Presentation looks at the context of inclusive cities, its relevance in the Indian context, problems faced by Indian cities and what are the options to make cities inclusive, and sustainable

1. J.K.GUPTA,J.K.GUPTA,
Email----Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.comjit.kumar1944@gmail.com , Mob- 90410-26414, Mob- 90410-26414
Strategy & Options for
Planning Inclusive Cities

2. COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)

3. State of World’s CitiesState of World’s Cities
• UN Habitat Report, State of World’s Cities 2008/2009-
Harmonious Cities--defines cities in terms of --
• Cities contain both order and chaos.
• In them reside beauty and ugliness--virtue and vice.
• They can bring out best or worst in human kind.
• They are physical manifestation of history and culture
• They are incubators of innovations, industry, technology,
entrepreneurship and creativity.
• Cities are materialization of humanity’s noblest ideas, ambitions and
aspirations,
• but when not planned or governed properly, can be repository of
society’s ills.
• Cities drive national economies by creating wealth, enhancing social
development and providing employment but
• they can also be breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion and
environmental degradation.

4. Hierarchy of Human SettlementsHierarchy of Human Settlements

5. Population Scenario-WorldPopulation Scenario-World• World population recorded:World population recorded:
• 1 Billion in 18041 Billion in 1804
• 2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)
• 3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)
• 4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)
• 5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)
• 6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)
• 7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)
• UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9
billion for 2050.billion for 2050.
• 60% population to live in cities by 2030-adding 1.460% population to live in cities by 2030-adding 1.4
billionbillion
• 65 million people added annually to cities- 1.7965 million people added annually to cities- 1.79
lakh/daylakh/day
• China and Indian have population over 1 billionChina and Indian have population over 1 billion
• India to be most populated country by 2036.India to be most populated country by 2036.
• Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34
million residents (2011).million residents (2011).
• 26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million
population in world out of which 3 are in Indiapopulation in world out of which 3 are in India
(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).

6. • Indian
Urbanization

7. Population Scenario- India-2011Population Scenario- India-2011
• Population of India reached
• 250 million in 1919
• 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
• 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
• 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
• 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
• 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in Urban India.
• Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031)
• 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051
• Urban India --first time added more persons(91m) than Rural
India(90m)in last decade
• During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
massive shift of population -not simply a shift of demographics
• Shift places cities/towns at centre of India’s development

8. Indian UrbanizationIndian Urbanization

9. Indian UrbanizationIndian Urbanization

10. URBAN INDIA- 2030-URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst-Mckinsey Global Inst-
• India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-
Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030:
• 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
• 70% GDP generated by cities
• 80% Revenue generated by cities
• 4 fold increase in per capita income
• 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
• 270 million net increase in working age group
• 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
• 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
• 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
• $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
• 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed
annually- a new Chicago to be created
• 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
• 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last
decade
• 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
• 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

11. Indian UrbanizationIndian Urbanization

12. Indian UrbanizationIndian Urbanization

13. Indian UrbanizationIndian Urbanization

14. Indian UrbanizationIndian Urbanization
• Urban area are important because they are :
 Areas of future concentration of population,
 Providers of large employment.
 Areas of large investment.
 Housing major infrastructure & services.
 Hub around which entire economy gravitates.
 Promoters of higher order of productivity
• Major contributors to the national wealth/GDP
 1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%)
 1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%)
 1990-91- 50% (level of urbanization - 25.72%)
 2001-02- 60% (level of urbanization - 27.78%)
 2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%)
 10 Largest cities house 8%pop and produce 15%GDP
 53 Metro cities house 13 %pop and produce 33%GDP
 100 Largest cities house 16%pop and produce 43%GDP

15. UrbanizationUrbanization-
Urbanization -- determinant and consequence of
economic development.
-- development and urbanization synonymous
– Urban growth & economic growth go hand in hand
– Cities called engines of economic growth
– -- make large contribution to national wealth.
– Economy hinges on productivity of urban settlements.
– Building inclusive and sustainable cities critical to
boost rural economy
– Urban centers need to be planned to
 Attract investment
 Provide Employment.
 Ensure quality of life.
 Make them ,Sustainable, Productive, Livable,
Humane and Eco- friendly.
Lack of policies to manage Urban India will
– jeopardize growth
– risking employment generation.

16. • India
Urbanization-
issues

17. Urbanization-issuesUrbanization-issues
• Despite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
 Poorly managed and governed.
 Unable to meet challenges of urban dynamism
 Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
 Enormous growth of slums
 Poor quality of life
 Leading by the policy of exclusion
 Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water/ Sanitation
• Population , Poverty , Pollution , Exclusion emerged
--greatest threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization rightly called :
 Urbanization of Population
 Urbanization of Poverty
 Urbanization of Exclusion

18. Urbanization-issuesUrbanization-issues

20. •Defining
•Inclusive City

21. Inclusive city --Inclusive city --RHONDA DOUGLASRHONDA DOUGLAS
• An inclusive city is one that;
• --values all people / their needs equally
• --where all residents -including most marginalized
• —have a representative voice in
• -- governance, planning, budgeting processes,
• -- have access to—
• -- sustainable livelihoods,
• -- have legal housing
• --affordable basic services-- water/sanitation,
electricity supply.“
• -- does not distinguish between formal and
informal sectors

22. An inclusive city& Smart CityAn inclusive city& Smart City
• - inclusive cities-- not identical with smart
cities.
• -- Smart cities-- can support creation of
inclusive cities.
• -- ICT technology-- can support democratic
participation / sharing of information through
crowd-sourcing of opinions/ desires/exchange
of information via open source platforms.
• - "smart" city by definition to be an inclusive city
• - a city where everyone can participate.

23. •
Missions and
Yojnas operating
in Urban India

24. MISSIONS IN URBAN INDIAMISSIONS IN URBAN INDIA
• Government of India runs 4 missions and 2 Yojnas for urban
transformation
• Smart City Mission- To make initially --100 cities more livable,
sustainable, productive , operationally effective and efficient
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY)- Housing for All by 2022
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)- Urban-To promote clean urban India
through providing
• --sanitary/community/public toilets, ----total solid waste management,
--freedom from open defecation,
• National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY- NULM)- --To provide gainful
employment to all,
• -- converting India from unskilled/ informal economy to skilled/formal
economy,-- providing shelter for homeless and-- ------place for street
vendors
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation ( AMRUT)- to
provide basic infrastructure to all urban residents- ---to improve their
quality of life
• Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojna (HRIDAY)- ---- to
Preserve, Conserve, Promote and Manage valuable manmade/natural
Heritage in selected towns ---by bringing together --urban
planning/economic growth and heritage conservation in a
inclusive/integrated manner

26. Inclusive CitiesInclusive Cities
• A City can be made great &
inclusive if it is:
• Visioned inclusively
• Planned inclusively
• Built inclusively
• Developed inclusively,
• Operated inclusively
• Financed inclusively
• Governed inclusively

27. Smart VisionSmart Vision• Vision is the starting point for any city to be Inclusive
• Vision to be defined :
• After detailed study
• Carrying out SWOT analysis
• Building on existing strength
• Looking at future potential
• Creating vision achievable and realistic
• Making efforts focusing on achieving defined Vision
• -Vision to be outcome of--
• participatory approach
• Using a consultative process
• Involving all stakeholders
• Creating a think tank

28. •Planning
Inclusive Cities

29. Sustainable/Smart PlanningSustainable/Smart Planning
• For making cities livable/productive in past-urban planning concepts
revolved around promoting:
 Planned cities
 Sustainable Cities
 Green Cities
 Intelligent Cities
 Smart Cities
 Inclusive Cities
• Looking at the solutions:
 Garden City
 Linear City
 Industrial City
 Vertical Cities
 Compact Cities
 Radiant Cities
• City Planning needs leveraging to make cities Smart, cleaner,
greener, inclusive & Sustainable,

30. New Order of Planning CitiesNew Order of Planning Cities
– New Order of Planning will focus on:
Regional Planning- involving urban and rural settlementsRegional Planning- involving urban and rural settlements
Critically reviewing Planning tools to make them more humane, effectiveCritically reviewing Planning tools to make them more humane, effective
& efficient.& efficient.
 Evolving Master Plans / Development Plans with focus on
social/environmental/inclusive planning rather than on land use
Planning.
 Redefining master plans- not freezing city for next 20 years
 Providing basic amenities of life to poorest of poor to lead a
dignified life
 Adopting City shape / size –
 -- making cities compact-
 -- involving minimum travel
 -- minimum length of road network
 -- minimum services.
 Using mechanism of Mixed Land use
 Avoiding Pure land use planning
 Promoting city size between 3 to 5 lakh-- considering the travel /
infrastructure cost, sustainability, inclusivity
 Promoting Good Governance

31. Planning Inclusive Cities;Planning Inclusive Cities;
-----Avoiding Urban Sprawl
-- Stopping melting of cities
– Making cities more compact,
– skilling and creating jobs/employment opportunities
– -Transforming urban economy from informal to formal
– making informal sector integral part of planning process
– -- Making cities energy efficient
– Panning for Need and not Greed
– Planning for People not vehicles
– -Promoting accessibility not mobility
– Making streets safe
– Creating dedicated spaces for Pedestrians
– Providing safe connected network for Cyclists
– -Ensuring high quality Public Transport
– Using data to detect problem
– - Involving communities

32. APPROACHING COMPACT CITIESAPPROACHING COMPACT CITIES
Make cities compact by;Make cities compact by;
.. – promoting High-density development– promoting High-density development
-- adopting Transit oriented development-- adopting Transit oriented development
-- Raising Height-- Raising Height
-Rationalizing land uses and Building bye-lawsRationalizing land uses and Building bye-laws
-Building inside not outsideBuilding inside not outside
--- Building vertical not horizontal-- Building vertical not horizontal
--- Building High not low-- Building High not low
--- Building mix not pure-- Building mix not pure
---Building dense not shallow--Building dense not shallow
-- optimizing current infrastructure.-- optimizing current infrastructure.
..

33. Linear CityLinear City

34. Transit Oriented DevelopmentTransit Oriented Development

35. Curitiba's BRT corridorsCuritiba's BRT corridors run alongrun along
high-density developed areahigh-density developed area

36. COMPACT CITYCOMPACT CITY

37. COMPACT CITYCOMPACT CITY

39. Defining Sustainable TransportDefining Sustainable Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy

40. •Promoting use of Bicycle asPromoting use of Bicycle as
preferred mode of travel for majoritypreferred mode of travel for majority
of intra- city travel being :of intra- city travel being :
Most inexpensiveMost inexpensive
Most flexibleMost flexible
Environmental friendlyEnvironmental friendly
Zero pollutionZero pollution
 Zero Energy VehicleZero Energy Vehicle
Occupying minimum road spaceOccupying minimum road space
Requiring minimum Parking SpaceRequiring minimum Parking Space
Promoting National EconomyPromoting National Economy
Promoting Human HealthPromoting Human Health
Reducing depletion of Non-Reducing depletion of Non-
renewable resourcesrenewable resources
Best option for travelling over shortBest option for travelling over short
distancedistance..
SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLINGSMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING

41. PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORTPROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Public transport key to rationalizing urban
transportation and making cities Smart --
DELHI, CHICAGO , COPENHAGEN ( within 400
metres)
• Redefining approach to public transportation
• Promoting Public Transport would require:
• Promoting development along transport
network
• improved passenger information system
• intelligent transport systems for monitoring
and control;
• affordable ticket pricing;
• e-ticketing;
• using single ticket for all modes of travel
• introducing comfortable buses ,
• involving Communities,
• creating dedicated bus lanes

42. TRAFFIC-DELHI,AHMEDABAD,TRAFFIC-DELHI,AHMEDABAD,
ISTANBUL, SINGAPOREISTANBUL, SINGAPORE
• City of Singapore promoted:
• high degree of road efficiency,/ reduced road congestion, by
• carpooling, Road pricing and public transport
• Generating resources for city infrastructure by Road Pricing
• Delhi, through its green metro, achieved milestone of :
• Transporting 2.8 million people persons
• --on a single day
• --with target of 6 million, when all phases operational
• reduced road congestion , air pollution and carbon contents,
• increasing road efficiency ,Making city much cleaner and greener.
• Ahmadabad’s state of art BRTS—
• reinvented and revolutionized the city road traffic
• Istanbul used 42 Kms dedicated road lanes
• --- for new Bus Rapid Transport System, to promote:
• public transport,
• tackled problem of traffic congestion and air pollution
• most efficient service to 6,20,000 passengers on daily basis.

43. QUALITYQUALITY
LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP
•

44. •QUALITY LEADERSHIPQUALITY LEADERSHIP
• Managing Inclusive cities would require:Managing Inclusive cities would require:
• well defined city ownership-ULBswell defined city ownership-ULBs
•Well defined city Leadership- MayorWell defined city Leadership- Mayor
•Building a High performance teamBuilding a High performance team
•Adopting professional / ManagementAdopting professional / Management
ApproachApproach
•Promoting Training and DevelopmentPromoting Training and Development
•Investing in LearningInvesting in Learning
•Creating Culture of AccountabilityCreating Culture of Accountability
•Securing Stakeholders ConsensusSecuring Stakeholders Consensus
•Launching Pilot ProgramsLaunching Pilot Programs
•Prioritizing/defining Agenda for City GrowthPrioritizing/defining Agenda for City Growth
•Each City to have a starting PointEach City to have a starting Point
•Mayors of Curitiba, New York, Washington,Mayors of Curitiba, New York, Washington,
Rio-de Janerio,, Bogota, Toledo ,London----,Rio-de Janerio,, Bogota, Toledo ,London----,
created highest degree of urbancreated highest degree of urban
Leadership/Governance to make cities SmartLeadership/Governance to make cities Smart

46. •
• Three Mantra for Inclusive cities
• 1. Achieve smart growth-- Smart growth is about finding
best way to do things sustainably
• --cities need economic growth for people –
• --- to earn good livelihood and
• -- enjoy a good quality of life.
• 2. Do more with less– cities need enough money to
accomplish all it wants /needs to do.
• - cities must collect, manage, and spend their resources
effectively and efficiently
• 3. Win support for change-- City leaders need to;
• -- deliver fast, positive, and visible results,
• -- to build support for more change.
• -- Based on high-performing civil servants-- made accountable
for their work—Singapore model

49. • Principles for planning inclusive cities:
• making provision of basic services --- Pan City-
• Providing tailor-made facilities /infrastructural -needed by
disadvantaged community
• legal reforms dictated by-- reality of informality
• Financial Access to support services --to increase
productivity and incomes
• Finding alternatives to privatization-- that include informal
workers
• Planning with rather than planning for informal workers
• Engage community-- they know best what they need
• Promote synergy – among agencies/authorities Involving local
leadership
• Involving Civil society----- Promoting inclusiveness
• Be innovative— ---Have a long-term plan

50. U.N. NEW URBAN AGENDA
• Provide basic services-- for all citizens
• Ensure all citizens have access to equal opportunities and
face no discrimination
• Promote measures that support-- cleaner cities
• Strengthen resilience in cities to reduce-- risk /impact of
disasters
• Take action to address climate change --by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions
• Fully respect the rights of refugees/migrants/internally
displaced persons-- regardless of their migration status
• Improve connectivity /support innovative &green initiatives
• Promote safe, accessible and green public spaces

51. •Sustainable
Development Goals-
SDG-Making Cities-
safe, Inclusive,
Resilient,Sustainable

52. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlementsSDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainableinclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

53. SDGSDG

54. SGG-InclusiveCity-indicators-2030SGG-InclusiveCity-indicators-2030
• 11.1 --Ensure access for all to;
• -- adequate/safe/affordable housing,
• -- basic services,
• --upgrade slums
• 11.2 —Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible,
sustainable transport systems- for all
• --improving road safety
• --expanding public transport
• - with special attention to needs of vulnerable
• 11.3– enhance
• --inclusive & sustainable urbanisation
• --capacity for participatory, integrated, sustainable
• --settlement planning & management

55. SGG-InclusiveCity-indicators-2030SGG-InclusiveCity-indicators-2030
• 11.5- Reducing substantially
• - & economic losses – deaths- of poor
• -caused by disasters/water related disasters
• 11.6—Reduce per capita
• - environmental impact of cities through
• -- managing air quality
• --waste management
• 11.7– Provide universal access to
• - safe, inclusive, accessible green spaces
• 11.a- Support
• -- positive economical, social, environmental links
• - between urban, peri-urban, rural areas by
• -- strengthening national, Regional development planning

56. SGG-InclusiveCity-indicators-2030SGG-InclusiveCity-indicators-2030
• 11.b– Increase number of cities/human settlements
• - adopting/ implementing- integrate policies/plans towards
• - inclusion,
• --resource efficiency
• --mitigation of climate change
• --resilience to disaster
• -- disaster management
• 11.c- Support
• -least developed countries
• -- through financial/technical assistance
• -- in building
• -sustainable/ resilient buildings
• - utilising local materials

57. COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)

58. •National Urban
Policy Framework
2018

59. Urban Sutra # 1: Cities are Clusters of
Human Capital

60. • National Urban Policy Framework
2018- core & philosophical principals of
future urban planning
• Urban Sutra # 1: Cities are Clusters of Human Capital
Urban Sutra # 2: Cities require a ‘Sense of Place
Urban Sutra # 3: Not static Master Plans but evolving
Ecosystems
• Urban Sutra # 4: Build for Density
• Urban Sutra # 5: Public Spaces that encourage Social
Interaction
• Urban Sutra# 6: Multi-modal Public Transport
Urban Sutra # 7: Environmental Sustainability
Urban Sutra # 8: Financially Self-Reliant
Urban Sutra # 9: Cities require Clear, Unified Leadership
Urban Sutra # 10: Cities as Engines of Regional Growth

61. • The ten pillars are:- functional areas of
urban spaces
•
1. City Planning
2. Urban Economy
3. Physical Infrastructure
4. Social Infrastructure
5. Housing and Affordability
6. Transportation and Mobility
7. Urban Finance
8. Urban Governance
9. Urbanization and Information System
10. Environmental Sustainability

63. AND SEARCH FOR CREATING INCLUSIVE ANDAND SEARCH FOR CREATING INCLUSIVE AND
SUSTAINABLE CITIES WILL CONTINUE TO POSESUSTAINABLE CITIES WILL CONTINUE TO POSE
GREATEST CHALLENGE & OFFER ENORMOUSGREATEST CHALLENGE & OFFER ENORMOUS
OPPORTUNITY TO PLANNERS AND PLANNINGOPPORTUNITY TO PLANNERS AND PLANNING