Community Participation should be indispensible element in human settlements,especially in planning strategies and in formulation, implementation and management. It should influence all levels of Government in the decision making process to further the political, social and economic growth of Human settlements. This relates especially to low income and Cost Effective Housing projects denoting squatter settlement upgrading with site and service schemes.
In squatter settlement upgrading projects, the authorities regularize the illegal land tenure of squatters and provide basic infrastructure in the settlements. These interventions are expected to be sufficient incentives for the residents to start improving their houses. In sites-and-services schemes, the authorities provide serviced plots to the urban poor and expect them to produce their own houses, through individual or mutual self-help or the employment of small contractors. Participation assumes an activity in which the community takes part and the involvement of at least one other party, usually a government agency or a nongovernmental organization (NGO). Community participation is sometimes used to indicate community self reliance or self-help, i.e. an activity which is usually undertaken by a government agency, is undertaken by the community on its own (e.g. spontaneous housing).
The United Nations defined community development as "the processes by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those of governmental authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress."
Climate change and occupational safety and health.
Community Participation In Cost Effective Housing.
1. 16th International conference on Human Habitat 2014
At Rizvi College Of Architecture, Mumbai
Author- Ar.Suvarna.S.Lele,
Practicing Architect, Mumbai-400066
Theme: People's Participation in Evolving Humane Habitats
Title-Community Participation in Mass Housing
6. Housing Scenario in India
1.Rise in population in last 10 years is more than
75 millions.
2.More than 50% of India's population is likely
to be urbanized by 2020.
3.The rise from 2001 to 2010 as per senses is
from 286.1 millions to 360 millions.
Problems in housing –
1Lack of equitable supply of land, shelter and
services at affordable price.
2. The depletion of resources and their effect
towards next generations are unfortunately
neglected.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
7. Key measures affecting housing
Development-
1.ragmented housing policies and administrative
systems.
2.Lack of capacity
3. Non payment of housing loans
4.Inappropriate standards.
5.Inexperienced housing consumers.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
8. Housing Shortage and the funds required
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
9. Housing Performance at a glance
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
10. Governments objective to achieve
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
11. The United Nations defined the
community development as-
‘The process by which the efforts of people
themselves are united with those of governmental
authorities to improve the economic, social and
cultural conditions of the communities, to integrate
these communities into the life of nation and enable
them to contribute fully to national progress.’
Participation is means to achieve better project
results and consequently better housing conditions
for the community.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
13. Specifications Cost
Foundation
a) U.C.R. foundation
b) Raised Plinth
Superstructure &
Finishing
a) R.C.C. Slab 88309.00
b) 23 & 11 cm thk walls
c) Plaster int. & ext.
d) Doors -Flush door
e) windows - R.C.M. Jali
f) Flooring - I.P.S. Flooring
W. S. & Sanitary 1400.00
a) WC seat
b) Pipes
Total Cost/ House Rs. 100067.00
10358.00
13
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
Cost and type Design of a house
14. 14
PROPOSED CLUSTER FOR BURUD MUHALLA SLUM
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
15.
16.
17. 1.The establishment and maintenance of habitable, stable
and
sustainable, public and private residential environment.
2.People should be giving an easy access to permanent
residential
structures with secure tenure, ensuring internal and
external privacy and providing adequate protection against
harming elements.
3.The development also includes the provision of potable
water,
adequate sanitary facilities and domestic energy supply.
4.The integrated development plan includes
the regulatory bodies and public participation acting within
the
constitutional framework.
5.The public participation should include information sharing
mechanisms, translation into local languages, consultative
methods,
shared decision making, joint assessments and collaboration
leading
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
18.
19. Peoples Participation –Stages-
1.participation
2.social learning
3.self reliance
4. capacity building
5. empowerment sustainability.
.
Significance of Public Participation –
Public Participation is essential part of human growth whic
is development of self confidence, pride, initiative,
responsibility and co-operation .
Ar.Suvarna Lele
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Community Participation In Mass Housing
20.
21. ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
22. Self help in community housing –
1.If people participate in planning and decision
making with regards to their house and its
environment, they can also decide how much they can
and want to contribute to project in terms or labour
and money and what they expect to receive for their
contribution.
2.They also further can get involved in maintenance
and management of their neighborhood, its
infrastructure and services
3.If the authorities prepare the community for the
project and educate them about its means and
objectives, the community more easily complies with
the project facilitating the project and its
effectiveness. Ar.Suvarna Lele
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
25. Ar.Suvarna Lele
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Community Participation In Mass Housing
Local Program-Motivators
work with community
National program Training Of
motivators
Inter national program Training Of
National Course leaders
27. Housing Design –Role of Architects-
1.Architects and Urban planner are required to interact
with authorities, NGOs and community members to come
to an appropriate solution. Their role is challenging
because this deals with people and whole community who
contain very high diversities in financial conditions,
occupations, micro politics and sociological characteristics
in the community itself.
2.The design process needs to be a two way
communication between the community and designers.
3.The goal of this project not only concerns of housing
design outcomes, maintaining the budgetary and aesthetic
dimensions but contains sense of society both physically
and socially Ar.Suvarna Lele
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Community Participation In Mass Housing
28.
29. The stages of Community Participation
at Initiation –(1) Introduction to community regarding the
benefits of the project
and encouraging their involvement.
(2) Collection of both physical and
socioeconomic information for design.
(3) Developing master plan scheme regarding
community
limitations and decisions.
(4) Sociological and economical integrated
planning.
Ar.Suvarna Lele
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
30.
31. Ways and forms of community participatio
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
1.Consultation
2.Financial Contribution
3.Self Help projects by group beneficiaries
4.Self-help projects involving the whole community
5.Community special workers
6.Mass action
7.Collective commitment to behavior change
8.Indigenous development
9.Autonomous Development
10.Approaches to self sufficiency
32. The stages in Community Participation at Implementation-
1.Formulation of strategies, their application and deciding the
tools for implementation.
2.After the survey and analysis of data a program may be
formed and discussed with community.
3.Formation of networks and committee and to work with them
in planning is next step.
4.Public hearing -People should be made aware of the
developments.
5. They should know regarding the opportunities thus enabling
them to take a decision.
6.Defining working strategy- Before designing the work
plan it is necessary to identify concerned issues, manage how
to work with various clients and defining limitations in planning
and design.
7.Implementation.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
33.
34. Steps for implementing an IDP
1.An assessment of current social, economical and
environmental reality.
2.A determination of community needs through close
consultation.
3.Development of vision for a developing area.
3.An audit of available resources, skills and capacities.
4.A prioritization of needs in terms of urgency and
long term importance.
5.The development of integrated frameworks and goals
within the specific time frames.
6.The implementation of projects and programs to
achieve the key goals.
7.To use monitoring tools to study impact and
performance.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Community Participation In Mass Housing
35. STEPS
IDNTIFYING PROBLEM SET FACTOR
CLARYFYING TRAINING GOALS
SPECIFY LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DRAW UP A TOP IC LIST
SELECT APPROPRIATE TRAINING METHODS
UNDERTAKE FINAL DETAILED COURSE p
PREPARATION
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Community Participation In Mass Housing
41. The goals of Public Participation-
1.To Further the democratic values by ensuring the
interest of majority of citizens are the forefront of
local Govt. decision making.
2.To achieve the planning which is more attuned to
the needs of different groups by recognizing the
diversity within the local community.
3.To educate the non participating public by educating
them.
4.To bring about social change by enacting the policy
that ensures the equal access to services and
opportunities across the spectrum of local population.
5.To recruit support, obtain legitimacy and avoid
opposition by including citizen groups and stake
holders in some aspects of decision making process .
6.To promote particular perspective or bring about
change in political order by informing like minded
42. How To Reach People-???
Public Participation Strategies
1.News letters
2.Community Group Presentations.
3.Advertisements.
4.Press releases and feature articles.
5.Public meetings
6.Open House.
7.Semi structured interviews.
8.Focus groups
9.Community liaison groups
10.Social profiles
11.Workshops
12.Other methods
Ar.Suvarna Lele
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Community Participation In Mass Housing
43. Sustainable housing models
Laterite stone houseTraditional mud house
Wattle and Daub wall walling house Stone Masonry house
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
44. Ferro cement channel and Filler slab hBamboo crete house
Brick dome houseRat trap bond house
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
45. Rural Sanitation Park
Adobe mud block house
(ex. Ward
Stabilized Earth block house
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
46. Self help in construction
Participant working on fabrication
for pile foundation.
Participant working on window frames
Wall construction by members
47. SELF HELP FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
Natural stone foundations Rammed earth foundation
Burnt brick in cement mortor
Reinforced Foundations
Split-bamboo piles Wooden post foundation.
http://collections.infocollections.org/u
kedu/en/d/Jsk01ae/8.10.html
55. SELF HELP ROOFING SYSTEMS
Earth reel roofs Clay tile roofs Precast concrete channel roof
Ferrocement roofsFerro cement Roofing Channel
Fibre and micro concrete tiles Durable thatch with stiff-stem grass
Pole timber roof structures
Hogan Roof
Construction
Concrete block construction Earth dome and vault construction
http://collections.infocollections.org/u
kedu/en/d/Jsk01ae/8.10.html
63. Objective: Initiation of
reforms for Municipal
Performance Improvement
Budget: Rs.121.13 Crores
Approach:
People participation
Revenue improvement
Institutional Development
Capacity Building
Improved Service Delivery
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
64. • Baseline data collection
• MPC in Basic MAPP
• MRC, MTF, WG – I, II & III
• Training to Municipal and Community Teams
• HHS survey, Data entry, Data validation &
• corrections, Generation of reports
• CMAPP orientation
• Group discussions
• Annucmt. of MRC, MTF, WGs
• Orientation on PMLP
• PMLP in selected poor settlements
• Preparation of line estimates
• Preparation of Action Plans on Health,
Edun.,Livelihood, SHGs, Vulnerability
• Preparation of C1 (reforms), C2
(infrastructure), C3 (SDAP)
proposals though WG – I, II
and III
• Finalization of C1, C2, C3
proposals by MRC with the
Participation of members of
working groups & others
• Preparation of
Document as a
cooperative effort of
Municipal staff
• Consultation with
Commissioner / CP etc.
• Documentation
preparation through
MTF
• Field appraisal in
C1, C2, C3
• Necessary corrections
• Council approval
• EC approval
• Preparation of Sub project
reports
• Memorandum of
Understanding(MoU)
• Approval and release of funds
HOUSE
HOLD
SURVEY
PREPARATORY
STAGE
PARTICIPATORY
MICROPLANNING
PROCESS
CMAPP
ORIENTATION
PREPARATION
OF C1,C2,C3
PROPOSALS
CONSULTATIVE
WORKSHOP
APPRAISAL
AND
COUNCIL
APPROVAL
PREPARATION OF
DRAFT
DOCUMENT
MOU
IMPLEMENTATION &
RELEASE OF FUNDS
65. Involvement of people at every stage of
project planning and implementation.
A programme of the people, for the
people and by the people.
A sense of belongingness in
stakeholders.
Common man, especially poor women
have a direct stake in urban planning.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
66. Introductory Workshops
Launch Workshops
Strategy Formulation Workshops
Micro Planning for prioritization of
infrastructure needs
Direct participation of over
1 lakh people
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
67. Regular trainings to functionaries
at all levels:
› Nearly 270 structural trainings
organised
› Over 4.30 lakh SHG women
trained
Training Needs Analysis in all ULBs
Exposure visits:
› Intrastate visits nearing
completion
› Interstate visits being planned
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
68. Change Management concept
Simplification and standardization of
procedures
Kapra model Citizen service centre –
transparent, responsible and timely
service delivery
Personality Development and motivation
trainings to functionaries
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
69. Computerisation of services:
› systems and networking facilities for
computerisation of primary data
› 116 E-seva centers for integrated services
Automation:
› Modernisation of office buildings, Record
rooms
› Municipal Knowledge Cells
› Improved tools is Engg., Town Planning &
Sanitary divisions
› Internal and external communication systems
Comprehensive studies:
› In key engineering areas for strategic planning
for next 30 years.
70. Revenue improvement measures
Application of GIS
104 Municipal Accounting years updated
38 years of Audit cleared
Revenue Improvement:
› Rs 311 Cr to Rs.852.78 Cr i.e an increase of
265%
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
71. 1.Municipal Base maps
2.GIS application for municipal
revenue improvements
3.General Town Plan (GTP) for towns
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
72. Savings in energy consumption through:
› Optimization of CMD
› Avoiding surcharges on low PF
› Light and Fan (L&F) load segregation
› Avoiding late payment charges
› Sun-synchronization of street lighting
A saving of Rs.11.79 crores from
November, 2005. Anticipated savings
are Rs.13.03 crore.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
73. Provision of Local Technical Assistance:
› ULBs could hire any professional services from
open market for a limit period
Provision of new professional services
on long term basis:
› MIPOs/MAFAs/TPRPs/LPAs/DRPs, etc.,
Filling of existing gaps:
› Provision of additional COs
› MHOs, where there are no sanctioned posts
› D.D. Consultants for Engineering Deptt.
74. Massive creation of infrastructure in
slums
Assets created:
Roads - 749.12 K.Ms
Drains - 755.46 K.Ms
Street lighting - 112.38
K. Ms
Water Supply installations - 642.90
K.Ms
UGD - 32.52
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
75. Conclusion:
Community participation is a right and people have
right to
participate in decision making which directly affect
their living conditions.
This participation must be extended to all spheres
of life sharing the benefits of development. It is a
learning process whereby the urban poor become a
ware of their situation,
build up their self confidence and understand their
power.
ICHH-2014 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Ar.Suvarna LeleCommunity Participation In Mass Housing
76. THANK YOU
Ar.Suvarna Lele
References:
1.Community Participation in low income housing projects-F. Theron
and team.
2.Catalogue of training and Information tools on community
participation in human settlements-HS/128/88/E.
3.Assessing public participation strategies in low income housing:
The Mamre Housing Project-Janine Davy.
4.Community Participation In low income housing projects: problems
and prospects
-Yap Kioe Sheng.
5.Formats and guidelines for survey and preparation of
slum, household,
and livelihood profiles of cities, towns-Govt. Of India Publication.
6.Power point presentation by NHB
7. Ommunity Participation in Low Income Housing-Mohamed Abdel baki
Mohamed Ibrahim.Thesis.
8.http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk01ae/8.10.html