The document describes the key components and processes of the respiratory system. It begins by outlining the major parts of the respiratory system including the conducting zone, which carries air to the lungs, and the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs. It then discusses the major structures involved in ventilation, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It describes how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and blood in the alveoli through diffusion. In summary, the document provides an overview of the organs and processes that make up the respiratory system and allow for gas exchange in the body.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange in the body. It begins with the nostrils, where air enters and exits the nasal cavity to be warmed. The pharynx and larynx allow air to pass to the trachea and then bronchi, where air flows into the lungs. The lungs, located in the chest, have lobes and facilitate breathing, respiration, and protection from infection. Inhalation draws oxygen into the lungs through muscle contraction and exhalation removes carbon dioxide as a waste product.
The human respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The nose warms and filters inhaled air. The lungs are the primary organs for gas exchange, extracting oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and releasing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Respiration is controlled by respiratory centers in the brainstem which regulate the muscles of breathing.
The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms, moistens, and filters air and contains smell receptors. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries. Breathing involves inhalation that draws air into the lungs and exhalation that forces air out.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of respiratory system. Anatomy of respiratory organs, Mechanism of respiration, Internal Respiration, external respiration, Transport of oxygen in blood, Transport of carbon dioxide in blood, Regulation of respiration, lung volume and lung capacities are explained.
The nose has several functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is made up of an external cartilage portion and internal nasal cavities divided by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain turbinate bones that increase their surface area and are lined with mucosa. They open anteriorly through the nostrils and posteriorly into the nasopharynx. The nose receives blood supply from several arteries and drains venous blood. Lymph drains from the nose to cervical lymph nodes. The nose has both general sensory innervation and a specialized olfactory area in the upper nasal cavity.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, which are divided into conducting and respiratory portions. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which branch into millions of alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The document also outlines the processes of breathing, gas exchange, and the roles of various respiratory structures.
The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The nasal cavity is lined with turbinates and openings of paranasal sinuses. The pharynx is divided into naso, oro and laryngopharynx. The larynx contains cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis and controls airflow into the trachea and esophagus. The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage and contains incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings extending
Respiration Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the body It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
2. Breathing and Respiration BREATHING 1. Mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide 2. It is a physical process 3. It involves lungs of the organism RESPIRATION 1. It includes breathing and oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to release energy 2. It is a biochemical process 3. It involves the mitochondria in the cells where food is oxidized to release energy
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange in the body. It begins with the nostrils, where air enters and exits the nasal cavity to be warmed. The pharynx and larynx allow air to pass to the trachea and then bronchi, where air flows into the lungs. The lungs, located in the chest, have lobes and facilitate breathing, respiration, and protection from infection. Inhalation draws oxygen into the lungs through muscle contraction and exhalation removes carbon dioxide as a waste product.
The human respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The nose warms and filters inhaled air. The lungs are the primary organs for gas exchange, extracting oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and releasing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Respiration is controlled by respiratory centers in the brainstem which regulate the muscles of breathing.
The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms, moistens, and filters air and contains smell receptors. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries. Breathing involves inhalation that draws air into the lungs and exhalation that forces air out.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of respiratory system. Anatomy of respiratory organs, Mechanism of respiration, Internal Respiration, external respiration, Transport of oxygen in blood, Transport of carbon dioxide in blood, Regulation of respiration, lung volume and lung capacities are explained.
The nose has several functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is made up of an external cartilage portion and internal nasal cavities divided by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain turbinate bones that increase their surface area and are lined with mucosa. They open anteriorly through the nostrils and posteriorly into the nasopharynx. The nose receives blood supply from several arteries and drains venous blood. Lymph drains from the nose to cervical lymph nodes. The nose has both general sensory innervation and a specialized olfactory area in the upper nasal cavity.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, which are divided into conducting and respiratory portions. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which branch into millions of alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The document also outlines the processes of breathing, gas exchange, and the roles of various respiratory structures.
The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The nasal cavity is lined with turbinates and openings of paranasal sinuses. The pharynx is divided into naso, oro and laryngopharynx. The larynx contains cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis and controls airflow into the trachea and esophagus. The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage and contains incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings extending
Respiration Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the body It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
2. Breathing and Respiration BREATHING 1. Mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide 2. It is a physical process 3. It involves lungs of the organism RESPIRATION 1. It includes breathing and oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to release energy 2. It is a biochemical process 3. It involves the mitochondria in the cells where food is oxidized to release energy
The document describes various parts of the respiratory system and their functions, respiratory diseases including their symptoms, prevention and treatment methods. It discusses organs like nose, larynx, trachea, lungs and their roles. Diseases explained are COPD, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, lung cancer and their prevention through lifestyle changes and available treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy etc.
This document provides information about human respiratory system and gas exchange. It discusses that humans require a specialized respiratory surface like lungs due to decreasing surface area to volume ratio with increasing size. The document describes the structure and functioning of lungs including gas exchange in alveoli. It also compares respiration in humans, insects and fish and discusses effects of smoking on lungs.
The human respiratory system allows for gas exchange between the external environment and tissues within the body. It consists of the respiratory tract and respiratory organs. The respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers in the medulla and involves inspiration through muscle contraction and expiration through relaxation. Disorders can disrupt gas exchange like asthma and emphysema.
The document describes the respiratory system and its functions. It discusses how respiration includes pulmonary ventilation where air moves in and out of the lungs, gas exchange between the blood and air in the alveoli, and transport of gases between the lungs and body cells. It also describes cellular respiration where oxygen is used by cells and carbon dioxide is produced. The respiratory organs include the conducting zone which carries air to the respiratory zone in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory system, physiology of respiratory system and neural control sunil JMI
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles which increases the thoracic cavity volume. Expiration is usually a passive process involving relaxation of these muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs. The respiratory centers in the medulla control breathing rhythm and depth via nervous and chemical feedback mechanisms.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human respiratory system including the nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm. It also describes gas exchange that occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The process of breathing is explained including how inhalation and exhalation are controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to expand and contract the chest cavity.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the thorax between the lungs. It has 4 chambers - 2 atria which receive blood and 2 ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The heart has 4 valves that control the direction of blood flow between chambers. It is surrounded by 3 layers - the outer pericardium, middle myocardium which contains the muscle, and inner endocardium. Blood enters the right atrium from the body and enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. It then goes to the lungs via the pulmonary valve and returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins. Blood enters the left ventricle through the mitral valve and is pumped out to the
The respiratory system controls breathing by bringing oxygen into the body through the nose and mouth. Air enters the nasal cavity, where it is warmed and filtered before reaching the pharynx and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and epiglottis, which prevent food from entering the trachea. The trachea divides into bronchi that lead into the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood vessels in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is driven by contractions of the diaphragm during inhalation and its relaxation during exhalation.
The document provides an overview of the respiratory system and control of respiration. It describes the key organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains the mechanics of breathing through inspiration and expiration. Gas exchange occurs as oxygen passes from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. The lungs, diaphragm, ribs and autonomic nervous system work together to regulate breathing and ventilation.
Anatomically the respiratory system is divided into
Upper respiratory tract
From the nostril to the vocal cord
Lower respiratory tract
The lower respiratory tract is from bellow the vocal cord upto the alveoli
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and muscles. The nose and mouth allow air intake and filter it. The pharynx and larynx direct air to the proper passages. The trachea and bronchi form the conducting airways to the lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in alveoli and blood in capillaries, transferring oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out of blood.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward which increases the space in the chest cavity, causing the lungs to expand and suck air in through the nose or mouth. The air travels through bronchial tubes into alveoli where oxygen passes into blood cells and carbon dioxide moves out. Oxygen-rich blood is then pumped by the heart to tissues throughout the body. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing the chest cavity space and forcing carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs and mouth or nose.
The respiratory system oversees gas exchange between the blood and external environment through the lungs. Air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into the lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide. Key organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and diaphragm.
In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration. Air is breathed in through the nose or the mouth. In the nasal cavity, a layer of mucous membrane acts as a filter and traps pollutants and other harmful substances found in the air.
The respiratory system is comprised of several organs involved in breathing, including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. Air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through these structures made of cartilage, muscle and mucous membranes to warm, moisten and filter the air before it reaches the lungs. In the lungs, the air flows through increasingly smaller airways called bronchioles until reaching tiny air sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste throughout the body using blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Oxygen-rich blood is carried from the heart to body cells via arteries and returns to the heart via veins as oxygen-poor blood. The heart pumps blood in two separate circuits - the pulmonary circulation transports blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and the systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to all body tissues before returning to the heart.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the key components including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains that inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the lungs to allow air entry. Expiration is the reverse process as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil, pushing air out. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood via diffusion down a concentration gradient.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses which warm, moisten and filter inhaled air. The lower respiratory tract includes the lungs and airways inside the chest. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During respiration, oxygen is absorbed into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide is released, in a continuous cycle of breathing in and out.
The document describes the structure and function of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins by explaining how the trachea branches into primary bronchi, which then branch further into secondary and tertiary bronchi. The smallest branches are bronchioles that lead to clusters of alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. The lungs have a very large surface area due to the large number of alveoli, which allows for efficient gas exchange.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through breathing. It consists of an upper respiratory system including the nose, mouth and throat, and a lower system including the windpipe, lungs, bronchi and alveoli. The nose and mouth intake air, which travels through the pharynx and larynx before entering the lungs via the trachea and bronchi. Within the lungs, bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs through thin epithelial walls.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It begins by outlining the key components of respiration including pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs and blood, and transport of gases. It then details the anatomy of the major respiratory organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated structures. It explains how air moves through the conducting zone to the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The roles of surrounding tissues like pleura and muscles in breathing are also summarized.
The respiratory system obtains oxygen from the air and transports it to cells via respiration. Oxygen diffuses into the lungs and blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the air. The blood then transports gases between the lungs and body tissues via internal respiration. Key components include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs through thin epithelial walls. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood and facilitates diffusion in tissues through factors like pH and temperature changes.
The document describes various parts of the respiratory system and their functions, respiratory diseases including their symptoms, prevention and treatment methods. It discusses organs like nose, larynx, trachea, lungs and their roles. Diseases explained are COPD, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, lung cancer and their prevention through lifestyle changes and available treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy etc.
This document provides information about human respiratory system and gas exchange. It discusses that humans require a specialized respiratory surface like lungs due to decreasing surface area to volume ratio with increasing size. The document describes the structure and functioning of lungs including gas exchange in alveoli. It also compares respiration in humans, insects and fish and discusses effects of smoking on lungs.
The human respiratory system allows for gas exchange between the external environment and tissues within the body. It consists of the respiratory tract and respiratory organs. The respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers in the medulla and involves inspiration through muscle contraction and expiration through relaxation. Disorders can disrupt gas exchange like asthma and emphysema.
The document describes the respiratory system and its functions. It discusses how respiration includes pulmonary ventilation where air moves in and out of the lungs, gas exchange between the blood and air in the alveoli, and transport of gases between the lungs and body cells. It also describes cellular respiration where oxygen is used by cells and carbon dioxide is produced. The respiratory organs include the conducting zone which carries air to the respiratory zone in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory system, physiology of respiratory system and neural control sunil JMI
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles which increases the thoracic cavity volume. Expiration is usually a passive process involving relaxation of these muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs. The respiratory centers in the medulla control breathing rhythm and depth via nervous and chemical feedback mechanisms.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human respiratory system including the nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm. It also describes gas exchange that occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The process of breathing is explained including how inhalation and exhalation are controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to expand and contract the chest cavity.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the thorax between the lungs. It has 4 chambers - 2 atria which receive blood and 2 ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The heart has 4 valves that control the direction of blood flow between chambers. It is surrounded by 3 layers - the outer pericardium, middle myocardium which contains the muscle, and inner endocardium. Blood enters the right atrium from the body and enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. It then goes to the lungs via the pulmonary valve and returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins. Blood enters the left ventricle through the mitral valve and is pumped out to the
The respiratory system controls breathing by bringing oxygen into the body through the nose and mouth. Air enters the nasal cavity, where it is warmed and filtered before reaching the pharynx and larynx. The larynx contains the vocal cords and epiglottis, which prevent food from entering the trachea. The trachea divides into bronchi that lead into the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood vessels in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Breathing is driven by contractions of the diaphragm during inhalation and its relaxation during exhalation.
The document provides an overview of the respiratory system and control of respiration. It describes the key organs involved, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains the mechanics of breathing through inspiration and expiration. Gas exchange occurs as oxygen passes from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. The lungs, diaphragm, ribs and autonomic nervous system work together to regulate breathing and ventilation.
Anatomically the respiratory system is divided into
Upper respiratory tract
From the nostril to the vocal cord
Lower respiratory tract
The lower respiratory tract is from bellow the vocal cord upto the alveoli
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and muscles. The nose and mouth allow air intake and filter it. The pharynx and larynx direct air to the proper passages. The trachea and bronchi form the conducting airways to the lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs between the air in alveoli and blood in capillaries, transferring oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out of blood.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward which increases the space in the chest cavity, causing the lungs to expand and suck air in through the nose or mouth. The air travels through bronchial tubes into alveoli where oxygen passes into blood cells and carbon dioxide moves out. Oxygen-rich blood is then pumped by the heart to tissues throughout the body. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing the chest cavity space and forcing carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs and mouth or nose.
The respiratory system oversees gas exchange between the blood and external environment through the lungs. Air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and into the lungs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide. Key organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and diaphragm.
In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration. Air is breathed in through the nose or the mouth. In the nasal cavity, a layer of mucous membrane acts as a filter and traps pollutants and other harmful substances found in the air.
The respiratory system is comprised of several organs involved in breathing, including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. Air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through these structures made of cartilage, muscle and mucous membranes to warm, moisten and filter the air before it reaches the lungs. In the lungs, the air flows through increasingly smaller airways called bronchioles until reaching tiny air sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste throughout the body using blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Oxygen-rich blood is carried from the heart to body cells via arteries and returns to the heart via veins as oxygen-poor blood. The heart pumps blood in two separate circuits - the pulmonary circulation transports blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and the systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to all body tissues before returning to the heart.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the key components including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. It explains that inspiration occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the lungs to allow air entry. Expiration is the reverse process as these muscles relax and the lungs recoil, pushing air out. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and blood via diffusion down a concentration gradient.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses which warm, moisten and filter inhaled air. The lower respiratory tract includes the lungs and airways inside the chest. The lungs contain bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. During respiration, oxygen is absorbed into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide is released, in a continuous cycle of breathing in and out.
The document describes the structure and function of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins by explaining how the trachea branches into primary bronchi, which then branch further into secondary and tertiary bronchi. The smallest branches are bronchioles that lead to clusters of alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. The lungs have a very large surface area due to the large number of alveoli, which allows for efficient gas exchange.
The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through breathing. It consists of an upper respiratory system including the nose, mouth and throat, and a lower system including the windpipe, lungs, bronchi and alveoli. The nose and mouth intake air, which travels through the pharynx and larynx before entering the lungs via the trachea and bronchi. Within the lungs, bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs through thin epithelial walls.
The document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It begins by outlining the key components of respiration including pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs and blood, and transport of gases. It then details the anatomy of the major respiratory organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated structures. It explains how air moves through the conducting zone to the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The roles of surrounding tissues like pleura and muscles in breathing are also summarized.
The respiratory system obtains oxygen from the air and transports it to cells via respiration. Oxygen diffuses into the lungs and blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the air. The blood then transports gases between the lungs and body tissues via internal respiration. Key components include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs through thin epithelial walls. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood and facilitates diffusion in tissues through factors like pH and temperature changes.
Human respiration involves breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air diffuses into blood capillaries and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses out, allowing for gas exchange. Respiration is essential for providing oxygen to cells and removing carbon dioxide waste.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria to produce ATP, while respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment. Respiratory systems move oxygen into tissues for cellular respiration and remove the carbon dioxide waste. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx, and warms and filters incoming air. The lower respiratory tract within the thorax includes the trachea and bronchial tree leading to the lungs, which extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide through millions of alveoli. Common respiratory diseases that can impair function include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria to produce ATP, while respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment. Respiratory systems move oxygen into tissues for cellular respiration and remove the carbon dioxide waste. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx, and warms and filters incoming air. The lower respiratory tract within the thorax includes the trachea and bronchial tree leading to the lungs, which extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide through millions of alveoli. Common respiratory diseases that can impair function include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose in mitochondria to produce ATP, while respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment. Respiratory systems move oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide out of cells. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx, and warms and filters incoming air. The lower respiratory tract within the thorax includes the trachea and bronchial tree leading to the lungs, which extract oxygen and release carbon dioxide through millions of alveoli. Common respiratory diseases that can impair function include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The document discusses respiration from multiple perspectives. Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce ATP in mitochondria. Respiratory systems exchange gases between the body and environment, allowing oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Respiration is also commonly referred to as breathing. The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower tract. The upper tract includes the nose, sinuses and pharynx. The lower tract contains the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs through diffusion. Several respiratory diseases are also outlined.
The respiratory system consists of passages that filter and transport air into the lungs and body. Respiration involves gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells. The organs of the respiratory system include the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx) and lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs). The lungs are the primary organs of respiration and facilitate gas exchange through millions of alveoli.
The respiratory system introduces oxygen into the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm and alveoli. The nose and mouth warm and filter air before it reaches the pharynx and larynx, then travels through the trachea into the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles divide into smaller passages ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs through thin membranes into the bloodstream. Common respiratory diseases include asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia and lung cancer.
The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membranes in the pleural cavities. The nose and nasal cavity warm and humidify inhaled air and filter out particles. The lungs are located in the pleural cavities and are divided into lobes. Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli in the lungs and capillaries through a thin respiratory membrane. Various muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles aid in ventilation.
The document provides an overview of the respiratory system. It describes that respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. It then discusses the different parts of the respiratory system including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and related structures. It also explains the processes of external respiration between the lungs and blood and internal respiration between blood and tissues. Finally, it summarizes the mechanisms and regulation of respiration in the body.
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System.pptxSarojPoudel24
The respiratory system has four main functions: pulmonary ventilation, gas diffusion, gas transport, and regulation of ventilation. It is divided into an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The lower tract includes the lungs, which are divided into lobes and bronchopulmonary segments. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli via diffusion. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart while deoxygenated blood is carried to the lungs. The respiratory system works to provide oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide through a series of branching airways and blood vessels in the lungs.
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM for students.pptxEkeneobi2
The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and a lower respiratory tract. The conducting portion transports air from the nose to the lungs, while the respiratory portion exchanges gases in the alveoli. The respiratory tract contains a conducting zone from the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory zone from bronchioles to alveoli. Gas exchange takes place in the thin walls of the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The lungs are divided into lobes and surrounded by pleural membranes that allow for ventilation.
The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract filters and conditions incoming air while the lower tract contains the lungs where gas exchange occurs via alveoli. Air enters the nose and is warmed and humidified before reaching the lungs. In the lungs, air passes through progressively smaller airways until reaching the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Respiration is the process of gas exchange which occurs through external respiration in the lungs and internal respiration in tissues.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange between the lungs and cells of the body. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli. The nose and pharynx warm and humidify inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen passes from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide passes out. This allows for cellular respiration to occur.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major organs of the respiratory system including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and pleurae. It details the conducting and respiratory zones of the lungs, ending with the alveoli where gas exchange takes place across the respiratory membrane.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the respiratory system in 3 paragraphs or less:
The respiratory system provides oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the upper respiratory tract which warms and filters air, and the lower respiratory tract including the lungs where gas exchange occurs across the alveolar membranes. The lungs are protected by the pleural membranes and respiratory muscles including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles control breathing by changing thoracic pressure and volume during inhalation and exhalation.
Respiratory System - Human Anatomy and Physiology bPharmPankaj Saha
The document summarizes the organization and function of the respiratory system. It describes:
1. The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract that conducts air from the nose to the larynx, and a lower respiratory tract from the trachea onwards. The lower tract is further divided into a conducting zone from the trachea to terminal bronchioles, and a respiratory zone from bronchioles to alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
2. The main functions of the respiratory system are to supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide, as well as filter air, regulate pH and temperature, and contain smell receptors. Breathing involves cyclic inhalation and exhalation phases.
3. The
This document summarizes the key components and processes of the respiratory system. It describes how pulmonary ventilation moves air in and out of the lungs, enabling gas exchange between air and blood in the alveoli. Oxygen then diffuses from the blood into tissues through internal respiration, while carbon dioxide diffuses out. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to transport these respiratory gases throughout the body.
The epithelium lining the respiratory tract from the nasal fossa through the bronchi is called the respiratory mucosa and is characterized by a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with abundant non-ciliated cells known as goblet cells. - [Source: medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php]
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This document provides guidelines for infection control in dental health care settings. It consolidates previous recommendations and adds new ones regarding educating and protecting dental health care personnel, preventing transmission of bloodborne pathogens, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, contact dermatitis and latex sensitivity, sterilization and disinfection, environmental infection control, dental unit waterlines, and special considerations such as dental handpieces, radiology, parenteral medications, and oral surgery. The recommendations were developed by the CDC in collaboration with other experts and are based on available scientific evidence and expert opinion.
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This document provides an introduction to bioethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and human behavior, and bioethics as the application of ethical principles to life sciences and medicine. The document traces the birth and development of bioethics, including historical codes like the Hippocratic Oath, and key events that shaped research ethics and clinical ethics like the Nazi experiments, Tuskegee study, and Belmont Report. It discusses emerging issues in areas like artificial organs, new reproductive technologies, and end of life care. The document emphasizes that clarifying current problems in biomedicine requires understanding the nature and dignity of the human person.
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This document provides a series of physics problems related to work, energy, and power. It contains multiple parts labeled A through I, with 6 problems under each letter. The problems cover concepts such as work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, the work-energy theorem, and power. Students are instructed to only solve the problems corresponding to their group number.
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. 2
Respiration Includes
Pulmonary ventilation
Air moves in and out of lungs
Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
External respiration
Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
Transport of respiratory gases
Between the lungs and the cells of the body
Performed by the cardiovascular system
Blood is the transporting fluid
Internal respiration
Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
3. 3
Cellular Respiration
Oxygen (O2) is used by the cells
O2 needed in conversion of glucose to
cellular energy (ATP)
All body cells
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a
waste product
The body’s cells die if either the
respiratory or cardiovascular system fails
4. 4
The Respiratory Organs
Conducting zone
Respiratory passages
that carry air to the site of
gas exchange
Filters, humidifies and
warms air
Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange
Composed of
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Conducting zone labeled
5. 5
Nose
Provides airway
Moistens and warms air
Filters air
Resonating chamber
for speech
Olfactory receptors
External nose
Conducting zone will be covered first
6. 6
Nasal cavity
Air passes through nares (nostrils)
Nasal septum divides nasal cavity in midline (to right & left halves)
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer and septal cartilage
Connects with pharynx posteriorly through choanae (posterior nasal
apertures*)
Floor is formed by palate (roof of the mouth)
Anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate
* palate
7. 7
Linings of nasal cavity
Vestibule* (just above nostrils)
Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and nose
hairs
Filters large particulars (insects, lint, etc.)
The remainder of nasal cavity: 2 types of mucous membrane
Small patch of olfactory mucosa near roof (cribriform plate)
Respiratory mucosa: lines most of the cavity
*
Olfactory mucosa
8. 8
Respiratory
Mucosa
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
Scattered goblet cells
Underlying connective tissue lamina
propria
Mucous cells – secrete mucous
Serous cells – secrete watery fluid with
digestive enzymes, e.g. lysozyme
Together all these produce a quart/day
Dead junk is swallowed
9. 9
Nasal Conchae
•Inferior to each is a meatus*
•Increases turbulence of air
•3 scroll-like structures
•Reclaims moisture on the way out
*
*
*
(its own bone)
Of ethmoid
11. 11
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
Open into nasal cavity
Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and
perform same functions
Also lighten the skull
Can get infected: sinusitis
12. 12
The Pharynx (throat)
3 parts: naso-, oro- and laryngopharynx
Houses tonsils (they respond to inhaled antigens)
Uvula closes off nasopharynx during swallowing so food
doesn’t go into nose
Epiglottis posterior to the tongue: keeps food out of airway
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as common
passageway for food and air
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection
*
*
13. 13
The Larynx (voicebox)
Extends from the level of the 4th
to the 6th
cervical vertebrae
Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
Inferiorly is continuous with trachea (windpipe)
Three functions:
1. Produces vocalizations (speech)
2. Provides an open airway (breathing)
3. Switching mechanism to route air and food into
proper channels
Closed during swallowing
Open during breathing
14. 14
Framework of the larynx
9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
anteriorly
Cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage: the only
complete ring of cartilage: signet shaped and wide
posteriorly
15. 15
Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3
pairs of small cartilages
1. Arytenoid: anchor the vocal cords
2. Corniculate
3. Cuneiform
9th
cartilage: epiglottis
17. 17
Epliglottis* (the 9th
cartilage)
Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
On a stalk attached to thyroid cartilage
Attaches to back of tongue
During swallowing, larynx is pulled superiorly
Epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal
laryngeal inlet
Keeps food out of lower respiratory tract
*
*
Posterior views
18. 18
Cough reflex: keeps all but air out of
airways
Low position of larynx is required for
speech (although makes choking easier)
Paired vocal ligaments: elastic fibers, the
core of the true vocal cords
19. 19
Pair of mucosal vocal folds (true vocal
cords) over the ligaments: white because
avascular
20. 20
Glottis is the space between the vocal cords
Laryngeal muscles control length and size of opening by moving
arytenoid cartilages
Sound is produced by the vibration of vocal cords as air is exhaled
21. 21
Innervation of larynx (makes surgery at neck risky)
Recurrent laryngeal nerves of Vagus
These branch off the Vagus and make a big downward
loop under vessels, then up to larynx in neck
Left loops under aortic arch
Right loops under right subclavian artery
Damage to one: hoarseness
Damage to both: can only whisper
22. 22
Trachea (the windpipe)
Descends: larynx through neck into mediastinum
Divides in thorax into two main (primary) bronchi
16-20 C-shaped rings
of hyaline cartilage
joined by fibroelastic
connective tissue
Flexible for bending
but stays open despite
pressure changes
during breathing
23. 23
Posterior open parts of tracheal cartilage abut esophagus
Trachealis muscle can decrease diameter of trachea
Esophagus can expand when food swallowed
Food can be forcibly expelled
Wall of trachea has layers common to many tubular organs –
filters, warms and moistens incoming air
Mucous membrane (pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and lamina
propria with sheet of elastin)
Submucosa ( with seromucous glands)
Adventitia - connective tissue which contains the tracheal cartilages)
25. 25
Carina*
Ridge on
internal
aspect of last
tracheal
cartilage
Point where
trachea
branches
(when alive
and standing
is at T7)
Mucosa highly
sensitive to
irritants:
cough reflex
*
26. 26
Bronchial tree bifurcation
Right main bronchus (more susceptible to
aspiration)
Left main bronchus
Each main or primary bronchus runs into hilus
of lung posterior to pulmonary vessels
1. Oblique fissure
2. Vertebral part
3. Hilum of lung
4. Cardiac impression
5. Diaphragmatic surface
(Wikipedia)
27. 27
Main=primary bronchi divide into
secondary=lobar bronchi, each supplies
one lobe
3 on the right
2 on the left
Lobar bronchi branch into tertiary =
segmental bronchi
Continues dividing: about 23 times
Tubes smaller than 1 mm called bronchioles
Smallest, terminal bronchioles, are less the 0.5 mm
diameter
Tissue changes as becomes smaller
Cartilage plates, not rings, then disappears
Pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple
cuboidal without mucus or cilia
Smooth muscle important: sympathetic relaxation
(“bronchodilation”), parasympathetic constriction
(“bronchoconstriction”)
28. 28
Respiratory Zone
End-point of respiratory tree
Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts: walls consist of alveoli
Ducts lead into terminal clusters called alveolar sacs – are microscopic chambers
There are 3 million alveoli!
29. 29
Gas Exchange
Air filled alveoli account for most of the lung volume
Very great area for gas exchange (1500 sq ft)
Alveolar wall
Single layer of squamous epithelial cells (type 1 cells)
surrounded by basal lamina
0.5um (15 X thinner than tissue paper)
External wall covered by cobweb of capillaries
Respiratory membrane: fusion of the basal laminas
of
Alveolar wall
Capillary wall
Alveolar sac
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveoli
(air on one side;
blood on the other)
31. 31
This “air-blood barrier” (the respiratory
membrane) is where gas exchange occurs
Oxygen diffuses from air in alveolus (singular
of alveoli) to blood in capillary
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in
the capillary into the air in
the alveolus
32. 32
Surfactant
Type II cuboidal epithelial cells are
scattered in alveolar walls
Surfactant is a detergent-like substance
which is secreted in fluid coating alveolar
surfaces – it decreases tension
Without it the walls would stick together
during exhalation
Premature babies – problem breathing is
largely because lack surfactant
33. 33
Microscopic detail of alveoli
Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibers
Alveoli interconnect via alveolar pores
Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”
Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane
35. 35
Lungs and Pleura
Pleural cavity – slit-like potential space filled with pleural
fluid
Lungs can slide but separation from pleura is resisted
(like film between 2 plates of glass)
Lungs cling to thoracic wall and are forced to expand and
recoil as volume of thoracic cavity changes during
breathing
Around each lung is a flattened
sac of serous membrane called
pleura
Parietal pleura – outer layer
Visceral pleura – directly on
lung
40. 40
Paired lungs occupy all thoracic cavity lateral to
the mediastinum
Mediastinum contains (mainly): heart, great blood
vessels, trachea, main bronchi, esophagus
41. 41
Lungs
Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and
posterior surfaces contacting ribs
Superior tip is apex, just deep to clavicle
Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm is
the base
apex apex
base base
42. 42
Hilus or (hilum)
Indentation on mediastinal (medial) surface
Place where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessel, and
nerves enter and exit the lung
“Root” of the lung
Above structures attaching lung to mediastinum
Main ones: pulmonary artery and veins and main
bronchus
Medial view R lung Medial view of L lung
43. 43
Right lung: 3 lobes
Upper lobe
Middle lobe
Lower lobe
Left lung: 2 lobes
Upper lobe
Lower lobe
Oblique fissure
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Abbreviations in medicine:
e.g.” RLL pneumonia”
Each lobe is served by
a lobar (secondary)
bronchus
44. 44
Each lobe is made up of bronchopulmonary
segments separated by dense connective tissue
Each segment receives air from an individual
segmental (tertiary) bronchus
Approximately 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each
lung
Limit spread of infection
Can be removed more easily because only small
vessels span segments
Smallest subdivision seen with the naked eye is
the lobule
Hexagonal on surface, size of pencil eraser
Served by large bronchiole and its branches
Black carbon is visible on connective tissue separating
individual lobules in smokers and city dwellers
45. 45
Pulmonary arteries bring oxygen-poor blood to
the lungs for oxygenation
They branch along with the bronchial tree
The smallest feed into the pulmonary capillary
network around the alveoli
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
the alveoli of the lungs to the heart
46. 46
Stroma – framework of connective tissue holding
the air tubes and spaces
Many elastic fibers
Lungs light, spongy and elastic
Elasticity reduces the effort of breathing
Blood supply
Lungs get their own blood supply from bronchial
arteries and veins
Innervation: pulmonary plexus on lung root
contains sympathetic, parasympathetic and
visceral sensory fibers to each lung
From there, they lie on bronchial tubes and blood
vessels within the lungs
47. 47
Bronchopulmonary – means both bronchial
tubes and lung alveoli together
Bronchopulmonary segment – chunk receiving air
from a segmental (tertiary) bronchus*: tertiary means
it’s the third order in size; also, the trachea has
divided three times now
“Anatomical dead space”
The conducting zone which doesn’t participate in gas
exchange
Primary bronchus:
(Left main)
Secondary:
(left lower lobar bronchus)
(supplying
left lower
lobe)
Does this clarify a little?
*
Understand the concepts; you don’t
need to know the names of the
tertiary bronchi
48. 48
Ventilation
Breathing = “pulmonary ventilation”
Pulmonary means related to the lungs
Two phases
Inspiration (inhalation) – air in
Expiration (exhalation) – air out
Mechanical forces cause the movement of air
Gases always flow from higher pressure to lower
For air to enter the thorax, the pressure of the air in it
has to be lower than atmospheric pressure
Making the volume of the thorax larger means the air inside it
is under less pressure
(the air has more space for as many gas particles, therefore
it is under less pressure)
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles accomplish this
49. 49
Muscles of Inspiration
During inspiration, the
dome shaped diaphragm
flattens as it contracts
This increases the height of
the thoracic cavity
The external intercostal
muscles contract to raise
the ribs
This increases the
circumference of the
thoracic cavity
Together:
50. 50
Inspiration continued
Intercostals keep the thorax stiff so sides don’t
collapse in with change of diaphragm
During deep or forced inspiration, additional
muscles are recruited:
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis minor
Quadratus lumborum on 12th
rib
Erector spinae
(some of these “accessory muscles” of ventilation are
visible to an observer; it usually tells you that there is
respiratory distress – working hard to breathe)
51. 51
Expiration
Quiet expiration in healthy people is
chiefly passive
Inspiratory muscles relax
Rib cage drops under force of gravity
Relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly
(up)
Elastic fibers in lung recoil
Volumes of thorax and lungs decrease
simultaneously, increasing the pressure
Air is forced out
52. 52
Expiration continued
Forced expiration is active
Contraction of abdominal wall muscles
Oblique and transversus predominantly
Increases intra-abdominal pressure forcing the
diaphragm superiorly
Depressing the rib cage, decreases thoracic
volume
Some help from internal intercostals and latissimus
dorsi
(try this on yourself to feel the different muscles acting)
53. 53
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Think about the processes involved and
then try and imagine the various
scenarios
1. Trauma causing the thoracic wall to be
pierced so air gets into the pleura
2. Broken rib can do (1); always do a CXR if
there’s a broken rib
3. Visceral pleura breaks, letting alveolar air
into pleural space
55. 55
Neural Control of Ventilation
Reticular formation in medulla
Responsible for basic rate and rhythm
Can be modified by higher centers
Limbic system and hypothalamus, e.g. gasp with certain
emotions
Cerebral cortex – conscious control
Chemoreceptors
Central – in the medulla
Peripheral: see next slide
Aortic bodies on the aortic arch
Carotid bodies at the fork of the carotid artery: monitor O2 and
CO2 tension in the blood and help regulate respiratory rate and
depth
The carotid sinus (dilated area near fork) helps regulate blood
pressure and can affect the rate (stimulation during carotid
massage can slow an abnormally fast heart rate)
56. 56
Peripheral chemoreceptors
regulating respiration
Aortic bodies*
On aorta
Send sensory info to medulla
through X (vagus n)
Carotid bodies+
At fork of common carotid
artery
Send info mainly through IX
(glossopharyngeal n)
*
+
57. 57
There are many diseases of the respiratory system,
including asthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD (chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease – with chronic bronchitis
and/or emphysema) and epiglottitis
example:
normal emphysema