The document discusses the structure and function of the respiratory system, detailing its components such as the nose, larynx, trachea, lungs, and alveoli, along with the processes of respiration. It explains the mechanisms of breathing, the differences between external and internal respiration, and the physiological effects of exercise on respiratory efficiency. Additionally, it covers concepts like oxygen debt, lactic acid accumulation, and the benefits of regular exercise for respiratory health.

1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
JEGATHEESWARI KARTHIK

2. IMPORTANCE OF RESPIRATION
 All living organisms respire in order to obtain energy for
various vital activities ….
1. Growth
2. Movement
3. Reproduction

3. RESPIRATION DEFINITION
 In the living cell, the oxidative breakdown of organic
substances with the release of energy and the conversion
of potential energy into kinetic energy.

4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 The system formed by organs, which are concerned for the
exchange of gases between the environment and living
organisms.

5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Nose
 Nasal cavity
 Larynx
 Pharynx
 Trachea
 Bronchiole
 Lungs
 Alveoli
 Diaphragm

6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

7. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- NOSE
 Part of the face centered above the mouth and below the
space between the eyes.
 Nostrils provide entrance to the nasal cavity.
 Acts as internal hair filter.
 Provides resonating chambers for speech sounds.

8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- NASAL CAVITY
 Hollow space behind the nose.
 Conducts air into pharynx.
 It’s mucous lining warms and moistens the air.

9. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- PHARYNX
 Chamber behind mouth cavity and between nasal cavity
and larynx.
 Passage way for air from nasal cavity to larynx.
 Passage way for food from mouth cavity to oesophagus.

10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- LARYNX
 Enlarged upper end of the trachea.
 Composed of muscles and cartilages bounded by elastic
tissue.
 Passage way for air.
 Prevents foreign objects from entering trachea and houses
vocal cords.
 Filters the incoming air by trapping dust particles.

11. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- TRACHEA
 Flexible tube, which connects larynx to the bronchial tree
 1.5 cms in length 2.5 cms in diameter.
 Passage way for air
 It’s mucous lining continues to filter the incoming air and
protect against dust.

12. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- BRONCHIAL TREE
 Branched tubes that lead from the trachea to the alveoli.
 Conducts air from the trachea to the alveoli.
 It’s mucous lining continues to filter the air.

13. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- LUNGS
 Soft, spongy, paired, cone shaped organs.
 Occupies large portion of thoracic cavity.
 Right lung is larger and divided in to 3 lobes.
 Left lung is smaller and divided into 2 lobes.

15. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- LUNGS
 Contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels connective
tissues, lymphatic vessels and nerves of the lower
respiratory tract.
 Helpful in gaseous exchange.
 Gets oxygen to the blood and takes away carbon di oxide
through inhalation and exhalation.

17. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- BRONCHI
 The passage way into the lungs.
 Connection between the rest of the respiratory tract and
lungs.
 Carries oxygen rich air to the lungs during inhalation.
 Let carbon di oxide rich air out of the lungs during
exhalation.

18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- BRONCHIOLES
 The passage way to the alveoli.
 From bronchi, the oxygen rich air travels to alveoli through
bronchioles.
 In alveoli gaseous exchange takes place.

19. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-ALVEOLI
 Small balloon like sacs.
 200-500 micrometer in diameter.
 Vital part
 Gets oxygen into the blood stream for transport to the
tissues and to remove carbon di oxide from the blood
stream.

20. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-DIAPHRAGM
 Separates thoracic cavity, from abdominal cavity.
 Serves as the primary muscle of inspiration.
 Helps in breathing, vomiting and throwing up urine from
the body.

21. FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Provides oxygen to the body cells.
 Eliminates carbon di oxide produced by the body cells.
 Regulates pH of blood.
 Defends the body against microbes.
 Forms speech sounds.

22. FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system can reduce blood pH
by removing CO2 from the blood.
The chemical reactions that regulate the
levels of CO2 and carbonic acid occur in the
lungs when blood travels through the lung's
pulmonary capillaries.

23. MECHANICS OF BREATHING
 Oxygen and carbon di oxide exchange contains two parts.
1. External respiration
2. Internal respiration

24. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
 Also called as breathing.
 Occurs between inhaled air in the pulmonary alveolus and the
deoxygenated pulmonary blood in the capillaries.
 It results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood coming
from the heart into oxygenated blood.
 Exchange of gases takes place by diffusion.

26. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
 Blood is purified by removing carbon di oxide.
 External respiration makes internal respiration possible as
oxygen rich blood goes to different parts of body.
 It is a physical process.

27. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
 It is also called as cellular respiration.
 chemical process
 Includes interchange of gases by diffusion between the
body fluid and tissue cells.
 Oxygen combines with glucose to form carbon di oxide ,
water and energy.

28. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
 Deoxygenated blood is carried to the heart and then to
the lungs for another cycle of external respiration.

29. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREATHING AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Breathing Cellular respiration
Physical process. Involves
exchange of gases.
Chemical process, which
involves oxidation of glucose
Takes place outside the cell Takes place inside the cell
It does not require enzymes It requires enzymes

31. DIFFUSION OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN ALVEOLI
 Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches alveoli
 The layers of cells lining the alveoli and the surrounding
capillaries are only one cell thick and in very close contact
with each other.
 The barrier between ear and the blood is about on micron.
 Oxygen passes quickly through this barrier.

33. MECHANISM OF BREATHING
 It involves two processes:
1) Inspiration: Process of taking in air from the atmosphere
into the lungs
2) Expiration: Process of getting rid of the air from the lungs
to the atmosphere

34. INSPIRATION
 Also called as inhalation
 Is the result of increase in size of thoracic cavity
 This increase is due to the combined action of ribs and
diaphragm
 The ribs are moved upward and outward by the muscles
stretched between them
 This enlarges the chest cavity all around

35. INSPIRATION
 Diaphragm is a sheet of muscular tissue
 It normally remains arched upward like a dome towards the base of
lungs
 On contraction it falls or flattens from the dome shaped outline to
horizontal plane.
 It contributes to the enlargement of the chest cavity length wise
 As the diaphragm flattens it presses the organs inside the abdomen
 The abdominal muscles relax and the abdominal wall moves outward

37. INSPIRATION
 Decreased pressure inside the lungs draws the air inward
1. When the thoracic cavity increases in size the pressure in the
pleural cavity is decreased.
2. The lungs expand and as a result the pressure inside the
lungs is lowered below the atmospheric pressure.
3. The outside air which is at a greater pressure rushes in to
equalize the pressure.

40. EXPIRATION
 Is the result of reverse movements of ribs and diaphragm.
 Ribs move downward and inward.
 Diaphragm is relaxed and becomes dome shape again.
 The cavity of thorax is diminished and the lungs are
compressed, forcing the air outside.

41. BREATHING
 During rest, we breathe 16 times a minute.
 0.5-3 liters of air is inhaled in every breathe.
 If we engage in physical activities, the rate of breathing
increases.
 It can go upto 50 times a minute.

42. OXYGEN DEBT
 A temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising
from exercise.
 Oxygen debt occurs when the body reaches a state of
anaerobic respiration during intense exercise. ...
 The body compensates for this temporary oxygen
deficit by taking in more oxygen after a heavy workout.

43. LACTIC ACID ACCUMULATION
 Lactic acid is produced in your muscles and builds up during
intense exercise.
 It can lead to painful, sore muscles. Lactic acid buildup due to
exercise is usually temporary and not cause for a lot of
concern, but it can affect your workouts by causing discomfort.
 Lactic Acid Buildup Causes Muscle Fatigue and Soreness.

44. LACTIC ACID ACCUMULATION
 Lactate is cleared from blood, primarily by the liver, with the kidneys
(10-20%) and skeletal muscles doing so to a lesser degree.
 It can be relieved by
1.Stay hydrated. Make sure you're staying hydrated, ideally before,
during, and after strenuous exercise. ...
2.Rest between workouts. ...
3.Breathe well. ...
4.Warm up and stretch. ...
5.Get plenty of magnesium. ...
6.Drink orange juice.

45. SECOND WIND
 Second wind is a phenomenon in distance running, such as
marathons or road running (as well as other sports),
whereby an athlete who is out of breath and too tired to
continue suddenly finds the strength to press on at top
performance with less exertion.
 When the body properly regulates respiration to meet the long-
term demands of steady-state exercise, muscles begin
operating more efficiently, breathing evens out and fatigue is
decreased compared to earlier in the run, resulting in the
sensation of a second wind.

46. SECOND WIND
 Some scientists believe that the second wind is the result
of the body finding the proper balance of oxygen to
counteract the building of lactic acid in the muscles.
 Others claim it is because of endorphin production.

47. COMPOSITION OF INSPIRED AND EXPIRED AIR

48. VITAL CAPACITY
 Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a
person can expel from the lungs after a maximum
inhalation.
 It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal
volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

49. TIDAL VOLUME , INSPIRATORY RESERVE
VOLUME
• Tidal volume. The amount of air you typically breathe into your
lungs when at rest and when extra effort is not applied. The
average tidal volume is about 500 mL for both men and
women.
• Inspiratory reserve volume. The amount of extra air inhaled
— above tidal volume — during a forceful breath in. When you
exercise, you have a reserve volume to tap into as your tidal
volume increases. The average inspiratory reserve volume is
about 3000 mL in males and 2100 mL in females.

50. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Aerobic respiration- Takes place in the presence of oxygen.
 Anaerobic respiration- Takes place in the less presence or
absence of oxygen.
Lactic acid accumulation

51. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration does not
need oxygen.
 It is the release of a relatively small amount of energy in
cells by the breakdown of food substances in the absence
of oxygen or less presence of oxygen.

52. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Anaerobic respiration in muscles
 Anaerobic respiration happens in muscles during hard
exercise:
 glucose → lactic acid
 C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3
 Glucose is not completely broken down, so much less
energy is released than during aerobic respiration.

53. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 There is a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles during
vigorous exercise. The lactic acid needs to be oxidised to
carbon dioxide and water later.
 This causes an oxygen debt - known as excess post-
exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) - that needs to be
‘repaid’ after the exercise stops. This is why we keep on
breathing deeply for a few minutes after we have finished
exercising.

54. ANOXIA
 Anoxia happens when your body or brain completely loses its oxygen supply. Anoxia
is usually a result of hypoxia. This means that a part of your body doesn’t have
enough oxygen. When your body is harmed by a lack of oxygen, it’s called a hypoxic-
anoxic injury.
 Hypoxia can be a consequence of many conditions. These include:
• low oxygen at high altitudes
• significant blood loss
• carbon monoxide and other poisonings
• breathing difficulties that lower oxygen supply, like asthma or pneumonia
• low blood flow to organs, such as from a stroke or heart problem
• sudden injuries that affect breathing, such as near-drowning or choking

55. ASPHYXIA
 a condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen,
causing unconsciousness or death; suffocation.

56. BENEFITS OF EXERCISE ON THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
1. Increase in tidal volume and vitality.
2. Respiratory muscles become strong.
3. Increase in aerobic endurance.
 Also known as aerobic fitness, cardiorespiratory endurance,
cardiovascular endurance or good old-fashioned
stamina, aerobic endurance is your ability to keep exercising
at moderate intensity for extended periods of time. That will
account for the majority of your training runs, swims and cycles

57. BENEFITS OF EXERCISE ON THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
4. Faster rate of recovery to perform a physical activity.
5. Expansion of chest
6. Increase in number of alveoli and faster alveoli
functioning,
7. Faster removal of carbon di oxide
8. Maintenance of water balance