The OECD Regional Sustainable Development Division is working on a project on Resilient Cities. This is the overview by Setsuko Saya, Head of Regional Sustainable Development, OECD. www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/

1. RESILIENT CITIES
7 Feb 2016
OECD
Public Governance and Territorial Development
Head of Division
Setsuko Saya
setsuko.saya@oecd.org

2. 2014
• 26 Nov Project proposal
2015
• 17 March “Risk Governance and Resilient Cities” at Sendai UN WCDRR
• Q3-Q4 contacting case study cities
– Q3 Send the questionnaire from the OECD to the case study cities
– Q4 Response back to the OECD
• November: Interim paper (Paris, OECD) = Concept + Kyoto Study
• Discussion with case study cities
– Dec 2015 – Feb 2016 Discussion with case study cities based on the OECD’s draft assessment via
conference call, e mail or visiting the cities by the OECD team
• 5-6 November : Cities’ workshop by case study cities (Paris, OECD)
– Discuss the draft key messages from the Interim Paper
2016
• 18- April: Final draft presentation (Paris, OECD) ---case study cities are invited
• Late June: International Roundtable (Lisbon) ---case study cities are invited
2
Time frame

3. 3
Background of the Project
OECD Ministerial Council Meeting 2014 Overview paper on resilient
economies and societies
“Resilience is a broad concept, centered on the ability not only to resist and
recover from adverse shocks, but also to “bounce back” stronger than
before, and to learn from the experience.”
Economies
Environment
Drivers of resilience
- Link with global /regional economy
- Integration to global value chain
- Specialisation (diversification of local
industries)
etc….
Societies
- Education
- Skills
- Intergenerational solidarity
- Ageing , population decline etc…
Institutions
- Open government -empowering people
- Restoring trust
- Fairer and transparent governance
etc….
- Climate change
- Managing risk to natural disaster
etc….

4. 4
The OECD “Resilient Cities” Project structure
Chapter 1 : What are “resilient cities”?
• What are the drivers of resilience for cities?
Chapter 2: How to measure resilience
• What are the indicators to measure resilience?
• How to use the result of indicators?
Chapter 3: How to enhance drivers of resilience?
• City’s approach
• National government’s approach
Chapter 4: Case study
• Antalya (Turkey)
• Belo Horizonte (Brazil)
• Bursa (Turkey)
• Cardiff (UK)
• Kobe (Japan)
• Kyoto (Japan)
• Lisbon (Portugal)
• Oslo (Norway)
• Ottawa (Canada)
• Tampere (Finland)

5. Resilient cities are those able to absorb, recover (or bounce
back), adapt to and be prepared for
the past and future impact of economic, environmental,
social and institutional shocks or chronic pressure
in order to promote sustainable development, well-being
and inclusive growth.
(OECD’s working definition)
5
 Resilience is about the process and ability of cities how they can
manage the changes.
 Resilience is a spectrum : “How much risk is the city willing to take”.
 Public sector (government) is not always perfect in resilience.
Chapter 1: What are “resilient cities”?

6. 6
Cities’ challenges on resilience
What are “Shocks and Chronic pressure” for cities?
Economy • Financial crisis
• Industrial structure change
• One big firm’s withdrawal
• Investment strategy’s change
Society • Constant out-migration, ageing
• Weak community ties (e.g.
immigration, poverty etc)
• Population increase
(immigration) and ageing
• Pandemic
• Lack of economic resource for
growth (e.g. innovation capacity, high
skilled workers etc…)
Environment • Climate change
• Old and ageing infrastructure
• Urban sprawl or physically isolated
• Natural disaster
• Accident
Shock Chronic pressure
Institution • Leadership change • Fragmented cities’ boundary
• Lack of adequate skill set/capacity
• Fragile leadership

7. 7
Drivers lead the process
Chapter 1: What are “resilient cities”?
Output
after the
process
What drives the
cities for growth?
Shock/Chronic pressure

8. 8
How “resilience” is positioned in recent key international
frameworks
SDGs (September 2015)
1. Poverty
2. Hunger
3. Health
4. Education
5. Gender
6. Water
7. Energy
8. Employment
9. Resilient infrastructure
10. Inequality
11. Cities (inclusive, safe, resilient
and sustainable)
12. Consumption & production
13. Climate change
14. Ocean
15. Ecosystem
16. Justice
17. Partnership
Goal 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in
vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability
to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social
and environmental shocks and disasters.
Goal 2.4 By 2030, […] implement resilient agricultural
practices […] that help maintain ecosystems [and] that
strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change [and]
extreme weather.
Goal 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient
infrastructure, including regional and transborder
infrastructure, to support economic development and
human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable
access for all.
Goal 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities
[…] implementing integrated policies and plans towards
inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to
climate change and resilience to disasters […].
Goal 13.1 Strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity
to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all
countries.
General vision: Shifting the world to a sustainable and resilient path

9. Sendai Framework for DRR
(March 2015)
1: Understanding disaster risk
2: Strengthening disaster risk
governance
3: Investing in disaster risk
reduction for resilience
4: Enhancing disaster preparedness
9
How “resilience” is positioned in recent key international
frameworks
Priority 1: Developing global and regional
campaigns as instruments for public
awareness to promote a culture of
disaster prevention, resilience and
responsible citizenship.
Priority 2 : Adopting and implementing
national and local disaster risk
reduction strategies […] aimed at
strengthening economic, social, health and
environmental resilience.
Priority 3:
• Strengthening disaster-resilient public and private
investments, […] taking into account economic, social,
structural, technological and environmental impact
assessments.
• Promoting the disaster risk resilience of workplaces
through structural and non-structural measures.
• Enhancing the resilience of national health systems.
• Encouraging the adoption of policies and programmes
addressing disaster-induced human mobility to strengthen the
resilience of affected people.
• Increasing business resilience and the protection of
productive assets, [by] promoting collaboration among
relevant public and private stakeholders.
• Supporting the development of social safety nets […] to ensure
resilience to shocks at the household and community
levels.
Priority 4:
• Promoting the resilience of new and existing critical
infrastructure […] to ensure that they remain safe, effective
and operational during and after disasters.

10. How “resilience” is positioned in recent key international
frameworks
Paris Agreement (COP21)
 Combatting climate change
and unleashing actions and
investments towards a low-
carbon, resilient and
sustainable future.
 Strengthening the ability to
deal with the impacts of
climate change.
Article 2
• Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of
climate change and fostering climate resilience and low
greenhouse gas emissions development, in the context of
the temperature goal (2°C/1.5°C).
• Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards
low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient
development.
Article 7
• Each Party shall engage in relevant plans to build
resilience of socioeconomic and ecological systems,
including through economic diversification and
sustainable management of natural resources.
Article 8
• Parties should enhance understanding, action and support
on cooperation about, inter alia, resilience building of
communities, livelihoods and ecosystems.
Article 10
• Parties share a long-term vision on the importance of fully
realizing technology development and transfer in
order to improve resilience to climate change and to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

11. 1. Industries are diverse
2. Economy is dynamic to generate
growth
3. Innovation takes place
1. Society is inclusive and
cohesive
2. Citizens’ networks in
communities are active
3. People have access to
opportunities
1. Leadership and
long term vision
2. Public sector has the right skills
3. Collaboration with other levels
of governments takes place
4. Government is open. Citizens’
participation takes place.
2. Urban development is
sustainable
3. Adequate natural resources are
available
4. Cities are able to cope with
natural disasters
1. Adequate infrastructure
is available
Economy
Institution
(Governance)
Environment
Society
The Framework of Resilience in Cities:
What drives resilience
11

12. 12
Drivers lead the process
Chapter 1: What are “resilient cities”?
Output
after the
process
Drivers
Shock/Chronic pressure

13. Economy
Institution
(Governance)
Environment
Society
What to measure? : Indicators of Resilience in Cities
13
• GDP growth rate
• Unemployment rate
• GDP and the # of employment by
industry
• Employment by age and gender
• # of start-up businesses by
sector, business mortality rates
• Revenues by source
• #of Community
service organisations
• # of public sector officials
• # of sub-national government
• Migration by age and gender
• Poverty levels (e.g. households
below the poverty line)
• Household disposable income
• Access to services
• Employment by education level
• Working population by age and
gender
• %of built-up areas
• % of new development built,
near transit locations and on
greenfield.
• Population density
• Area of accessible green space
• Access to public open space
• % of brownfield sites
Chapter 2: How to measure “resilience”

14. • 27 national policy frameworks on resilience mention the role of
cities or sub-national governments (out of 30 frameworks.)
Role of cities and local governments in national
policy frameworks on resilience
Country Framework Role of cities
United States Strong Cities, Strong Communities
(2011)
The programme involves 13 cities and promotes a
new bottom-up approach to federal-local financial
and technical collaboration.
Israel Sustainability Outlook (2012) This policy framework promotes intense co-operation
and best practices sharing through all levels of
government.
Denmark Action Plan for a Climate-Proof
Denmark (2012)
The strategic framework makes mandatory for
municipalities to assess risk at the local level and to
prepare local action plans.
United Kingdom Climate Resilient Infrastructure:
Preparing for a Changing Climate
(2011)
This programme plans that cities upgrade and adapt
infrastructure to boost local resilience and minimise
economic risks.
Australia Industry Innovation and
Competitiveness Agenda (2011)
This policy framework encourages the reduction of
the regulatory burden at local levels to enable more
effective actions in the field of resilience.
Hungary Convergence Programme (2015) This programme plans for changes in the state-
financing system of municipalities to improve their
economic resilience.

15. Policy recommendations
Introduction and overview of the city
Challenges to resilience (shocks and persistent pressures)
• What are the challenges for resilience?
• What shocks have cities faced?
• What are the chronic pressures?
Assessment and building a resilience profile
• Challenges outlined in chapter two are assessed according to four dimensions and
considering the policy approaches in each:
(Kyoto’s example)
Case study structure (Kyoto’s example)
Secti
on.1
Section2Section3
Secti
on.4
Economy
• Diverse industrial
base
• Lack to fully realize
benefits associated
with innovation
Society
• Strong
awareness of the
need to build
community
Environment
• Infrastructure a
key factor for a
resilient built
environment
Institutions
• Kyoto Alliance
approach
(Kyoto’s example)
1. Population decline primarily through migration to the
prefecture’s southern districts
2. Declining SME sector with sluggish performance.

16. Driver Qualities
Characteristics
Adaptive: Robust: Redundant: Flexible: Resourceful: Inclusive: Integrated:
Economy:
Diversified • Cities should enhance innovation capacity to generate a more
active economy. (Kyoto, Kobe)
• Cities should diversify industrial mix or industrial
restructuring make the economy more active. (Cardiff,
Tampere, Antalya)
• Cities should consider if their increase of investment in city
centres might not cause gentrificatin. (Lisbon)
Active
Innovative
Opportunity
Society:
Cohesive
• Community engagement must be enhanced. (Kyoto,
Lisbon, Cardiff)
Sense of community
Safe
Healthy
Environm
ent:
(built and
natural)
Diverse and protected
ecosystem
• Cities should pursue compact urban form improve housing
affordability and well-being while the population in the city
increases? (Oslo, Cardiff, Antalya, Bursa)
• Cities should well manage “old and existing infrastructure”
in preparation for natural disasters? (Lisbon, Kobe)
• Cities should increase resilience against natural disasters
(Belo Horizonte, Kobe)
Coherent land use
planning
Renewable resources
Adequate and reliable
infrastructure
Institution
s:
Clear stewardship
• Cities should develop “Alliance” of municipalities and local
actors (universities) improve capacities of institutions. (Kyoto,
Oslo, Cardiff)
Strategic and integrated
Capacitated
Open Government
supported by CSO
16
Cities practices to respond to shocks/chronic pressures

17. 17
Thank you!