Building National Monarchies

Building National
Monarchies
(1000-1500)
LESSON 2:

Building National Monarchies
1000-1500
 In the stifling heat of 1137, hundreds of the richest
most respectable nobles in France set out from Paris.
They made an impressive escort for Louis, heir to the
French throne. It took a month for the expedition to
reach Bordeaux, at Bordeaux they witnessed the
marriage of Louis to Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine and
Countess of Poitou (pwah TOO).
2

1000-1500
3

1000-1500
For 70 years of Eleanor she
played a central role in medieval
Europe.
When Louis of France divorced
her, she married Henry heir to the
English throne.
Two of Eleanor’s sons later
became kings of England.
4
Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of
many dynamic figures who shaped
political life in the late Middle
Ages.
In the late Middle Ages the
situation changed dramatically as
ambitious rulers extended royal
authority.

1000-1500
“Queen Eleanor, a matchless woman,
beautiful and chaste, powerful and modest,
meek and eloquent, two husbands and two
sons crowned kings, whose power was the
admiration of her age.
5

Growth of Royal in
England and France
6

In 1000, Westerns Europe was
divided into many smalls,
independent states
 Between 1000 and 1500, kings in
England and France increased their
power and unified their territories.
7
Growth of Royal in England and
France

During the Middle Ages,
political power was fragmented.
Feudal nobles ruled vast lands,
presided over their own courts,
and coined their own money
because they had their own
vassals, these nobles could raise
armies and caused war.
9
Foundations for unity
The churched was also a
center of political power,
churches and monasteries
owned a huge amount of land
in Western Europe, the church
could also raise armies from
among its vassals, they can
also coin their owned money.

In the early Middle Ages,
the feudal system of
government had worked well,
people looked to the local lord
for protection and order.
Townspeople usually
supported the king.
10
A king benefited from
increased trade and commerce.
The king became less
dependent on the military
service of feudal lords.
With a strong professional
army, a king could suppress
rebellious nobles.

 Royals power in Western Europe grew
slowly over hundreds of years. Individual
monarchs in nations such as England and
France faced different institutions of
government developed.
11

The Norman
Conquest of England
12

England had not become a
feudal society during the
Viking invasions.
Anglo – Saxon kings kept
some authority over the county
and united the people against
the Danes.
13
The Norman Conquest of England
In 1066, England was
conquered by William, Duke of
Normandy, later he was known as
William the Conqueror.
William divided Anglo- Saxon
lands among the Norman lords, or
barons who had helped in the
conquest.

14
To ensure his control over
the barons, William made
them swear allegiance to him
as the sole ruler of England.
He declared that everyone,
peasant and lord, owed
loyalty first to the kings, not
to another feudal lord.

15
William established the
foundations for a strong
central government in
England.
He sent out officials to
gather accurate information
about all property in the
kingdom.

Jury from the French word “jure” meaning “sworn
under oath”.
 “Domesday Bok”, has given scholars much useful
information about medieval England.
The King used this survey to decide what taxes people
owed.
16

Extending Royal
Power in England
17

18
Extending Royal Power in England
Henry I established
Exchequer. By keeping
accurate tax records, the
Exchequer added to the
king's authority.

In the twelfth century, Henry II
grandson of Henry I, further
expanded the power of royal courts
by sending circuit judges into the
countryside.
 In each town a circuit judge
ordered juries to report on crimes and
disputes.
19

There are two types of juries
developed:
20
 Grand Jury which decided
what cases would be
brought to trial.
 Trial Jury which gave
verdicts on the cases.
Any free man could bring
a case before a royal court.
The decisions a of royal
courts were recorded, and
they became the basis for
common law.

The expansions of royal power in England did not go
unopposed.
Henry II’s efforts to control church resulted in a tragic
conflict.
Henry had his friend Thomas Becket appointed Archbishop
of Canterbury.
Once in power, Becket opposed the king’s policy toward the
church courts, and the two men became enemies.
22
The Magna Carta

23

Henry’s son John battled unsuccessfully with both the
church and his barons.
In 1209, the powerful Pope Innocent III,
excommunicated John.
To regain the pope’s favor, John agreed to make
England a papal fief and to pay an annual fee to Rome.
24
The Magna Carta

25

In 1215 they forced John to sign a
charter that spelled out their rights.
This document became known as the
Magna Carta, or Great Charter.
26
The Magna Carta

27
To John’s barons, the
Magna Carta was
simply a written
guarantee of their
traditional rights and
privileges.

The Magna Carta was of lasting importance for several
reasons:
28
The Magna Carta
 The rights given to nobles were later extended to all
classes.
 Certain clauses were later used to limit the power of
the monarch.
Finally, the Magna Carta established the idea that the
king had to respect the law.

Origins of the
English Parliament
29

30
Origins of the English Parliament
Power struggles between
the king and his nobles
continued in the 1200s both
sides recognized the
growing importance of the
towns.
Some meetings of the Great
Council began to include lesser
knights and representatives
from the towns.
These meetings came to
known as Parliament, from the
French word “parler”, meaning
“to talk”.

31

32
In 1295…

33
Model Parliament

34
This division eventually resulted in two houses of
Parliament:
 House of the Lords made up representatives of
great nobles and bishops.
 House Commons made up representatives of lesser
knights and townspeople.

35
Over the centuries, Parliament gradually
increased its financial and legislative powers.

Building the French
Monarchy
36

37
Building the French Monarchy
William the Conqueror
had swiftly established
royal power in England,
but French kings
struggled for centuries to
unite their kingdom gain
control over feudal lords.
In 843 the Treaty of Verdun
had divided Charlemagne’s
empire into three parts.
The process of building the
French monarchy began in 987
when the feudal lords elected
Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, as
King.

38

39
Next 350 years, the Capetian
dynasty slowly increased the
power and prestige of French
rulers.
First, they made the crown
hereditary within their family.
Then used diplomacy, marriage
and war to add to lands.
French Kings such
as Philip II reduced
the English holdings
by defeating King
John of England.

40
The French King then seized
the lands of nobles who had
sided with the heretics. By
1328, the French king ruled
most of central and southern
France.

A Strong Central
Government
41

42
French monarchs set up efficient
royal bureaucracy, a group of officials
who govern through departments.
The king appointed educated
clergy, lesser knights and
townspeople to administer the
districts of France.
Royals officials were chosen for
their ability and were paid a salary.
In the late Middle Ages, this
loyalty helped French kings in
their conflicts with the church.
In 1302, Philip IV clashed
with Pope Boniface VIII
because the king wanted to tax
the clergy and appoint
bishops.

43

44
A Strong Central Government
To show he had the support of the French people, Philip
summoned an assembly that represented the three estates, or
classes, in France.
 Clergy
 Nobility
 Bourgeoisie or townspeople.

45
Estates-General (States
General), French États-
Généraux, in France of the
pre-Revolution monarchy, the
representative assembly of the
three “estates,” or orders of
the realm.

46
The Estate General was also called in the assembly,
he also supported the king against the pope.
 The Estates General did not become as
powerful as the English Parliament in part because it
did not have power over taxation.
Royal bureaucracy grew in strength since the king
controlled the bureaucracy, he gained great power.

THE STRUGGLE
BETWEEN POPES AND
EMPERORS
47

48
THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN POPES
AND EMPERORS

49
THE DUKE OF SAXONY OTTO 1
- In 936, he was chosen king.
- He soon gained control over
the other German dukes.
- He also extended his power
over the central region of
Charlemagne’s empire in
Northern Italy.

50
 In order to centralize power in Germany, he developed ties with the Church.
 He appointed educated clergy as advisors and he supported the missionary
works of the Church.
 In, exchange he gained the right to appoint German bishops and Archbishops
who would support him against the dukes.
 His ties with the church lead Otto I to invade Italy to protect the pope from
powerful Roman nobles.
 Otto I, claimed the Northern Italy through his marriage of Adelaide widow of
an Italian King.
 In 962, the pope crowned him as “Emperor of Romans”.

51
 In the next 250 years,Germanemperors became deeplyinvolved
in Italian affairs.
 At first they supportedreforms in the church, which later leads to
corrupt influences.
 They often intervened to ensure the election of able popes.
 11th and 12th Century the Church gained power that leads to
clashed in a great power struggle.

52
SOURCES OF CONFLICT
 Reforms in the Church
 In a solemn ceremony the emperor invested,or
gave,a new bishop the symbols of his office-
usually a ring and a staff. This practice known as
“lay investiture”.

53
THE INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY
Pope GregoryVII
 In 1073, the monk Hildebrand was elected as
pope.
 Outspokenand able reformer.
 He ended and banned the selling of the Church
offices and the process of lay investiture.
 Gregory’s ban on lay investiture brought an
angry responsefrom Emperor Henry IV of the
Holy Roman Empire.

54
THE INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY
 He was excommunicated by the Pope.
 To save his throne Henry crossed the Alps into Italy.
 He found the pope at the castle of Canossa in
northern Italy.
 He asked forgivenessto the pope.
 Gregory readmitted him to the Church
 Henry returned to Germany and continued to
appoint bishops.
 He was excommunicated in the second time.
 He marched on Rome and drove Gregory into exile.

55
CONCORDAT OF WORMS
 By this agreement, Church officials elected bishops and
abbots.
 The emperor kept the privilege of granting of any lands
and secular powers that accompanied the Church office.
 But, still issues on investiture controversy still remained.
It is centered into two main issues:
 Spiritual and Political authority, such as its power over
secular rulers.

56
THE STRUGGLE FOR ITALY
FREDERICK I
Barbarossa or “red
beard”
Became Holy Roman
Emperor
He was determined to
rule both Italy and
Germany.

57
POPE’S ACTION VS FREDERICK’S
ACTION
 The pope saw that the emperorsaction is a threat to the Papal
State in Central Italy.
 The pope encourage the Northern Italian town to unite against the
emperor.
 The struggle for control of Italy involved both pope and emperor
in endless wars and intrigue.
 1800’sthat the many small states of Germany and Italy were
finally united into two independentnations.

58
Pope Innocent III
1160 -1216
 He came close in making the church
supremein both spiritual and worldly
affairs.
 He kept strict control over the
bishops,who in turn watched the
lower clergy.
 He successfully asserted his authority
over secular ruler.
 In 1209,he excommunicated King
John
 He only lifted the ban when the
English King became his vassal.
 He also deposedone German emperor
and intervened to ensure the election
of another who promised not to
threaten the Papal Power in Italy.

59
3 STRONG MONARCHIES IN SPAIN
AND SCANDINAVIA
MUSLIMIN SPAIN
 In the 700’s Muslimarmies conquered most of Spain.
 Only few small Christian Kingdom survived in the North.
 Commerce did not decline in Muslim Spain as it had in other
parts of WesternEurope.
 Jewish communities benefited from the tolerant policies of the
Muslims.
 In large cities such as Cordova and Granada,merchants sold
products from all over the world.

60
3 STRONG MONARCHIES IN SPAIN
AND SCANDINAVIA
 Cordova, capital of Spain was the most prosperous city
in WesternEurope.
 Spain was also thriving center of Islamic civilization.
 Peacefulcontact between Muslim and Christian
scholars.
 Muslim scholars had preserved Greekand Roman texts.
 Christian scholars translated these works and thus
rediscoveredthe learning of the ancient world.

61
THE RECONQUEST NORTH VS. SOUTH
KINGDOM
 Christian kingdoms in the North of Spain had fought to expel Muslims
since the 800’s.
 Spanish knights launched a crusade called “reconquista” or reconquest.
 By 1250, Muslims held only the kingdom of Granada in Southern
Spain.
 Three Christian Kingdoms controlled the rest of the peninsula.
 Portugal became independentstate which had their own language and
a strong interest in overseas trade.
 Kingdom of Castile dominated the Central Spain, the Kingdom of
Argon controlled the Northeast.

62
QUEEN ISABELLA OF CASTILE AND
FERDINAND OF ARGON

63
QUEEN ISABELLA OF CASTILE AND
FERDINAND OF ARGON
 Their marriage united most of Spain.
 The new rulers acted to centralize power.
 They joined forces with the townspeople against the nobles.
 They limited the power of the Cortes, an assemblysimilar to the
Estates General in France.
 They had strong allies with the Church.
 Reform of clergy and appointing high church officials in Spain.
 In 1492, Christian army captured Granada, the last Muslim outpost in
Spain that ends the crusade in Spain.

64
RELIGIOUS POLICY
 They ordered Jews and Muslims to convert Christianity or
leave to Spain.
 Spanish ruler used the Inquisition to increase power and
enforce their religious policy.

65
NATIONS OF SCANDINAVIA
 Beginning about 800, Viking invaders from
Norway, Sweden and Denmark terrorized
Europe.
 During the invasion of Viking, missionary
works continued and convert them into
Christians.
 Christian missionaries introduced a systemof
writing as well as other aspects of Medieval
civilization.
 By about 100, Viking raids ended.

66
Canute: The Danish King
One of the strong rulers
that united the people of
Scandinavia.
He conquered the
Northern empire
including England,
Norway and parts of
Sweden.

67
Queen Margaret of
Denmark
- She was able to unite Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway peacefully.
- In 1837,she became Queen of Denmark.
In the same year, Norway introduced the system
of electing a monarch.
- Swedish nobles deposed their King and asked
Margaretto take the throne of Sweden.
 After her death, however, rivalriesresurfaced.
 In the 15th Century commerce and industry
made Sweden one of the strongeststates in
Europe.
 In 1523, it broke away from the union .
Denmark and Norway remained united until
1814.

DECLINE OF
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
68

69
DECLINE OF MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

70
 In the early 1300’s, poor harvests
resulted in terrible famines and a
population decline.
 Agriculture, trade, and commerce
entered a long slump.
 A disastrous epidemic of bubonic
plague, often called the Black
Death.

71
THE BLACK DEATH AND ITS
AFTERMATH
 It is where the first used of quarantine
to contain the disease.
 The Black Death killed about a third
of the population in Western Europe.
 The huge population loss had a
profound effect on the economy.
 Outbreaks continued in the late 1300s.
 Western Europe did not fully recover
from the effects of the epidemic for
over 100 years.

72
ATTACKS ON THE CHURCH
 1300s and 1400s, the leadership of
the Church weakened.
 Monarchs and reformers
challenged its authority.
 Medieval monarchs opposed the
Church’s political power for several
reasons.

73
ATTACKS ON THE CHURCH
 The Church owned large amounts
of lands.
 The clergy and monasteries did not
pay royal taxes on their land, but
they did pay Church taxes.
 Finally, monarchs became angry
when Church officials interfered in
political matters.

74
THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY
 In 1294, King Philip IV of
France tried to tax the clergy.
 The pope ordered the French
clergy not to pay the tax.
 When the dispute continued,
Philip kidnapped the pope.

75
 Later he engineered the election of a
French pope.
 The new pope moved the papacy to
Avignon in Southern France.
 From 1309 to 1378, popes lived in
Avignon.
 Popes were pawns of French kings
during this time.

76
 In 1378, the Church sufferedanother
humiliation.
 The Great Schism, as the new crisis
was called, lasted until 1417.
 During these scandals, the Church lost
much of its political power.
 In England, Edward I declared that
his country was no longer a papal fief.

77
DEMANDS FOR REFORM
 In the late 1300s, reformers attacked the
Church for its wealth and the worldly
concerns of the clergy.
 One outspoken critic was John Wycliffe, a
teacher of theology at Oxford University.
 He claimed that the sacraments and the
priests who administered them were not
necessaryfor salvation.

78
DEMANDS FOR REFORM
 He encouraged his
followers to translate
the Bible into English so
people could read it
themselves.
 The Church persecuted
Wycliffe’s supporters as
heretics.

79
DEMANDS FOR REFORM
 In Bohemia, part of what is today
Czechoslovakia, John Huss
preached against the corruption of
the Church.
 Huss was accused of heresy and
burned at the stake.
 Despite punishments, heresies
multiplied during the late Middle
Ages.

80
THE HUNDRED YEAR’S WAR
 Medieval monarchs competed with
the Church and with one another
as they centralized power.
 The efforts of the English and
French kings to build strong
central governments involved
them in long struggle.
 Lasted from 1337 to 1453.

81
OUTBREAK OF WAR
 In 1337, the English held many
lands in France.
 The marriage of Eleanor of
Aquitaine and Henry II had
brought her vast lands under
English control.
 Economic and political rivalries.

82
OUTBREAK OF WAR
 When Edward III of England claimed
the French throne, war broke out.
 In the first phase of the Hundred
Year’s War, England won stunning
victories.
 In the battle of Crecy and Poitiers,
English armies easily dispersed the
poorly led French knights.

83
OUTBREAK OF WAR
 The longbow and the gunpowder.
 The English longbow was used
effectively against the heavily
armored, mounted knights.
 Gunpowder was invented by the
Chinese and brought by the
Muslims into Europe.
 They were used in cannons.

84
OUTBREAK OF WAR
 The English victories took a heavy toll on
France.
 To pay for the war, the French king
increased taxes.
 It lead the peasants to revolt.
 Bitter quarrels divided the French royal
family.
 The French rallied behind an uneducated
peasantgirl named Joan of Arc.

85
JOAN OF ARC
 In 1429, Joan of Arc made her way
to Charles VII, the uncrowned
king of France.
 She claimed that heavenly voices
had told her to lead the French
forces.
 Under her leadership, the French
forced the English to retreat from
Orleans.

86
 In 1429, at the Cathedral of
Reims, Charles was crowned
King of France.
 Shortly afterward, Joan was
captured by the Burgundians,
allies of England.
 The English tried her for heresy,
and she was burned at the stake
in 1431.

87
 Even after her death, she
continued to inspire the
French.
 Slowly but steadily, the
French expelled the
English from their lands.
 In 1453, after almost 120
years of war, the English
held only Calais.

88
EFFECTS OF THE HUNDRED YEAR’S
WAR
 The people of France emerged
from the Hundred Year’s War
with a growing sense of
national pride.
 During the war, the king
gained the power to raise taxes.
 With the English gone, the
king ruled most of France.

89
WAR
 Only Burgundy and Brittany
remained outside of royal control.
 The crafty King Louis XI worked
cautiously against the powerful Duke
of Burgundy to bring that province
under French rule.
 Brittany came under French rule
when King Louis XI’s son married
Anne, Duchess of Brittany.

90
WAR
 Before his death in 1483,
Louis XI established the basis
for the absolute power of
later French kings.
 Louis also limited the power
of feudal lords.
 At a meeting in 1469, the
Estates General asked Louis
to rule without consulting it.

91
WAR
 Although the English lost their
French lands, both the English
king and Parliament emerged from
the Hundred Year’s War in
stronger positions.
 Parliament benefited from the
king’s need for money during the
war.
 After the Hundred Year’s War, a
civil war broke out in England.

92
WAR
 This was known as the War of the
Roses.
 During this 30-year struggle, most of
England’s feudal nobles were killed.
 When the war ended in 1485, a new
king, Henry VII, established the strong
Tudor dynasty.
 In England, monarchs did not have
absolute power.

93
DECLINE OF FEUDALISM
 By the late Middle Ages,
the world of feudalism
changed.
 The need for a warrior
class disappeared.
 The growth of towns and a
money economy hurt
feudal nobles.

94
DECLINE OF FEUDALISM
 The changing nature of warfare made mounted, armored knights
almost useless.
 The use of cannons meant that feudal lords could no longer take refuge
behind castle walls.
 With money from taxes, kings establishedstanding armies.
 These soldiers were often from townspeople and peasants.
 Nobles didn’t disappear, however, instead they tended to gather at
increasingly splendid royal courts.

95
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Building National Monarchies

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