This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It begins by outlining the major conducting structures of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli. It then describes each structure in more detail, including their location, tissue composition, and functions. Key points covered include the protective and warming functions of the nose, the roles of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and terminal bronchioles in conducting air, and the gas exchange that occurs across the respiratory membrane in the alveoli.

1. CHAPTER 22:
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (1): ANATOMY
Human Anatomy and Physiology II –
BIOL153
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of trachea
Right main (primary)
bronchus
Right lung
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Left main (primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Diaphragm

2. Goals/Objectives
 Identify the organs forming the respiratory
passageway(s) in descending order until you reach
the alveoli
 Describe the location, structure, and function of each
of the following: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx,
and larynx
 List and describe several protective mechanisms of
the respiratory system
 Distinguish between conducting and respiratory
zone structures
 Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane

3. Nasal cavity
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of
trachea
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Right
lung
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Diaphragm
The Respiratory System
 Major function –
Respiration
 Supply body with
O2 for cellular
respiration;
dispose of CO2,
a waste product
of cellular
respiration
 Also functions in
olfaction and
speech

4. Processes of Respiration
 Pulmonary
ventilation
 External
respiration
 Transport
 Internal
respiration
Respiratory
system
Circulatory
system

5. Respiratory System: Functional
Anatomy
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of trachea
Right main (primary)
bronchus
Right lung
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Left main (primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Diaphragm

6. Functional Anatomy
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Respiratory zone-site of gas
exchange
Conducting zone-conduits to gas
exchange sites

7. The Nose
 Functions
Provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as resonating chamber for
speech
Houses olfactory receptors

8. The Nose – Surface Anatomy
Root and
bridge of nose
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Naris (nostril)

9. The Nose – External Skeletal
Framework
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Maxillary bone
(frontal process)
Lateral process of
septal cartilage
Minor alar
cartilages
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
Major alar
cartilages

10. Nasal Cavity
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Nasal vestibule
Nostril
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
 Nasal cavity-within and
posterior to external nose
 Divided by midline nasal
septum
 Posterior nasal apertures
(conchae) open into
nasopharynx
 Roof-ethmoid and sphenoid
bones
 Floor–hard (bone) and soft
palates (muscle)
 Nasal vestibule-nasal
cavity superior to nostrils
 Vibrissae (hairs) filter
coarse particles from
inspired air
 Rest of nasal cavity lined
with mucous membranes
 Olfactory mucosa
 Respiratory mucosa

11. Paranasal Sinuses
Sphenoid sinus
Frontal sinus
 In frontal,
sphenoid,
ethmoid,
and
maxillary
bones
 Lighten
skull;
secrete
mucus; help
to warm
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone

12. Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Regions of the pharynx
Pharynx
 Muscular tube
from base of skull
to C6
 Connects nasal
cavity and mouth
to larynx and
esophagus
 Composed of
skeletal muscle

13. Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Nasopharynx
Opening of
pharyngotympanic tube
Uvula
Esophagus
Trachea
Epiglottis
 Air passageway
posterior to nasal
cavity
 Lining -
pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
 Soft palate and uvula
close nasopharynx
during swallowing
 Pharyngeal tonsil
(adenoids) on
posterior wall
 Pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tubes drain
and equalize pressure
in middle ear; open
into lateral walls

14. Oropharynx
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Isthmus of the
fauces
Esophagus
Trachea
Epiglottis
 Passageway for
food and air from
level of soft palate
to epiglottis
 Lining of stratified
squamous
epithelium
 Isthmus of
fauces-opening to
oral cavity
 Palatine tonsils-
in lateral walls of
fauces
 Lingual tonsil-on
posterior surface
of tongue

15. Laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Epiglottis
 Passageway
for food and air
 Posterior to
upright
epiglottis
 Extends to
larynx, where
continuous with
esophagus
 Lined with
stratified
squamous

16. Larynx
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
Anterior superficial view
Functions
• Provides patent airway
• Routes air and food into
proper channels
• Voice production
• Houses vocal folds

17. Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Arytenoid muscles
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
Body of hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Fatty pad
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right
Larynx

18. Vocal Folds
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis Vocal folds in open position; open glottis
 Vocal ligaments-deep to laryngeal
mucosa
 Attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid
cartilage
 Contain elastic fibers
 Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
 Glottis-opening between vocal folds
 Vestibular folds (false
vocal cords)
 Superior to vocal folds
 No part in sound production
 Help to close glottis during
swallowing

19. Voice Production
 Speech-intermittent release of expired air
while opening and closing glottis
 Pitch determined by length and tension of
vocal cords
 Loudness depends upon force of air
 Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and
sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound
quality
 Sound is "shaped" into language by
muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate,
and lips

20. Trachea – the “windpipe”
Esophagus
Trachealis
muscle
Lumen of
trachea
Posterior
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline
cartilage
Adventitia
Seromucous
gland in
submucosa
Anterior
Cross section of the trachea
and esophagus
Wall composed of three layers:
• Mucosa-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
• Submucosa-connective tissue with seromucous glands
• Adventitia-outermost layer made of CT; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

21. Trachea – Tissue Composition
Goblet cell
• Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
• Lamina propria
(connective tissue)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Seromucous gland
In submucosa
Photomicrograph of the
tracheal wall (320x)

22. Bronchi and Subdivisions
Superior lobe
of right lung
Middle lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Trachea
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Lobar (secondary)
bronchus
Segmental (tertiary)
bronchus
Inferior lobe
of left lung
 Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching  bronchial (respiratory)
tree
 From tips of bronchial tree  conducting zone structures  respiratory

23. Cilia move mucus to pharynx
Cilia
Goblet cell
secretes mucus.
Nucleus of
columnar
epithelial cell
Basement
membrane
Dust particle
Mucus layer traps
inhaled particles.
Watery saline layer
allows cilia to
push mucus
toward pharynx.
Bronchi Epithelium

24. Bronchi and Subdivisions
Superior lobe
of right lung
Middle lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Trachea
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Lobar (secondary)
bronchus
Segmental (tertiary)
bronchus
Inferior lobe
of left lung

25. Changes in the tissue composition
of conducting tubes
• Epithelium
type changes
• Support
structures
change
• Amount of
smooth muscle
increases

26. Clicker Question
Breathing air through the nose serves multiple
functions. What function would be increased
when breathing dry air?
a) Warming the air
b) Delivering the air to the lungs
c) Providing a resonance chamber for speech
d) Humidifying the air

27. Functional Anatomy
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Respiratory zone-site of gas
exchange
Conducting zone-conduits to gas
exchange sites

28. Respiratory Zone
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar
sac
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveoli
Alveolar
sac
Alveolar
pores

29. Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
Capillary/Alveoli Relationship

30. Red blood
cell in
capillary
Alveoli
(gas-filled
air spaces)
Type II
alveolar
cell
Type I
alveolar
cell
Capillary
Macrophage
Endothelial cell
nucleus
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolar
epithelium
Fused basement
membranes of
alveolar
epithelium and
capillary
endothelium
Capillary
endothelium
Capillary
Alveolus
Nucleus of type I
alveolar cell
Alveolar pores
Red blood
cell
Alveolus
Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
Alveoli and the Respiratory
Membrane

31. Clicker Question
Which of the following is not part of the
conducting zone?
a) Primary bronchi
b) Lobar bronchi
c) Terminal bronchioles
d) Alveolus

32. Clicker Question
The respiratory membrane is composed of
________.
a) the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries
b) the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall,
and their fused basement membrane
c) the fusion of the type I and type II alveolar
cells
d) the cells found between the alveolar pores

33. Lungs
Trachea
Thymus
Apex of lung
Right inferior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Right superior lobe
Oblique fissure
Right middle lobe
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Intercostal
muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Left
superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Left inferior
lobe
Cardiac notch
Lung

34. Lungs
Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural
membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
Posterior
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Pericardial
membranes
Sternum
Vertebra
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
• Left main
bronchus
• Left pulmonary
artery
• Left pulmonary
vein
Thoracic wall
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
Left lung
Pulmonary trunk
Right lung

35. Blood Supply

36. Lungs
Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural
membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
Posterior
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Pericardial
membranes
Sternum
Vertebra
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
• Left main
bronchus
• Left pulmonary
artery
• Left pulmonary
vein
Thoracic wall
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
Left lung
Pulmonary trunk
Right lung

37. Pleurae