The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It discusses the structures of the respiratory system including the upper and lower airways, pleura, lungs, thorax, diaphragm and respiratory centers. It also describes the processes of respiration including ventilation, diffusion, and gas exchange. Furthermore, it outlines how to assess a client with a respiratory disorder through obtaining history, performing a physical exam including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of breath sounds.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Respiratory System. It also talks about the definition, parts and the concepts about Respiratory System.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Respiratory System. It also talks about the definition, parts and the concepts about Respiratory System.
Respiration Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the body It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
2. Breathing and Respiration BREATHING 1. Mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide 2. It is a physical process 3. It involves lungs of the organism RESPIRATION 1. It includes breathing and oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to release energy 2. It is a biochemical process 3. It involves the mitochondria in the cells where food is oxidized to release energy
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of respiratory system. Anatomy of respiratory organs, Mechanism of respiration, Internal Respiration, external respiration, Transport of oxygen in blood, Transport of carbon dioxide in blood, Regulation of respiration, lung volume and lung capacities are explained.
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
Respiration Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the body It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
2. Breathing and Respiration BREATHING 1. Mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide 2. It is a physical process 3. It involves lungs of the organism RESPIRATION 1. It includes breathing and oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to release energy 2. It is a biochemical process 3. It involves the mitochondria in the cells where food is oxidized to release energy
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of respiratory system. Anatomy of respiratory organs, Mechanism of respiration, Internal Respiration, external respiration, Transport of oxygen in blood, Transport of carbon dioxide in blood, Regulation of respiration, lung volume and lung capacities are explained.
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
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The organs of the respiratory system are
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung)
Bronchioles and smaller air passages
Two lungs and their coverings, the pleura
•muscles of respiration — the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
External respiration
Exchange of
gases between the blood and the lungs is called external
respiration
Internal respiration
Exchange of
gases between the blood and the cells internal respiration.
The roof is formed by the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid bone, and the sphenoid bone, frontal bone and
nasal bones.
The floor is formed by the roof of the mouth and con-
sists of the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind.
The hard palate is composed of the maxilla and palatine
bones and the soft palate consists of involuntary muscle.
The medial wall is formed by the septum.
The lateral walls are formed by the maxilla, the ethmoid
bone and the inferior conchae .
The posterior wall is formed by the posterior wall of
The posterior wall is formed by the posterior wall of
the pharynx.
The main sinuses are:
• maxillary sinuses in the lateral walls
• frontal and sphenoidal sinuses in the roof
• ethmoidal sinuses in the upper part of the lateral
walls .
Functions of Nose and nasal cavity
Warming.
Filtering and cleaning of air
Humidification.
Olfaction
Functions of Pharynx
Passageway for air and food.
Warming and humidifying.
Taste.
Hearing.
Protection.
Speech.
LARYNX
The larynx is composed of several irregularly shaped
cartilages attached to each other by ligaments and
membranes. The main cartilages are:
• 1 thyroid cartilage
• 1 cricoid cartilage
• 2 arytenoid cartilages
• 1 epiglottis
------------------------elastic fibrocartilage.
Functions of larynx
Production of sound. Sound has the properties of pitch,
volume and resonance.
• Pitch of the voice depends upon the length and
tightness of the cords. At puberty, the male vocal cords
begin to grow longer, hence the lower pitch of the
adult male voice.
• Volume of the voice depends upon the force with
which the cords vibrate. The greater the force of
expired air the more the cords vibrate and the louder
the sound emitted.
• Resonance, or tone, is dependent upon the shape of
the mouth, the position of the tongue and the lips, the
facial muscles and the air in the paranasal sinuses.
Functions of larynx
Speech. This occurs during expiration when the sounds
produced by the vocal cords are manipulated by the
tongue, cheeks and lips.
Protection of the lower respiratory tract. During
swallowing (deglutition) the larynx moves upwards,
occluding the opening into it from the pharynx and thehinged epiglottis closes over the larynx. This ensures that food passes into the oesophagus and not into the lower respiratory passages
Passageway for air. This is between the pharynx and
trachea.
Humidifying, filtering and warming. These continue as
inspired air travels through the larynx.
The trachea is composed of from 16 to 20 incomplete
(C-shaped) rings o
The respiratory system is the anatomical system of an organism that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange. In humans the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
4. 3 PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
VENTILATION-
Movement Of Gases In And Out Of The Lungs
INHALATION/INSPIRATION- VOLUNTARY
EXHALATION/EXPIRATION- INVOLUNTARY
DIFFUSION-
Exchange Of Gases From Area Of Higher Pressure
To Area Of Lower Pressure
PERFUSION-
The Availability And Movement Of Blood For
Transport Of Gases, Nutrients And Metabolic
Waste Products
5. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
I. The Airways
1. Upper Airways
a. Nasal cavity or nares
b. Pharynx
c. Larynx or voice box
6. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
I. The Airways
2. Lower airways/tracheobronchial tree
a. trachea
b. right and left main stem bronchi
c. segmental bronchi
d. subsegmental bronchi
e. terminal bronchi
7. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
I. The Airways
3. Function of the upper airways
a. transport gas to the lower airway
b. protection of lower airway from
foreign matter
c. warming, filtration, and
humidification of inspired air
8. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
I. The Airways
4. Function of lower airways
a. clearance mechanism
Cough
Mucociliary system
Macrophages
Lymphatics
b. immunologic response
Call mediated immunity in the alveoli
c. pulmonary protection in injury
Respiratory epithelium
Mucociliary system
9. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Notes : the openings of the nose on the face are called
nostrils/nares
- Each nostril leads to the cavity called vestibule
- The hairs that line the vestibule are called the
vibrissae(filters foreign objects)
- The paranasal sinuses are open areas within the skull,
lined with mucous membrane. They help in
phonation. These are: frontal, maxillary, ethmoid,
sphenoid
- The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube that extends from
the nose to the larynx. It is a common opening
between the digestive and respiratory system
- 3 section of the pharynx are: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
10. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Notes : from the middle ear, the eustachian tubes open into
the nasopharynx
The larynx is the voice box
The epiglottis covers the larynx(closes during
eating/swallowing, open during speaking/breathing)
Trachea(windpipe) is 12cm(4-5inches)long. Carina is the
point where it divides
Trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia and goblet
cells(secretes 120ml of mucous/day, entraps debris)
Celia are microscopic hair like projections which have
rapid, coordinated, unidirectional upward motion
Celia sweep out debris and excessive mucous membrane
from the lungs
Right mainstem bronchus is shorter, broader, and more
vertical than the left
11. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
II. The pleura
are serous membrane that enclose the
lungs
visceral pleura directly covers the lungs
parietal pleura line the cavity of each
hemithorax
the pleural space is a potential space
between the two pleurae which contains
the pleural fluid that serve as lubricant
12. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
III. The Lungs
The right has 3 lobes while the left has 2.
The 2 are separated by the space called
mediastinum.
Approximately 3 hundred million alveoli
in the lungs.
The right is broader and shorter due to
the presence of the liver.
13. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
III. The Lungs
Residual volume- amount of air that
remain in the lungs after a forceful
expiration. Prevents the collapse of the
lungs after expiration. (1200ml)
Tidal volume- amount of air that moves in
and out of the lungs with each normal
breath.(500ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume- extra amount
of air that can be inhaled beyond
TD.(1300)
14. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
III. The Lungs
Expiratory reserve volume- extra amount
of air that can be exhaled after a normal
breath.(1100)
Total lung capacity- total of RS, TV, IRV
and ERV.
Vital capacity- the maximum amount of
air that can be exhaled after taking the
deepest breath. IRV,TV, and ERV.
15. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
III. The Lungs
Inspiratory capacity- the total amount of
air that a person can inhale following a
resting expiration. IRV and TV
Functional residual capacity- the amount
of air that remain in the lung after a
normal expiration
Pneumocytes
Type I lines the alveoli/structural
Type II produce surfactant
16. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
III. The Lungs
Anatomic dead space- area where gas
exchange does not occur.( trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles
Alveolar dead space- nonfunctional air
sacs due to poor blood flow from adjacent
alveoli
Physiologic dead space- both ADS(150ml)
17. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
IV. The thorax and diaphragm
Thorax- Protect the lungs, heart and great
vessels
Made up of 12 pair of ribs bounded anteriorly
by the sternum and posteriorly by the
thoracic vertebrae
Diaphragm- main respiratory muscle for
inspiration, supplied by the phrenic nerve
Accessory muscles are sternocleidomastoid,
scalene, parasternal, trapezius and pectoralis
18. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
V. Respiratory centers
Medulla Oblongata is the primary center
Pons
Pneumotaxic center- rhythmic quality of
breathing
Apneustic center- deep prolong inspiration
19. STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
V. Respiratory centers
Carotid and Aortic bodies
Peripheral chemoreceptors- take up the function of
the central chemoreceptor in the MO when damaged
Respond to low O2 concentration in blood
Respond to pressure- BP, breathing/ BP, breathing
CO2 is the blood stimulate breathing
Muscles and joints
Pripioceptors- exercise increases respiratory
rate
20. Physiologic changes with Aging
Reduce chest wall compliance that results from
increased calcification of costal cartilage and
decreased strength of intercostal and accessory
muscle and diaphragm
Reduce breathing capacity
Reduced vital capacity
Increased residual volume
Decreased cough reflex
Decreased ciliary activity
21. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
History
Biographic data
Chief complaint
Dyspnea
Cough
Sputum production
Hemoptysis
Wheezing
stridor
Chest pain
22. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
History
Post Medical History
Childhood/ infectious diseases
Respiratory immunization
Major illnesses/ Hospitalization
Medications
Allergies
Family history
23. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
History
Psychosocial history and Lifestyle
Occupational or environmental exposure
Geographic location
Personal habits
(yrs. of smoking x packs/day= pack yrs.)
15yrs. of smoking x 2 packs/day= 30pack yrs.
24. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
History
Psychosocial history and Lifestyle
Occupational or environmental exposure
Geographic location
Personal habits
(yrs. of smoking x packs/day= pack yrs.)
15yrs. of smoking x 2 packs/day= 30pack yrs.
25. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
Physical Examination
Inspection
S/Sx of respiratory distress
I:E(inhalation:expiration) ratio (1:2)
Speech pattern
Chest wall configuration
Chest movement
Fingers and toes
27. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
Physical Examination
Percussion
Resonance
Hyperresonace
Dullness
28. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
Physical Examination
Auscultation
Normal breath sounds
bronchial(tracheal)- heard over manubrium
in the large tracheal airways- high pitched
and loud
Bronchovesicular- heard over bronchi-
moderate pitched, moderate amplitude
Vesicular- heard all over the chest and best
at the base of the lungs- low pitched and soft
29. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
Physical Examination
Auscultation
Adventitous breath sounds
Crackles/Rales(fine)- high pitched, soft,
crackling/popping sound(rolling strands of
hair between fingers)
Crackles/Rales(coarse)- loud/low pitched,
bubbling, gurgling(opening velcro fastener)
31. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
Physical Examination
Auscultation
Voice sounds
Egophony
Sy prolong “e”
Auscultated as “a” indicating consolidation
Whispered Pectoriloquy
Whisper “1,2,3”
Auscultated as muffled 1,2,3
If the words are distinct,indicate
consolidation
32. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
Physical Examination
Auscultation
Voice sounds
bronchophony
Say “ninety-nine”
Consolidation results in increased
resonance and the words are heard clearly
33. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Physical Examination
Auscultation
Altered breathing patterns
Chyme-Stokes- rhythmic waxing and waning
respirations from very deep or very shallow
breathing and temporary apnea.
Kussmaul- hyperventilation- increase rate and
depth
Hypoventilation- slow, shallow respiration
Biots breathing-shallow breaths interrapted
by apnea; irregular irregularity
Apneustic- prolong, gasping inspiration
followed by a very short inefficient expiration
34. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
General appearance- appear relaxed; breathing is
quiet and easily without apparent effort; facial
expressions and limb are relaxed
Breathing pattern- smooth and regular; may have
occasional sighing; breathing is quiet and passive
with symmetric chest expansion; abdomen bulges
slightly with inhalation
Respiration rate- 12-20cpm
Skin- oral mucous membrane are pink, no cyanosis
or pallor present; palpation of skin and chest wall
reveals smooth skin and a stable chest wall, no
crepitation, masses or painful areas
35. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Nails- angulation between the base of the nail and
finger, no thickening of distal finger width, no
clubbing
Chest wall configuration- symmetric, bilateral
muscle development; straight spinal processes;
downward and equal slope of the ribs
Tracheal position- middle and straight, directly
above the suprasternal notch
Vocal/Tactile Fremitus- sensation of sound
vibration is produced when the patient speaks and
compared bilateraly
36. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Abnormal responses
Increased fremitus- due to presence of
consolidation of the lung caused by fluid-
filled or solid structures. i.e. pneumonia or
tumor of lung
Decreased fremitus- presence of more air than
normal which is blocked or trapped in the
lungs of pleural space. i.e. emphysema or
pneumothorax
37. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Abnormal responses
Percussion Tunes
Resonant-heard over normal lung tissue
Intensity-loud
Pitched-low
Duration-long
Quality-low
38. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Abnormal responses
Percussion Tunes
Flat- heard over airless areas
Soft
High
Short
Extremely dull
39. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Abnormal responses
Percussion Tunes
Dull- occur over dense lung tissue. i.e. tumor
or consulidation
Medium
Medium-high
Medium
Thud-like
40. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Abnormal responses
Percussion Tunes
Tympanic- indicates a large tension
pneumothorax
Loud
High
Medium
drumlike
41. ASSESSMENT OF CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY
DISORDER
Normal Findings
Abnormal responses
Percussion Tunes
Hyper resonant- usually in adults due to
trapping of air such as obstructive disease
like emphysema and pneumothorax,
Very loud
Very low
Longer
Booming