Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
AS Level Biology - 10/11) Infectious Diseases and ImmunityArm Punyathorn
Finally, to end the AS level syllabus - learn about the diseases that pose threats not only to ourselves but to the community as a whole for being contagious. Also learn about how our body organizes a military section to protect us - discover how the army can be come turncoat and how espionage and information collection can be helpful in secondary responses.
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
AS Level Biology - 10/11) Infectious Diseases and ImmunityArm Punyathorn
Finally, to end the AS level syllabus - learn about the diseases that pose threats not only to ourselves but to the community as a whole for being contagious. Also learn about how our body organizes a military section to protect us - discover how the army can be come turncoat and how espionage and information collection can be helpful in secondary responses.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
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This PowerPoint is one small part of the Change Topics Unit (Evolution and Natural Selection) unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3200+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 27 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within the Change Topics Unit:
Concept "Everything is Changing", The Diversity of Life Photo Tour, Evolution History,Scopes Monkey Trials, Darwin, Evolution, Evidences of Evolution, Four Parts to Darwin's Theory, Natural Selection, The Mechanisms for Natural Selection, Divergent Evolution, Convergent Evolution, What does it mean to be living?, Characteristics of Living Things, Origins of Life (Other Theories), Origins of Life (Science Theory), Needs of Living Things, Origins of the Universe (Timeline), Miller-Urey Experiment, Amino Acids, How Water Aided in the Origin of Life, Human Evolution, Hominid Features, Evidences of Human Evolution, Hominid Skulls Ecological Succession, Primary Succession, Secondary Succession, Plant Succession, Animal Succession, Stages of Ecological Succession, Events that Restart Succession.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The Evolution and Natural / Change Topics Unit explores Evolution, Natural Selection, Characteristics of Life, Life Origins, Human Origins, Earth System History and Ecological Succession.
Environmental Sciences Second Semester B.pharm RTMNU
An ecosystem is a grouping of organisms that interact with each other and their environment in such a way as to preserve the grouping.
Content:-
What is an ecosystem
Three major principles of ecosystem
Components of an ecosystem
Abiotic components
Biotic components
Movement of energy and nutrients
Food chain
Food webs
Trophic levels, biomass and biome
Linkages and interactions in an ecosystem
Carbon cycle and oxygen cycle
Model of nutrient cycle
Environmental Limitation in ecosystem development.
Nutrient cycling:
Movement of chemical elements from the environment into living organisms and from them back into the environment through organisms live, grow, die and decompose.
Energy flow:
Energy is required to transform inorganic nutrients into organic tissues of an organism.
Energy is the driving force to the work of ecosystem.
Structure
It refers to the particular pattern of inter-relationships that exists between organisms in an ecosystem.
Energy and Nutrients passed through the ecosystem by food chains and webs from lower trophic level to the higher trophic level.
However, only 5% to 20% energy and nutrients are transferred into higher trophic level successfully.
For this reason, first trophic level has the largest number of organisms, and second trophic level is less than first one; the third level is less than second level, and so on.
Nitrogen cycle can be affected by man in five major ways:
Fertilizer production (mainly nitrates and ammonium salts) to grow more food by increasing yields, and replenishing lost nitrogen from the soil.
Burning of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, and heating which puts nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere.
Increasing animals wastes (nitrates) from more people and from livestock and poultry grown in ranches.
Increased sewage flows from industry and urbanization.
Increased erosion of and runoff nearby streams, lakes and rivers from cultivation, irrigation, agricultural wastes, mining, urbanization and poor land use.
Nutrients (chemicals, minerals or elements) are circulated around the ecosystem and recycled continually.
Gersmehl identified three storage compartments.
Litter: the surface layer of vegetation which may eventually become humus.
Biomass: the total mass of living organisms, per unit area.
Soil: the nutrients store in soil (weathered material) and semi-weathered material.Quality of light:
Red and blue light: green plants (photosynthesis)
Green light: plants in woods or deep water
Ultraviolet light: retards plant growth
Duration of light
Affect the behaviour of plants and animals (flowering, migration, mating….)
Intensity of light:
Controlling factor for rate of photosynthesis
Net productivity is the function of photosynthesis and respiration.
Wind can act as an environmental factor
Directly by causing mechanical damage to plants
Indirectly affecting relative humidity and evaporation rates.
High wind speed increases the rate of transpiration.
J
In this presentations, structure of ecosystems, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus is explained.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Regents Exam Format A: 30 Multiple Choice B-1: Multiple Choice B-2: MC and Short constructed response Reading passages, graphing, lab skills C: Constructed Responses D: Labs and Lab Skills Making Connections Beaks of the Finches Relationships and Biodiversity Diffusion Through a Membrane Compiled by GCochrane Half Hollow Hills HS East
3. Living Environment Core Content and Material Unit 1 Web of Life: Interactions and Interdependence Ecology : The branch of biology that deals with the interactions between organisms and the relationship between organisms and the environment.
4. Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms and the environment Ecology can be studied at different levels: Define the terms Organisms: Populations: Communities: Ecosystems: Biosphere:
7. Abiotic Factors - non-living, physical conditions that define the characteristics of the region. Climate Temperature Water Light Wind Soil Salinity pH
8. The amount of rain fall and temperature range determines the types of plant communities Abiotic Factors can be Limiting Factors: Determines the types of organisms which may exist in that environment.
9. Biotic Factors involve interactions among living things. Nutritional Interactions Predator/Prey Parasite/Host Producer/Consumer Decomposition Competition Food Webs
10. Nutritional Interactions Involves the transfer of nutrients from one organism to another within an ecosystem. In terms of nutrition, organisms are either autotrophs or heterotrophs .
11. Food Chain involves the straight line transfer of energy and material through a series of organisms. Food Web shows the interrelationship between food chains. Pathway of Energy Flow
15. Carnivores - animals that consume other animals . a) predator – kills and consume their prey. b) scavenger - feed on the remains of animals they did not kill.
16. Omnivores - animals that consume both plants & animals (humans)
17. Name some common organisms to match the nutritional terms Producer Herbivore Carnivore Heterotroph Autotroph Decomposer What do the arrows show?
18. Population Growth: Members of a species This table shows how many bacteria are in a population that doubles every 20 minutes. The graph is another way to show the same data.
19. Carrying Capacity: is the maximum population size that a particular environment can support without degradation to the habitat. Population Growth: limiting factors determine the size of a population. What factors contribute to determining the carrying capacity of an area? Food, territory, water, predators, limiting resources…
20. Human Population Growth The size of the human population is the cause of many of issues detrimental to our ecosystems. What factors have contributed to this exponential growth?
21. Ecological Niche : sum of all activities and relationships a species has while obtaining and using the resources needed to survive and reproduce Ecological Habitat : the location or environment of a species
22. No two similar species occupy the same niche at the same time. What happens if two species occupy the same niche? Competition
23. Ecological Succession is the sequence of changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community Why does this change occur?
24. Cycling of Chemical Elements: pathway by which an element or molecule moves through both biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. Water Cycle
30. Acid Precipitation is caused mainly by combustion of fossil fuels. Acid rain cause the rapid erosion of statues and destruction of lakes
31. Average pH profiles in U.S. in 1999 Why is the eastern U.S. so high in acid rain? Air Pollution
32. Green House Effect: Climatic change caused by increasing Greenhouse Gases (carbon dioxide) What may be the result and the cause?
33. Introduced Species: species from another ecosystem is a problem because there usually aren’t natural checks May reduce Biodiversity! Nile perch (Lake Victoria) Brown tree snake (Guam) Argentine ants Caulerpa (seaweed)
36. What is Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within an ecosystem High biodiversity leads to a more stable ecosystem .
37. Trade-offs : solving environmental issues involves trade-offs. There are always costs associated with social decisions. Nuclear Power provides electricity without fossil fuel but generates nuclear wastes.
38. Increased industrialization demands more resources and energy use. This has positive and negative effects on humans and ecosystems Industrialization
39. Societies must decide on proposals and assess risks, costs, benefits and trade-offs .
40. Solar Energy reduces dependence on fossil fuel but it is expensive.
48. Active Transport Molecules transport from lower to higher transportation with the use of cellular energy (uses ATP) Special proteins transport molecules help transport
49. How can you determine which is passive or active transport? Diffusion may use special proteins moves from high to low
50. Receptor molecules are important for cell communication The receptors are specific in shape and to the individual organism Receptor
51. Nerves and hormones use specific chemical signals to communicate. What happens if the signals are blocked?
52. Biochemical Nature of Life Biochemical processes and molecules are essential fro maintaining dynamic equilibrium.
54. Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules Organic compounds are carbon based and contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic compounds are not carbon based. (Water, salt, minerals…)
55. Large and Small Organic Molecules Small molecular units that are the building block of a larger molecules Polymer: long chain of small molecular units (monomers) Living things must both synthesize (build) large molecules and break them down. Can you think of examples when this is done?
56. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic Acids
57. Carbohydrates provide fuel and building material Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of sugar molecules. Sugars are combined to synthesize starch. Starches are broken down (digested) to make sugars.
63. A single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease. How does an individual get this disorder?
64. Denaturation occurs at high temperatures or various chemical treatments. Shape maybe permanently changed. How will denaturation effect the functioning of the protein?
68. Enzymes are substrate specific due to the “fit” at the active site of the enzyme. Enzyme sucrase will catalyze this reaction
69. Factors influence rate of enzyme reactions Do all enzymes require the same condition? What happens when enzymes are heated beyond optimal temperatures?
70. Energy flow occurs through the ecosystem The products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are the ingredients for photosynthesis. What is needed to keep it all going? Principles of Energy Harvest
71. Photosynthesis : Use light energy from the sun to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
72. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants The leaf is the organ of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place in cellular organelles called chloroplasts.
73. Stomates regulate the exchange gases with guard cells Good water: Stomates Open Dry Condition: Stomates Close
74. Feedback: Conditions regulate guard cells to open or close stomates Open – water vapor exits & carbon dioxide enters Closed – plant is conserving water
75. Cell Respiration Energy stored in organic molecules is released as and temporarily stored as ATP
76. The ATP Cycle ATP is constantly recycled in your cells. A working muscle cell recycles all of its ATP molecules about once each minute. That's 10 million ATP molecules spent and regenerated per second!
77. Cell Respiration takes place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells (cell with organelles bound by membrane) Plants and Animals perform cell respiration. O 2 food ATP
79. Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA Nitrogen Bases
80. Structure of DNA Nucleotides of sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases The bases pair forming the a double helix A:T and G:C.
81. DNA Replication occurs when cells divide Occurs before cells divide in mitosis and meiosis The original parent DNA molecule serves as a template for making a new strand. Results in two daughter DNA molecules, each consisting of one original strand and one new strand.
82. DNA regulates cell processes with its specific code to synthesize proteins. DNA to RNA to Protein Information flows from gene to protein. DNA (a gene) is copied to make RNA in the cell's nucleus. The RNA travels to the ribosome where it is translated into the specific amino acid sequence of a protein.
83.
84. The Triplet Code Each RNA codon codes for a particular amino acid. The genetic code is a universal dictionary for the synthesis of proteins from the DNA nucleotides.
85. Step 1: DNA to RNA The DNA template is used to make a single stranded RNA. RNA nucleotides base-pair with DNA nucleotides on the template strand. RNA has the base U which pairs with A in DNA.
86. Step 2: mRNA leaves the nucleus Step 3: mRNA and Ribosome join in cytoplasm mRNA
87. Step 4: Amino Acids are carried to ribosome and joins according to the triplet code
89. The DNA is wrapped around proteins to form Chromosomes The Gene is a unit of information within a chromosome Many genes or on a chromosome
90. Humans have 46 chromosomes in a “normal” body cell. Chromosomes in a body cell are paired, so we have two of each one. Sex chromosomes: Males are XY and Females are XX
91. Chromosomes replicate and separate so body cell have the same chromosomes Daughter cells are genetically identical!
92. Meiosis makes Sex Cells (gametes) Meiosis reduces chromosome number from (2n) to (1n) Chromosomes replicate and there is a double division in meiosis. Gametes have one of each pair of chromosomes
93. Why do children look like their parents? Why are they different? Gametes carry ½ the chromosomes of body cells and are genetically different. Recombinations occur when gametes form and at fertilization.
94. How does Mitosis and Meiosis compare? No Genetic Variation Genetic Variations
95. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Function of cells produced in multicellular organisms Compare Genetic makeup of final cells produced # of functioning cells produced from the original # of cell divisions Meiosis Mitosis Points of Comparison
96. Mutations that result in an abnormal number of chromosomes Nondisjunction occurs when chromosome fail to separate during meiosis.
97. Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations One condition, Down syndrome, affects approximately one out of every 700 children born in the United States Extra chromosome 21
98. Damaged Chromosomes Changes in chromosome structure may also cause disorders. For example, a chromosome may break, leading to a variety of new arrangements that affect its genes.
99. Mutations of a gene A gene mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. What could this do to the code? Alters the gene product: Altered Protein produced
100. A single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease. How does an individual get this disorder?
101. Biotechnology is the use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans. Scientists manipulate DNA with both breeding and biochemistry.
102. Bacteria are genetically engineered by inserting DNA from another source. Recombinant DNA Technology
103. How is Recombinant DNA made? DNA containing the desired gene must be "cut" out of a much longer DNA molecule. DNA is cut with restriction enzymes .
104. Recombinant DNA is used to make chemicals humans may be missing: (insulin, growth hormone)
106. Evolution: The change in species over time Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
107.
108.
109. What is the source of Variation? Mutations: Changes in the DNA Sexual Reproduction: Recombination of chromosomes
110. Why is variation important to evolution? Variations within a species increases the chance of survival when conditions change. cichlid fish
111. Fossil Evidence shows Evolutions progresses without set direction. What does it indicate when branches end?
112. How should the finches at the top compare to each other? Why?
113.
114.
115. Homologous structures are a clues to determine evolutionary relationships. What could be the reason for similarity in structure?
116. Molecular data is the best way to compare organisms to relatedness. Compare genes, proteins, Which animal is most and least related to the human?
117. Reproduction and Development Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of a species. Asexual Reproduction is the production of offspring with genes all from one individual, without the fusion of gametes. Offspring are genetically identical. No variation Cloning produces identical copies
118. Sexual Reproduction involves the combining of gametes Variation due to recombination of chromosomes and gametes
119. Development: Changes that occur as the zygote through steps to form and embryo and fetus. Zygote divides many times by mitosis and differentiates to form specialized cells, tissues and organs.
120. Differentiation causes cells to specialize. All genes of the genome are present in every type of cell. Only a specific fraction of these genes are actually expressed in each type of cell.
121. Male System: produces gametes and deliver sperm for fertilization. Hormone testosterone
122. Female System: Ovaries : produce gamete (ova) Internal Fertilization in Oviduct Internal Development in Uterus Hormones: Estrogen Progesterone
123. Menstrual Cycle Regulated by hormones Estrogen Progesterone
124. Internal Development occurs in the uterus with nourishment through the placenta. Amnion protects the embryo
125. Disease is a failure of Homeostasis Virus, bacteria, fungi, and parasites may cause infections
126. Immune system from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms Antigens: factors the body “sees” as foreign Pathogenic Organisms: cause disease Engulfing White Blood Cell Antibody-antigen interaction
127. Antibodies are structure specific to the antigen Antigens are on the foreign substance and we make specific antibodies
129. Immunity can occur naturally or artificially 1. Active Immunity: stimulates the infected person’s immune system a. Immunization by vaccination give the person a weakened, dead, fragment of the pathogen b. Recover from the infection
130. 2. Passive Immunity: person receives antibodies only so it is temporary a. Maternal immunity occurs when antibodies pass from mother to baby through placenta and breast milk b. Artificial injection of antibodies gives short term immunity
131. Vaccinations: Patient receive weakened versions of pathogen to stimulate the immune system Weakened Pathogen Antigen Antibody
133. Immune System Failures Autoimmune diseases : immune system destroys body cells, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Disease
134. The first exposure to a pathogen memory cells specific to that pathogen. A second exposure activates those memory cells. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
135. Large White Blood Cells engulf pathogens. They display antigens and activates helper T cells. The helper T cells stimulate other T cells and B cells. HIV virus kills Helper T cells.
136. Allergies: immune reaction involving histamines to a “harmless” allergen.
137. Human Systems Humans are complex organisms with multiple systems. The systems interact to perform life functions.
138. Transport System: provides for the circulation and distribution of materials to the cells.
139. Respiratory System: provides for gas exchange to supply the cells with O 2 and removal of CO 2 .
141. Excretion : provides for the elimination of metabolic wastes Many organs help with excretion: Skin, kidneys, lungs, liver
142. Coordination of the cells is provided by the regulatory systems of Nerves and Glands Chemical regulating molecules are produced. Nerves Endocrine System Hormones
144. Movement is provided by a system of muscles and skeleton Control is provided by the nervous system
145. Digestive System: Consumption and digestion of food provides nutrients to the cells
146. One-celled organisms function without the levels of the organization in complex organisms. Their organelles act like the systems in multicellular organisms. Gas Exchange Digestion Excretion Movement Circulation Coordination ?
147. One-celled organisms function without the levels of the organization in complex organisms. Their organelles act like the systems in multicellular organisms. Gas Exchange Digestion Excretion Movement Circulation Coordination ?
148. Science is a process of inquiry that includes repeatable observations and testable hypotheses
149.
150. Observations may lead to questions and hypothesis Warning coloration: Why is this frog so colorful and visible? Why does this fly look so much like a bee?
151. Data: is the measured results of the experiments Data of height vs. age of a child’s growth. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Age Height
152. Components of a Controlled Experiment State a hypothesis Identify the independent variable Control all other factors Identify the dependent variable Identify or make a control group Control all other factors Collect and record data Make data table and graphs Verify results with repeats Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of a particular cough drop. Design an experiment to test if a new fertilizer increases plants to growth.