1. Respiration
Group 5
Puentispina
Pusing
Razalan
Recio
3OTB
2. • responsible for gaseous exchange between the
blood and external environment.
• provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues
and removes carbon dioxide (the waste product
of metabolism).
• facilitates sense of smell
• can also produce speech
• Can maintain acid-base balance, body water
levels and heat balance.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
4. External Respiration
◦ Absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the
body
Internal Respiration
◦ Utilization of O2 and production of CO2 by cells
and the gaseous exchanges between the cells
and their fluid medium
Processes/Levels
6. UPPER AIRWAYS LOWER AIRWAYS
Nasal cavity Trachea
pharynx Primary Bronchi
larynx Bronchial tree
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Passageway of Air
7.
8.
9. Gas exchanging Pump that
organ ventilates the
◦ Lungs lungs
◦ Chest wall
◦ Respiratory muscles
◦ Areas in the brain
that control the
muscles
◦ Tracts
◦ nerves
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
10. the site of gas exchange and it occupies
most of the thoracic cavity
divided into lobes: left lung (2 lobes);
right lung (3 lobes)
has 2 pleural membranes
THE LUNGS
11. Between trachea and alveolar sacs ->
airways divide 23 times
◦ 1st 16 generation: conducting zone of
the airways that transports gas from and
to the exterior
Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
bronchioles
◦ Remaining 7 generations ->
transitional and respiratory zones where
gas exchange occurs
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveoli
12. Blood->pulmonary artery -> pulmonary capillary
bed (oxygenated and returned to left atrium via
pulmonary veins)
Bronchial
arteries- small, separated, come from
systemic arteries
Capillaries-
drain into bronchial veins ;
anastomose with pulmonary capillaries/veins
Bronchial veins- drain into azygos veins
Bronchial circulation nourishes bronchi & pleura
Pulmonary Circulation
13. Pressure
◦ Pulmonary Circulation: 7mm Hg
Systemic Circulation- 90mm Hg
Volume
◦ Pulmonary vessels at any one time =1L
Flow
◦ mean velocity at the root of pulmonary artery=
about 40cm/s
0.75 secs- red cells traverse the pulmonary
capillaries at rest
0.3 s or less during exercise
Pulmonary Circulation
14. Breathing is the movement of air into
and out of the lungs.
12-18 respirations/ min (adults)
30-50 respirations/ min (infants)
*Patient Care skills by Pierson and Fairchild
12-15 respirations/ min (Ganong)
What is Breathing?
24. Ventilation (V)-Perfusion(Q) ratio
Ratio between the amount of air entering the
alveoli and the amount of blood draining into the
lung.
Allows an assessment of the efficiency of gas
exchange.
Local control aims at maintaining an optimal
V/Q.
Local Control – V/Q Ratio
25. Location: The respiratory centres (pairs of
nuclei located in the medulla oblongata and
the pons) modified by sensory
neurons(peripheral and in the
brain’s cerebrospinal fluid) and higher centres
(cerebral cortex).
Role: Adjust the depth and rate of ventilation
Central Control
32. I neurons send out streams
of impulses which travel down
to the ANTERIOR HORN CELLS
of the SPINAL CORD on the opposite
site and are relayed from
CERVICAL SEGMENTS
by the PHRENIC NERVES
to the DIAPHRAGM and from
THORACIC SEGMENTS
by the INTERCOSTAL NERVES
to the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
These nerve impulses cause
the muscle of inspiration to contract
In the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA)
E neurons in the upper end Inhibit
the I neurons during expiration
33. PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER (PTC)
(nucleus parabrachialis)
Normal function unknown but
may have a role in switching
between inspiration and expiration
MEDULLARY GROUPS
The dorsal group in the nucleus of the
tractus solitarius (NTS) contain I neuron.
The ventral group in the nucleus NRA
contain both E and I neurons.
Afferent impulses in the vagus from lung
stretch receptors inhibit I neuron discharge.
Inspiratory neurons inhibited
The muscles of inspiration relax
Expiration follows passively
in quiet respiration
Expiratory (E) neurons are excited
in force expiration
35. Inhalation occurs in first 2 seconds followed
by 3 seconds of exhalation
Inhalation: Within the first stage, the DRG
(stimulated by the apneustic centres),
enhance the activities of the inspiratory
muscles
Exhalation: In the next 3 seconds, the
pneumotaxic centres inhibit the apneustic
centres resulting in unstimulated DRG. These
no longer stimulate inhalation anymore,
causing passive exhalation
Normal Breathing Cycle
36. Inhalation: both the DRG and inspiratory
centres of the VRG stimulate the
contraction of inspiratory muscles and
inhibition of the expiratory centres of the
VRG. This leads to relaxation of expiratory
muscles, resulting in inhalation
Forced Breathing Cycle
37. Exhalation: The DRG and inspiratory
centres of the VRG are inhibited.
Meanwhile, expiratory centres of VRG
bring about the contraction of expiratory
muscles, causing forced expiration
Forced Breathing Cycle
39. Normal pattern of breathing is modified
via sensory reflexes in order to
accommodate physiological changes and
maintain homeostasis.
Receptors detect changes inside the body
and send information to the central
controllers.
Involuntary control:
Respiratory Reflexes
40. Output of the controllers is then modified
changing the efferent signal to the
effectors
Stimulation
Chemical
Mechanical
Changes in Blood Pressure
Involuntary Control :
Respiratory Reflexes
41. Detect changes in the chemical
composition of the blood and
cerebrospinal fluid.
Central Chemoreceptors
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptor Reflexes
42. Function in controlling the inflation and
deflation of the lungs during forced
breathing.
Controls volume and stretch of lungs to
avoid over expansion and over deflation.
Slowly adapting receptors (SARs)
Inflation reflex
Deflation reflex
Hering-Breuer Reflexes
44. Stimulated by pulmonary edema and
products of inflammation in the
interstitium of the lungs.
Contributes to particular responses such
as rapid shallow breathing,decreased
tidal volume, increased respiratory
rate, mucus secretion and cough.
J receptors: Inflammation and
Edema
45. Presence of cold block on vagus nerve.
Inflation is not inhibited in the lungs.
Contributes to particular responses such
as rapid shallow breathing,decreased
tidal volume, increased respiratory
rate, mucus secretion and cough.
Head’s Paradoxical Reflex
46. Muscle spindles are sensory receptors
that are widely located in the intercostal
muscleswithin the ribcage and are
involved in a reflex arc not involving the
medulla (sensory neurons synapse
directly with motor neurons).
Muscle spindle reflexes
47. Affect respiratory frequency and tidal
volume.
By decreased intrasinus pressure
Baroreceptor Reflexes
50. Effect of CO2
Indirect effect
React with water to
form carbonic acid ->
hydrogen and
carbonate ion.
Easily passes through
the blood-cerebrospinal
fluid barrier.
Increae in CO2 ->
increase in H ion in
chemosensitive area
51. An increased
concentration of CO2
within the human body
stimulates the
respiratory system in
order to restore the
balance between O2 and
CO2 concentrations.
Therefore, breathing is
initiated once the level
of CO2 increases beyond
the normal.
Explain the dominant role of CO2 in determining to
breathe
52. Experiment 5
Results
After Normal Expiration After Over breathing After Half-Squat
Group 5 23.42 secs 43.19 secs 9.66 seconds
53. This Graph shows that the one with shortest time before breakout
is during half squat followed by normal expiration and the one with
longest time before breakout is during over breathing.
54. This graph shows the comparison between groups in the class. We can see that
all (100%) groups agreed that their shortest time before breakout happens
during half squats, 5 groups (except group 3, about 83.33% of class) has the
same result that their longest time before breakout happens after over
breathing and the second longest time is after normal expiration
55. The shortest time before breakout is after doing half squats.
During half squats, the oxygen and carbon consumption and
carbon dioxide formation increases than normal and so there is
an increase in ventilation. Ventilation begins immediately during
the initiation of half squats before any blood chemicals have had
time to change. The increase in respiration is due to direct
transmission of neurogenic signals to the brain stem respiratory
center causing the body to react (begin breathing/ begin the
cycle-inspiration and expiration once again). Contrary to this is
the reason why the longest time before breakout is during over
breathing. The subject continuously breathes deeply for a short
interval and then abruptly holds his breath. During over
breathing, the person blows off too much carbon dioxide from the
pulmonary blood while at the same time increasing blood oxygen.
In this condition, it takes several seconds before the changed
pulmonary blood can be transported to the brain ergo, inhibits
excess ventilation. Once it is transmitted in the brain respiratory
center, the center becomes depressed to an excessive amount
and therefore the brain will respond and the breathing cycle
begins once again.
RATIONALE
56. Detects changes in
O2 in the blood
Located:
Carotid bodies
(bifurcation of the
common carotid >
Hering Nerve >
glossopharyngeal N.
> dorsal respiratory
area)
Peripheral Chemoreceptor
57. Located:
Aortic bodies(arch of
the aorta > Vagus
Nerve > Dorsal
respiratory area)
Peripheral Chemoreceptor
58. Depletion of oxygen in
arterial blood causes
the stimulation of
chemoreceptor area.
Glomus cells – synapse
directly or indirectly
to the nerve ending.
Peripheral Chemoreceptor
59. When arterial carbon
dioxide and
hydrogen ion
concentration
remains normal
despite increase
respiration
Oxygen level is less
than 60 mm Hg.
When does O2 becomes the primary stimulus
for breathing?
60. The more important drive
for respiration is the
change in one's PCO₂,
or the effect of carbon
dioxide on the central
chemoreceptors. This is
because of the ready
penetration of CO₂ to
membranes, most
especially at the blood-
brain barrier.
Which is the more important in respiration,
PO2 or PCO2?
61. Proper delivery of
oxygen can occur
despite changes in
lung ventilation on
the other hand CO2
changes almost
exactly inversely
with the rate of
ventilation
Which is the more important in respiration,
PO2 or PCO2?
62. Point at which
breathing can no
longer be voluntarily
inhibited.
Breaking Point
63. Breathing 100% Hyperventilation
CO2 is blown off ad
Raises alveolar PO2 arterial CO2 is
initially thus breaking lowered from the
point is delayed. start thus breaking
point is delayed
Breaking Point Delay
