Castles, knights, kings and queens

1. By: Mr. Jack

2. • Reading in the book?
• 291-296
• 317-322

3. Three classes arose, those
that prayed, those that fought,
and those that worked.

4. Feudalism
A political, and social system based
on vassals (loyalty and military
service).
Military
service
Military
service

5. The Manorial System
• The economic system to produce Knights.

6. The Medieval Manor
A manor was an agricultural estate (fief)
ruled by a knight or lord
and worked by serfs.

7. • Free peasants became serfs, legally
bound to the land.

8. • By 800, probably 60 percent of the
people of western Europe were serfs.
• By 1200, free peasants had almost
disappeared.

9. • Lords and knights had
to protect serfs.
• Free peasants had no
protection.

10. Those that work
• A serfs had to farm the
lord’s land for him as well
as their own land.
• Corvee: serfs had to work
for free for the lord,
usually 3 days a week.
• ie barns, ditches, castle
building.

11. Those that work
• Rent: had to give 20 percent of your
food to the lord,
• Fee: money or food to use the lord’s
pond, pasture, or woods.
• Fee to use the lord’s mill and oven to
make your bread.

12. Those that work
• Serfs could not leave the manor without
lord’s permission
• They could not marry without lords
permission.

13. Those that work
• Serfs also had to pay 10 percent of
everything to the Church

14. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

15. Manor Courts
• Castles had a manor court, where the
local lord gave justice.

16. Nobles
Those that fought
• The nobles were the kings, dukes,
counts, barons, and even bishops and
archbishops with large estates holding
all political power.

17. Feudalism
A political, and social system based
on vassals (loyalty and military
service).
Military
service
Military
service

18. DukeMarque
Barron

19. Noble class
• A Vassal had to fight for a lord up to 40
days a year.
• They had to give advice to the lord.

20. • To become a vassal, a man performed
an act of homage, swearing an oath to
serve the lord.

21. • Eventually, nobles held their land (fief)
by hereditary. When a vassal died, the
King or lord would accept a vassal’s
son’s homage.

22. • Primogeniture: the oldest son
became the heir to a king or lord.

23. • A vassal had to pay the lord money
(relief) as he took over the fief.

24. Noble class
• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s
eldest son became a knight, and his
eldest daughter married.

25. Noble class
• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son
became a knight, and eldest daughter married.

26. Noble class
• Pay a ransom if the lord was captured.

27. Noble class
• Nobles and their vassals paid no
additional taxes.

28. Chivalry
• The Roman Catholic Church taught
knights to be honest, loyal and true
defenders of the Church, weak, and
defenseless.

29. The Roadto Knighthood
KNIGHT 16
SQUIRE 11-15
PAGE 6-10

30. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Knights should be true and virtuous to their ladies.

31. • Knights and lords settled matters by duals
defending their or other’s honor.

32. Lords builtcastles for defense across Europe.

33. • Noble families resided in castles
permanently.

34. Parts of a Medieval Castle

37. Clergy class
Those that prayed
• Each village had a church led by a
priest or group of priests. They taught
the nobles and the peasants.

38. Hierarchy of the
Roman Catholic
Church
Monks
Abbots
Head of the Order
Abbots
MonksMonks

39. • Bishops usually came from Noble
families, second and third sons of
Lords.

40. Cardinals, Princes of the Church, elect the Pope and
make up the Curia (bureaucracy of the church) .

41. • So, by the High Middle Ages 1000 –
1250, three classes existed.

42. Three classes arose, those
that prayed, those that fought,
and those that worked.

43. Pope Urban II:Preaching a Crusade

44. Setting Out on Crusade

45. • Pope Urban II promised
crusader knights indulgences,
release from Purgatory into
Heaven.

46. ChristianCrusades: East andWest

47. • The 2nd Crusade against the Muslims
in Spain created the Christian state of
Portugal.

48. • Also, the Popes had Crusades against
heretics Christians, like the
Albigensians in France.

49. Inquisition
• The Curia and Pope created a special
court to find heretics and witches
called the Inquisition.

50. Inquisition
• Heretics that confessed did penance
and were punished in public.

51. Inquisition
• Beginning in 1252, tortured those who did
not confess.

54. Inquisition
• Burning repeat offenders and those who did
not confess.

55. • In their minds, using force to save
souls from damnation the right thing
to do.

56. • Wealth poured into the Church.

58. • Homework pg 296 1-5
• 310 1-10

59. Charlemagne’s EmpireCollapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Europe stabilizes as it runs out of barbarians,
and primogeniture, mannerism and feudalism
take hold.

60. The Revival of Trade
• Silver mines in England allowed the
King to make coins.
• Gold and silver mines on the continent
allowed French Kings and German
emperors to also make coins.

61. The Revival of Trade
• The Crusades encouraged demand
for luxury goods, which the Venetians
happily supplied.

62. The Revival of Trade
• The Italian city states of Venice and
Genoa happily supplied luxury goods.

63. The Revival of Trade
• Flanders in the Netherlands became the
center of trade in Northern Europe.

64. • Flanders produced
high quality wool cloth
in demand throughou
Europe.

65. The Revival of Trade
• By the twelfth century, a regular exchange
of goods had developed between Flanders
and Italy.

66. • The counts of Champagne encouraged this
trade by holding fairs every year in their
towns.

67. The Revival of Trade
• Slowly, the money economy
reemerged throughout Europe.

68. The Revival of Trade
• Trade merchants moved back into the
old Roman cities. Craftspeople and
artisans followed.

69. The Revival of Trade
• By the 10th Century, Lords and Kings
demand for weapons, furniture, cloth gave
rise to a new class of crafts people.

70. The Revival of Trade
• They developed skills to make goods
that might be sold by the merchants.

71. • The merchants and artisans called
bourgeoisie, from the German burg: a
walled enclosure.”

72. • Bourgeoisie :middle class, also plural in
construction members of the middle class.
• Business owners, trade merchants,
teachers, doctors, lawyers.

73. The Revival of Trade
• A large medieval trading city had about
5,000 people
• By 1200s, London 40,000
• Venice, Florence, Genoa 80000

74. The Revival of town and city
life
• Townspeople needed freedom to trade with
their own laws and could pay for them.
Money, artisan
goods

75. The Revival of town and city
life
• Lords and kings, could make money and sold
the townspeople the liberties they wanted.
Money, artisan
goods

76. • Medieval cities developed their own
governments for running the affairs of
the community.

77. Guild System
• From the eleventh century on,
craftspeople organize themselves into
guilds, or business associations.

78. Guild System
• Guilds held a monopoly on their
products.

79. Guild System
• For almost every craft, tanners,
carpenters, bakers, wool, cloth, silk,
spices, money.

80. Guild system
• The each built a hall, elected their
leader, and made their own rules for
apprentice, journeymen, and masters.

81. Rise of Universities
• The word university in Latin means
“corporation” or “guild.”

82. Rise of Universities
• Law students in Bologna formed
a guild in In 1158.

83. • The first university in northern Europe was
the
• University of Paris.

84. King Philip II of France
1179 –1223
• gave a charter to the
University of Paris (The
Sorbona) in 1200..

85. Scholasticism
• Professors tried to
combine Christian faith
with reason. Plato’s
celestial polis and souls
could be, Aristotle could
not.

86. Philip II Augustus 1179 –
1223
• Teachers from England
studied at the University
of Paris, received PHD’s
and returned to England
founding Oxford and
Cambridge..

87. Thomas Aquinas
• Used Aristotle's
methods of logic to
prove the truths of
Christianity in his book
Summa Theologians.
The human mind could
use reason for physical
truths, but reason alone
could not find spiritual

88. • In 1209, professors from England left
the University of Paris and started their
own universities at Oxford and
Cambridge England.

89. Oxford University

90. Medieval Universities

91. Everyone enjoyed watching the knights compete in the Jousts at fairs

92. End

93. Those that pray
• Perhaps the greatest impact of the Crusades was
• political. They eventually helped to break down
• feudalism. As kings levied taxes and raised armies,
• nobles joining the Crusades sold their lands and freed
• their serfs. As the nobles lost power, the kings were
• able to create stronger central governments. Taxing
• trade with the East also provided kings with new
• wealth. This paved the way for the development of
• true nation-states. By the mid-1400s, four strong
• states—Portugal, Spain, England, and France—would
• emerge in Europe.The Papal Monarchy

94. • England

95. Williamthe Conqueror:
Battle of Hastings, 1066
(BayeauxTapestry)

96. Evolutionof England’s PoliticalSystem
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a royal moving court system,
with regular laws.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 most people prefered the Kings justice
over their own lords. He established the
principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.

97. MagnaCarta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.

98. Magna Carta, 1215
a King John I forced to accept it.
a A list of demands made by the
nobility.
a Created a CONTRACT between the
king and the aristocracy.
a Established principles which limited
the power of the king:
 Established basic legal rights.
 The king must ask for popular consent
for taxes.
 Accused must have jury trial.

99. ModelParliament, 1295
a King Edward I brought his
military leaders and nobility
together as a Parliament to ask
their consent to new taxes.
a Established the principle of
parliamentary “power of the
purse.”
a A radical new idea for any
monarch to ask for anything!

100. The Beginningsof the British Parliament
 Great Council:
eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses elected by citizens to go
to London.

101. • France

102. The Rise of European Monarchies:
France

103. GothicArchitecturalStyle
 Pointed arches.
 High, narrow
vaults.
 Thinner walls.
 Flying buttresses.
 Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
 Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses

104. Pope Urban II:Preaching a Crusade

105. Setting Out on Crusade

106. ChristianCrusades: East andWest

107. Medieval Universities

108. Oxford University

109. • Crusades spread demand for
luxury items.

110. Medieval Trade

111. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

112. Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices

113. Medieval Guilds:A Goldsmith’s Shop

114. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

117. • Feudalism: the government system
produces knights to fight for Lords.
• Mannerism: the economic system
based on farms and serfs supports
the production of knights.

118. Feudalism and Mannerism
• Three classes of people arose,
those that prayed: the Clergy
class
• Those that fought: the Noble
Class Lords, ladies and knights
• Those that worked: the peasant
class.

119. Lords built defensive castles
• The earliest castles were made of
wood.

120. High Middle Ages
1000 – 1250
Rise of Feudalism
and Mannerism,
supremacy of Pope
and Catholic Church,
chivalry, mannerism

121. homage

124. Those that work
• By the end of the tenth
• century, however, people were emerging
with both
• the skills and products for trade.