrorism as I couldn't find a universally accepted definition and looked at the problems this caused. The battle against terrorism is difficult enough, hampered by the absence of a definition. I examine the reasons as to why there isn't a definition, the difficulties in establishing one, the effect of establishing one, and therefore answering the question whether a definition of terrorism is actually needed.
The Articles of Confederation: America's First ConstitutionTom Richey
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was created to introduce US History students to the Articles of Confederation, the first plan of government adopted by the United States. The successes (winning the war, Northwest Ordinance) and failures (bad economy, Shays' Rebellion, etc.) are explained. A graphic organizer is included to help students compare and contrast the Articles with the Constitution.
Parliamentary sovereignty is a most thinkable constitutional principle of UK's west minister system of parliament. So, here we discuss some important issues on parliamentary sovereignty.
Article 356 is inspired by sections 93 of the Government of India Act, 1935,
which provided that if a Governor of a province was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the government of the province cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the said Act, he could assume to himself all or any of the powers of the government and discharge those functions in his discretion.The Governor, however, could not encroach upon the powers of the high court
Terrorism in International Law: The struggle to define terrorismAnthony Veluz
International Criminal Justice.
In our ICJ module we are required to do a presentation in each seminar on the week's topic area. Our presentation would usually consist of one of:
- literature review
- case review
- current issues
For our final seminar we had to give a presentation on one of the following topics:
- aggression
- terrorism
- torture
My presentation was on terrorism and I mainly looked at the literature on this area, with the odd case and current issues included. My primary focus was on the definition of terrorism as I couldn't find a universally accepted definition and looked at the problems this caused. The battle against terrorism is difficult enough, hampered by the absence of a definition. I examine the reasons as to why there isn't a definition, the difficulties in establishing one, the effect of establishing one, and therefore answering the question whether a definition of terrorism is actually needed.
The Articles of Confederation: America's First ConstitutionTom Richey
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was created to introduce US History students to the Articles of Confederation, the first plan of government adopted by the United States. The successes (winning the war, Northwest Ordinance) and failures (bad economy, Shays' Rebellion, etc.) are explained. A graphic organizer is included to help students compare and contrast the Articles with the Constitution.
In this powerpoint lecture presentation, Robert A. Williams, Jr., E. Thomas Sullivan Professor of Law and and Faculty Co-chair, Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at the University of Arizona Rogers College of Law, discusses “The Legal Framework for Native Nation Building” at a recent University of Arizona Native Nations Institute (NNI) Executive Education for Tribal Leaders Workshop. Professor Williams, who is also a Faculty Associate of NNI, provides an overview of the U.S. government's centuries-long assault on tribal sovereignty -- in particular the ability of Native Nations to make and enforce law -- and stresses the importance of Native Nations systematically building their capacity to exercise jurisdiction over their own land and affairs in what he calls "the 21st century nation-building era."
This is a Powerpoint presentation that explains the history of segregation in the US. It is an important tool as it illustrates the background of racial tension that can exist today and open dialogue to create change and more progressive attitudes towards race. It helps promote diversity as the injustices of segregation call us all to look at our own biases. It also bolsters diversity, as Powerpoint accommodates many types of learners, both audio and visual. Powerpoint is an important technological tool to use in a class room, providing audio and visual help to students. This presentation illustrates my understanding of the program. I have uploaded this Powerpoint to a shared slide site, which further shows my comfort with the Internet in this age of technology.
I presented this presentation to the Fatih University in Istanbul Turkey. I discussed why the American legal system is unique by giving the history behind our government and laws.
22320171The Struggles for Equality Civil Rights.docxtamicawaysmith
2/23/2017
1
The Struggles for Equality:
Civil Rights, Racism, Poverty,
and Immigration
Chapter 11
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
11.1 Discuss the promise of equality as embodied in the ideals of the
Enlightenment.
11.2 Discuss Martin Luther King’s philosophy of nonviolence in fighting for
equality.
11.3 Analyze the utilitarian argument for equality.
11.4 Articulate the moral arguments behind one’s duty to help the less
fortunate as proposed by Peter Singer.
The Enlightenment
The late 18th century witnessed the climax and the political
embodiment of the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment as the
American Revolution and the French Revolution brought back an
idea that had remained dormant since ancient Greece:
democracy.
In France, the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man declared that
“all men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”
2/23/2017
2
Freedom and the rights of humanity
Prior to that, in 1776, 33-year-old Thomas Jefferson with the help of
Benjamin Franklin and James Madison wrote the Declaration of
Independence which contains what is perhaps the most
sweeping and promising statement of human rights the world has
seen:
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the
Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are
instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed” (Declaration of Independence, In Congress,
July 4, 1776).
Martin Luther King Jr.
A man of action, a man of peace, and a man of God, Martin
Luther King was born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, the son of
Martin Luther King, Sr., and Alberta Williams King. He attended
Morehouse College in Atlanta as an undergraduate and later
Boston University for his doctorate in theology. He became head
of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and,
also, like his father, he served as pastor to the Ebenezer Baptist
Church in Atlanta.
King’s views
The moral philosophy King developed, usually drenched in the
considerable rhetorical powers of his Baptist preacher’s armor, was a
quest for “civil rights and social justice,” as the Nobel Prize committee
cited, “that all the inhabitants of the United States would be judged
by their personal qualities and not by the color of their skins.”
His quest was a relentless, nonviolent fight against the evils of racism,
poverty, and militarism. His fight against racism continues to inspire
the struggles to eliminate all prejudice, such as anti-Semitism and
islamophobia, homophobia, mysogyny, prejudice against the
disabled, and any other form of institutionalized bigotry that keeps
people from being all that they can be.
“Racism is a philosophy based on a contempt for life,” King said. “It
separates not only b ...
Description: This essay will share relevant historical context and background information on the United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) court case. It will also detail the lasting influences of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision and explain why this case deserves much greater recognition than it has received, considering its profound impact on many generations of Americans.
Length: 2401 words
In March 2, 1917, the Jones Act was approved granting U.S. citizenship to people born in P.R. and providing the residents of P.R. with a “Charter of Rights.” That Bill of Rights included inter alia the “due process” of law when a citizen's life, liberty or property are violated; the right to “Habeas Corpus”; prohibition of ex post facto laws; the just compensation for expropriated property; the right to bail; the right to be innocent until proven guilty; the right to freedom of speech and press; and numerous other provisions under the Constitution of the United Together. In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court expressed in Foley Brothers Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281, that it was a well-established principle of law that all federal legislation applies only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States unless a contrary intent appears. It was later established that P.R. was to be subject to the Congress’ plenary powers under the “territorial clause” of Article IV, sec. 3, of the U.S. Constitution and that due to the establishment of the Federal Relations Act of 1950 all federal laws that are “not locally inapplicable” were to be automatically the law of the land in P.R.
In 1951, the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600, authorizing P.R. to draft its own constitution. In July 25, 1952, the Puerto Rican Constitution was approved by a popular referendum and ratified by the U.S. Congress, with a “few amendments.” U.S. maintained an ultimate sovereignty over P.R. while at the same time it gave Puerto Ricans certain degree of autonomy over the island. Under the Territorial Clause, the autonomy recognized to the island has being interpreted by the U.S. Congress as recognition of the sovereignty over the island. In 1976 the U.S. Supreme Court indicated that the purpose of Congress in the legislations of 1950 and 1952 was to accord to P.R. the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with a State of the Union. In that same year the Puerto Rican Supreme Court, posed with the question of what should be the relationship between the 4th Amendment of the Federal Constitution, and section 10 of article II of the Puerto Rican Constitution, concluded that P.R. remains subject to the will of Congress as to what rights are applicable and which not and that 4th Amendment describes the minimum level of security to be recognize by states, borders that can be expanded but not reduced. In short, because more than 150 years of constitutional development and civil rights struggles around the world as well as the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” and the “American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man,” both from 1948, were taken into account, P.R. was be able to draft a Bill of Rights more extensive and progressive than the one written by the drafters of the U.S. Constitution in the 18th century. In response to that struggle the P.R. Constitution recognizes the constitutional rights of the U.S. Constitutio
Business Memo Template
MEMORANDUM
TO:
FROM:
DATE:
SUBJECT:
I'm writing to inform you that [reason for writing memo].
As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening paragraph].
Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your cooperation as [official business information] takes place.
Header:
In your header, you'll want to clearly label your content "Memorandum" so your readers know exactly they're receiving. Then, you'll want to include "TO", "FROM", "DATE", and "SUBJECT". This information is relevant for providing content, like who you're addressing, and why.
Paragraph One:
In the first paragraph, you'll want to quickly and clearly state the purpose of your memo. You might begin your sentence with the phrase, "I'm writing to inform you … " or "I'm writing to request ... ". A memo is meant to be short, clear, and to-the-point. You'll want to deliver your most critical information upfront, and then use subsequent paragraphs as opportunities to dive into more detail.
Paragraph Two:
In the second paragraph, you'll want to provide context or supporting evidence. For instance, let's say your memo is informing the company of an internal re-organization. If this is the case, paragraph two should say something like, "As our company continues to grow, we've decided it makes more sense to separate our video production team from our content team. This way, those teams can focus more on their individual goals."
Paragraph Three:
In the third paragraph, you'll want to include your specific request of each employee -- if you're planning a team outing, this is the space you'd include, "Please RSVP with dietary restrictions," or "Please email me with questions."
On the contrary, if you're informing staff of upcoming construction to the building, you might say, "I'd appreciate your cooperation during this time." Even if there isn't any specific action you expect from employees, it's helpful to include how you hope they'll handle the news and whether you expect them to do something in response to the memo.
V ie w s fro m t h e B e n c h
Understanding the 14th Amendment
Editor’s Note: The following short essays appeared in the Law Day special edition sponsored by the Utah State Bar; the Utah
Judiciary, and the Utah Commission on Civic & Character Education. The special edition was included in the print version of
Utah's leading newspapers. Although written with a lay audience in mind, these essays contain worthwhile messages, and we
reprint them here, with the authors' permission, in case any o f our readers missed them.
Bending Toward Justice
by Judge J. Frederic Voros, Jr., Presiding Judge, Utah Court o f Appeals
T w i c e in the last month - once in a
law office and once in an art museum - 1
saw a print of a 1963 painting by
Norman Rockwell. He called it “The
Problem We All Live With.” It depicts a
six-year-old girl walking to school. Two
deputy U.S. marshals w.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Marbury v Madison 1803
Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison, arguably the most important case
in Supreme Court history, was the first U.S. Supreme
Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" --
the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in
conflict with the Constitution. Written in 1803 by Chief
Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in
making the Supreme Court a separate branch of
government on par with Congress and the executive.
3. McCulloch v Maryland 1819
“Elastic Clause”
In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) the Supreme Court
ruled that Congress had implied powers under the
Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of
the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the
United States and that the state of Maryland lacked
the power to tax the Bank. Arguably Chief Justice John
Marshall's finest opinion, McCulloch not only gave
Congress broad discretionary power to implement the
enumerated powers, but also repudiated, in ringing
language, the radical states' rights arguments
presented by counsel for Maryland.
4. Gibbons v Ogden 1824
Supremacy of National Laws
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) vastly expanded the powers
of Congress through a single clause in the Constitution:
the Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8. The Court
ruled that under that clause Congress had powers to
regulate any aspect of commerce that crossed state
lines, including modes of transportation, and that such
regulation preempted conflicting regulation by the
states. Since Gibbons, the Commerce Clause has
provided the basis for sweeping congressional power
over a multitude of national issues.
5. Dred Scott v Sanford 1857
Slaves are property
Blacks are not citizens
In Dred Scott v. Sandford (argued 1856 -- decided
1857), the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of
African descent, whether free or slave, were not
American citizens and could not sue in federal court.
The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to
ban slavery in the U.S. territories. Finally, the Court
declared that the rights of slaveowners were
constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment
because slaves were categorized as property.
6. Plessy v Ferguson 1896
Separate but Equal
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court
considered the constitutionality of a Louisiana law
passed in 1890 "providing for separate railway carriages
for the white and colored races." The law, which
required that all passenger railways provide separate
cars for blacks and whites, stipulated that the cars be
equal in facilities, banned whites from sitting in black
cars and blacks in white cars (with exception to "nurses
attending children of the other race"), and penalized
passengers or railway employees for violating its terms.
7. Schenck v US 1919
Limits Free Speech
In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court
invented the famous "clear and present danger" test to
determine when a state could constitutionally limit an
individual's free speech rights under the First
Amendment. In reviewing the conviction of a man
charged with distributing provocative flyers to draftees
of World War I, the Court asserted that, in certain
contexts, words can create a "clear and present
danger" that Congress may constitutionally prohibit.
While the ruling has since been overturned, Schenck is
still significant for creating the context-based
balancing tests used in reviewing freedom of speech
challenges.
8. Korematsu v US 1944
Limit Civil Liberties During War
Early in World War II, on February 19, 1942, President
Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, granting
the U.S. military the power to ban tens of thousands of
American citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas
deemed critical to domestic security. Promptly exercising
the power so bestowed, the military then issued an order
banning "all persons of Japanese ancestry, both alien and
non-alien" from a designated coastal area stretching from
Washington State to southern Arizona, and hastily set up
internment camps to hold the Japanese Americans for
the duration of the war. In defiance of the order, Fred
Korematsu, an American-born citizen of Japanese
descent, refused to leave his home in San Leandro,
California. Duly convicted, he appealed, and in 1944 his
case reached the Supreme Court. A 6-3 majority on the
Court upheld Korematsu's conviction.
9. Brown v Board of Education 1954
Desegregates schools
Overturns Plessy v Ferguson
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), now
acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court
decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that
the racial segregation of children in public schools
violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Although the decision did not succeed
in fully desegregating public education in the United
States, it put the Constitution on the side of racial
equality and galvanized the nascent civil rights
movement into a full revolution.
10. Engel v Vitale 1962
Prayer in School Violates the 1st Amendment
This case determined that it is unconstitutional for
state officials to compose an official school
prayer and encourage its recitation in public
schools. The case was brought by the families of
public school students in New Hyde Park, New
York who complained that the voluntary prayer
written by the state board of regents to "Almighty
God" contradicted their religious beliefs. They
were supported by groups opposed to the school
prayer including rabbinical organizations, Ethical
Culture, and Judaic organizations.
11. Gideon v Wainwright 1963
Right to Lawyer
In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court
ruled that the Constitution requires the states to
provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants
charged with serious offenses who cannot afford
lawyers themselves.
12. Miranda v Arizona 1966
Police must Inform Accused of their Rights
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled
that detained criminal suspects, prior to police
questioning, must be informed of their constitutional
right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
13. Roe v Wade 1971
Gave Women the Right to Abortion
Roe v. Wade (1973) ruled unconstitutional a state law
that banned abortions except to save the life of the
mother. The Court ruled that the states were forbidden
from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion
performed during the first trimester of pregnancy,
could only enact abortion regulations reasonably
related to maternal health in the second and third
trimesters, and could enact abortion laws protecting
the life of the fetus only in the third trimester. Even then,
an exception had to be made to protect the life of the
mother.
14. New York Times v US
Freedom of the press
National security not threatened by Pentagon Papers
This ruling made it possible for the New York Times
and Washington Post newspapers to publish the
then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of
government censorship or punishment.
President Richard Nixon had claimed executive
authority to force the Times to suspend publication
of classified information in its possession. The question
before the court was whether the constitutional
freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First
Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of
the executive branch of government to maintain the
secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that
the First Amendment did protect the right of the New
York Times to print the materials.
15. Regents of U of California v Bakke 1978
Affirmative Action Programs Constitutional
In Regents of University of California v. Bakke
(1978), the Supreme Court ruled that a university's
use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was
unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative
action" to accept more minority applicants was
constitutional in some circumstances.
