Respiratory system

Respiratory system
and control of Respiration
• Introduction
• Respiratory system organs
• Gas exchange
• Breathing mechanism
• Exchange of breathing gases
• Control of Respiration
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
T.Amani Alsharidah

Introduction: Respiration
• Respiration is an important physiological process for living organisms by which gases are
transported, so cells take oxygen and expel excess carbon dioxide.
• Oxygen is used to burn or metabolize substances inside cells and release energy.
• The CO2 produce from cell are expel by breathing.

Cont.
The breathing process includes the following stages:
A- Breathing air or pulmonary ventilation and includes the two processes of
energy and exhalation where the air enters the lungs and the release of carbon
dioxide from the lungs for external air.
B- External breathing :external respiration: The exchange of gases on the
respiratory surfaces such, lungs, skin and nostrils, as in some animals,
C- Internal respiration: also called cellular respiration, includes gas exchanges
between, blood fluids and tissue cells. The different body, the oxidation processes
that occur within the cells and result in the release of energy.
D- Regulating the ventilation and other processes associated with breathing
through the autonomic nervous system.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

Cont. Introduction of Respiration
• Intracellular respiration occur in cytoplasm and in mitochondrial, where oxygen
enters to be consumed during the metabolism of nutrients inside it, and its the
place where energy is produced in cells, where energy is stored in the form of
Adnine triphosphate (ATP), is produced by the oxidation of carbon dioxide (CO2)
that is released into the blood.
• Since the amount of excess (CO2) in the blood leads to acidity and is toxic to
cells it is necessary to get rid of excess quantities quickly and efficiently.
• There are two devices in the body responsible for supplying oxygen and getting
rid of carbon dioxide
• The circulatory system transfers gases between cells and lungs. and the
respiratory system exchanges gasses.

‫الخلوي‬ ‫والتنفس‬ ‫الرئوي‬ ‫التنفس‬
Pulmonary and cellular respiration
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

Pulmonary or Lung Respiration
• Lungs are found in some invertebrates such as scorpions, snails, some spiders
and some crustaceans have simple pulmonary structures known as book
lungs. ‫الرئات‬‫الكتابية‬ .
• However, lungs in vertebrates (except fish) are efficient in ventilation.
• The lungs contain several million alveoli, and each of these alveoli vesicles is
equipped with a capillary network.

Respiratory system or organs
Respiratory organs include
the following:
1-Nose
2-Pharynx
3-Larynx
4-Trachea
5-Bronchial
6- Lungs and alveoli
7- Pleura membranes
8-Diaphragm ‫الحاجز‬ ‫الحجاب‬

1- Nose:
It is the first part of the respiratory system and is characterized by the internal composition
lined with a mucus membrane rich in blood vessels.
Nasal functions:
a- Inserting air from out side, warming it, moisturizing and purifying it from impurities and
germs stuck in it with the help of nasal mucus.
b- The nose makes sense of smell where it can The perception of harmful gases and the
sensitivity is concentrated in the olfactory receptors in the membrane lining the upper part of
the nasal cavity
c - Release and excrete the secretion of the mucosa, sinuses and tear duct outside the body
by cilia.
d- In case of blockage or obstruction of the nasal follicle, the person breathes orally.
• There are nose pockets attached to nose, two front nose pockets , and two tendos that are
full of air to reduce the weight of the skull.

• The Pharynex sometimes called throat, a muscle tube 13cm long, connected to
seven internal openings, the mouth, the opening of the back nose, and the
opening of the estacius and the larynx opening.
• Pharyngeal functions:
An air passage from the nose to the trachea, a passage of food from the mouth to
the esophagus that acts as a room for resonating chamber. )‫يعمل‬‫كغرفة‬‫لنغمة‬
‫الصوت‬‫ونوعيته‬
2- Pharynx

The pharynx parts
• The pharynx consists of three parts:
a-Upper part of the naso-pharynx
lining with pseudo-sratified ciliated layer, helps cilia move mucus
down to the mouth. The estaxius channels are opened on the side
wall where the two channels exchange a small amount of air with
this part of the pharynx to maintain a balance of air pressure on
both sides of the middle ear and eardrum.
b- Oral pharyngeal part (Oropharynix)
is an air passage for food through, there is a pair of tonsils: the
jaw and tongue tonsils at the end of the tongue.
c - The lower part of the Laryngopharynix:
have two branches, first branch parts down to the esophagus and
2nd to the larynx
• The float, called glottis, is always open to the air, except when
swallowing food, it is closed by the epiglottis ‫المزمار‬ ‫لسان‬
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

3-Larynx
• The larynx is called a voice box, a short passageway that connects the pharynx to the
trachea.
• It has a cartilage muscular structure that supports its wall with four cartilage:
1- Thyroid cartilage 2- Lower ring cartilage (Cricoid cartilage) 3- and two cartilage back
(Arytenoid cartilage).
• Larynx lining with a ciliated mucous membrane, to get rid of the air plankton inside and
move it to the mouth
• The mucous membrane is arranged in a couple of folds.
1. the upper part is known as abdominal folds or Ventricular folds or false vocalcord, has
nothing to do with the occurrence of sound.
2. the lower pair is known as vocal folds or vocal cords, the sound occurs as a result of
vibrating cords.
• The real sound occur when the air rushes between them.
• The larynx in men is more pronounced and stands out a little on the front and is called
adam's apple, and from the larynx the air rushes into the trachea.

The Larynx cartilage and the abdominal, vocal ligaments

• It is a relatively long and wide tube, 12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter,
• Located in front of the esophagus and extends between the larynx and the fifth
pectoral vertebrae and then branched into two pneumatic divisions (right and left).
• It is always open because of the presence of cartilage rings supporting the wall
form of the letter (C) and the open part of the letter (C) consists of smooth
muscular fibers.
• The trachea is lined with pseudo-columnar epithelial layer, excretion of mucous
substances that help moisturize and purify the air.
• The cilia also vibrate from the bottom to the top to release the mucous secretions
and take them out orally.
4. Trachea

5-Bronchi
• The bronchi ends up branching into two branches:
• The right and left primary bronchus, that enter the
lungs.
• Each division branched within the lung into
secondary bronchus, the composition of the bronchi
is similar to the composition of the trachea but its
cartilage is completely circle.
• Inside each lobe of the lung branch the secondary
branch into small branches, known as bronchial
tree, and replace the cartilage with a cartilage plate,
and in the smaller branches disappear these plates
disappear and are known as bronchioles and there
are the walls of these bronchioles is smooth muscle
fibers and disappear Cartilage. Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

6- The Lunges
• There is a pair of conical lungs located in the
thoracic cavity, separated by the heart and the
branches of the two Bronchi divisions.
• Each lung is divided into lobes by grooves. The
right lung is divided into three lobes and the left
lung into two lobes.
• Each part of the lobes is divided into a small lobes
known as lobules and encapsulates each lobe
with a rubber tissue containing lymph vessels,
vein and arteries.
• The lobes are branched into branches, known as
aerobic branches, whose walls are made up of
squamous cells that are spaced instead of cubic
cells. Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of

• From the walls of bronchi emerging a small
cup-like cavities in shape and are lined by
squamous cells, supported by thin rubber
membranes known as pulmonary alveoli,
• The bronchi share an vesicles channel known
as alveolar sac, the number of these alveoli in
the lungs is several million.
• Around each aerobic alveoli aerobic
acapillary network branched out of the artery
and vein.
• Where gas exchanges are carried out by the
simple spread between the blood and the air
vesicles through their walls and capillaries.
6- The Lunges

7- Pleural membranes
• Each lung is surrounded by a Pleural membrane, a bilayer serological fibrous
membrane that consists of each layer of one row of internal epithelial cells
attached to the lung and the external facing the rib cage, and confined between
them the pleural cavity contains serological fluid (Serous fluids) which helps in
the work of sliding surface of the lungs inside the rib cage. (fig, slide 18).
• Lung ventilation:
The amount of air that enters the lungs per minute and depends on two factors
1 - the volume of air (depth of breathing)
2 - the number of breathing times per minute or respiratory rate (Respiration
rate).

Alhimaidi Ahmad R

The Surrounding gasses around the living organisms
• The oxygen content in the air is 21% and decreases as we rise
from sea level to mountain tops.
• Carbon dioxide (0.03%) Nitrogen gas (78.8%) Other gases, 0.23%
• Other factors play in the oxygen percent or ratio:
1- Temperature:
The hot air contains less oxygen than cold air.
2- Degree of salinity:
where dissolved oxygen in the water decreases by high salinity.
3- Water currents:
affect the speed of the spread of water and saturate it with gases

‫التنفس‬ ‫آلية‬
Mechanics of Breathing or respiration
• The lungs are surrounded by the rib cage, which consists of (12 pairs) the
bones of the ribs connected by the muscles of the ribs, which is conical shape
with the upper openings from which the trachea, esophagus, blood vessels,
nerves and the lower opening are enclosed by the diaphragm muscles that
separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
• The mechanism of breathing is carried out during two successive operations:
1- Inspiration ( Inhalation):
in which the diaphragm is held up and the ribs rise to the top, thus expanding
the cavity of the rib cage, which brings the air into the lungs as a result of low
air pressure inside them. It is a positive process that need energy.
2-Expiration ( Exhalation):
Where the muscles of the ribs are relaxed so the ribs muscles and diaphragm
return to its position , so the size of the thoracic cavity decreases, causing the
lungs to expel the air out. It is a negative process that takes place without any
muscle effort and does not require energy (Fig, slide 23).

‫التنفس‬ ‫آلية‬: Mechanics of Breathing
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫الرئتين‬ ‫في‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫قياس‬
Measurement of ventilation
• The volume of air that enters and exits the lungs in humans in a resting
position is 500 mm and called tidal volume, but the human can increase it to
2500 mm by doing a deep inhaler after a normal inhaler called the protective
inhaler volume (Inspiration volume reserve IVR) and can be expelled a
quantity of air with a strong exhalation process after a normal exhalation
process in the output of 1500 mm air is known as expiratory reserve volume
ERV).
• At exercise or hard efforts called vital capacity VC remains after the deepest
exhalation amount of air in the aerobic alovli or alvear is estimated at 1500
mm and this is called residual volume and because the inside air does not
reach all the alveoli and and remains in the respiratory tract, which makes it
not involved in supplying blood with oxygen so this is called dead space and is
estimated to be worth 150 ml.
• So during normal breathing, 350 ml of pulmonary vesicles air is replenished,
but during sports, more than 4 liters of 6 liters of vesicles air are replenished.

‫الرئتين‬ ‫في‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫تابع‬
Measurement of ventilation
• The molecular pressure of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) during
normal breathing remains constant and allows for gas exchange between the
wall of air vesicles and blood, which is estimated in the alveoli of oxygen micro-
pressure =100 mmHg, and the molecular pressure of carbon dioxide = 40 mm
Mercury(Hg) vs. 195 mmHg per oxygen,0.3 for carbon dioxide in the air of the
exhaling.
• The amount of air fresh in the lungs during one minute during rest is 6-7 liters
and is called the minute volume, which is the volume of air entering through
the nostrils to the lungs.
• The number of respiratory movements per minute is 12-14 times.

‫التنفس‬ ‫غازات‬ ‫تبادل‬
Exchange of respiratory Gases
• When the lungs are full, oxygen travels from the alveoli through the fluids of
the inter-tissue and then to the blood and from there to the tissue cells.
• Carbon dioxide is a reverse from cells to inter-fluids and then to blood and from
it to the alveoli of the lungs.
• In the blood coming into the lungs,
• The oxygen pressure (PO2) is about 40 mmHg and the pressure of carbon
dioxide (PCO2) 54 mmHg, and since the oxygen pressure (PO2) in the alveoli is
100 mmHg and carbon dioxide (PCO2) 40 mmHg, there is an increase in
oxygen pressure from air to blood.( see the figure, slide 28)
• And an increase in carbon dioxide pressure in the vesicles than in the air, the
carbon dioxide is transmitted from the blood to the alveoli through simple
diffusion.

‫التنفس‬ ‫غازات‬ ‫تبادل‬ ‫تابع‬
Exchange of respiratory Gases
• The exchange of gases is rapid due to the large area of the surface of the
exchange thin cell membrane separating the air follicles and between the
blood does not exceed two cells where the operation takes less than a
second.
• and on this the arterial blood that leaves the lungs is oxygen pressure and
carbon dioxide 100, 40 mmHg, respectively.
• In tissues, the opposite occurs, i.e. oxygen is transmitted from the blood
to cells because the oxygen pressure in the blood is higher than in the
tissues, while carbon dioxide is transmitted from cells to the blood because
carbon dioxide pressure is greater in the cells in the blood.(see the fig)
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫التنفس‬ ‫غازات‬ ‫تبادل‬‫األنسجة‬ ‫وخاليا‬ ‫والدم‬ ‫الهوائية‬ ‫الحويصالت‬ ‫بين‬: Exchange of
respiratory Gases
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫الدم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الغازات‬ ‫انتقال‬: Transport of Gases in Blood
1- Oxygen transfer in the blood:
• Oxygen is transported in the blood by its association with the hemoglobin
protein (Hb) to red blood cells 97%, while the amount of free oxygen in the
blood plasma (3%),oxygen pressure is equal to air vesicles, making it low-
dissolved in plasma.
• In the presence of molecular pressure of oxygen in high alveoli, oxygen is
associated with hemoglobin in erythrocytes to be oxy-hemoglobin :
High PO2
• 4Hb + 4O2 4HbO2
Low PO2 /High H+

‫الحمراء‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خاليا‬‫السليمه‬‫وتركيب‬ ‫والمنجلية‬‫الهميوقلوبين‬‫بها‬ ‫الخاص‬
Healthy red blood cells, sickle cell and the synthesis of their hemoglobin.
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫الدم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الغازات‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫تابع‬: Transport of Gases in Blood
Transporting carbon dioxide in the blood:
• Carbon dioxide is transported in three ways:
1. 8% by dissolving the blood plasma.
2. is that 92% of carbon dioxide is transported by erythrocytes (27%
combined with hemoglobins, the composition of Hb CO2..
3.The bulk (65%), It combines with water and has carbonic acid (H2CO3)
in red blood cells, which is ionizing to hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to
act as a blood-regulating solution (Buffer solution).
carbonic hydrogenaes Ioniting
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

cont. Transport of Gases in Blood
• Hydrogen ion (H+) acts as a catalyst for releasing oxygen from hemoglobulin
to cells, while bicarbonate ions combine with potassium, made up of
potassium bicarbonate, which spread from red blood cells to plasma.
• CO2 in plasma also combines with sodium Na, forming sodium bicarbonate.
• When blood reaches the lungs the opposite occurs where the molecular
pressure of oxygen increases, causing the replacement of carbon dioxide
united with hemoglobin with oxygen, and bicarbonate molecules break down
and release carbon dioxide, which It dissolves in plasma and then spreads in
the direction of the alveoli according to the difference in the molecular
pressure of these gases within the alveoli.

‫الدم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكربون‬ ‫اكسيد‬ ‫ثاني‬ ‫انتقال‬
Transport of CO2 in Blood
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫التنفس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫الية‬
Control of respiration
• Control of the breathing process occurs involuntarily as this:
• The Medulla oblongata (rectangular marrow) of the brain has a
breathing control center, which receives signals from sensory nerves
around the coronary artery (or carotid) and aorta that predicts the
concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) coming out of the
heart and concentration of carbonic acid in the blood, based on these
nerve signals, the center of breathing control in the brain sends signals
to the muscles of the ribs to be relax or contract by autoimmune
neurons.

Control of respiration
by breathing control center at Medulla
oblongata and autoimmune neurons.
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫عوامل‬
Factor control of Respiration Rate (RR)
There are several factors that control the speed of breathing in living organisms:
1. The intensity of metabolism processes within cells as the increase in the
percentage of CO2 in the blood increases, increasing the respiratory rate to get
rid of CO2 in the blood.
2. Muscle or motor exertion as the rate of breathing increases
3. The productive state of the animal, the animals are high production or high
metabolism, increases the rate of breathing.
4. The age of the organism, young organisms or newborns are higher than adult
organisms to increase the rate of growth and cellular reproduction in young
than adults.
5. External environmental factors such as heat, relative humidity in the atmosphere
and atmospheric pressure also play a role in increasing or reducing the
respiratory rate of living organisms.
6. Blood pH changes as a result of blood acidity changes, increasing the rate of
breathing.

Factor control of Respiration Rate (Metabolsim and pH)

‫الحمل‬ ‫اثناء‬ ‫والجنين‬ ‫االم‬ ‫في‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬
Respiratory rate in the mother and fetus during pregnancy
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

‫الحي‬ ‫الكائن‬ ‫نوع‬
Type of organism
‫الدقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مرة‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫معدل‬
Breathing rate once per minute
‫اإلنسان‬Human16-18 time/min
‫االبقار‬Cow12-28 times/min
‫الجاموس‬Bovine10-30 times/min
‫الجمل‬Camel5-20 times/min
‫األغنام‬Sheep12-20 times/min
‫الماعز‬Gaot10-18 times/min
Rabbit100-140 times/min
Respiration Rate in Human and some animals

Respiratory system

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