Quantitative research design

PRESENTATION ON
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
• Submitted to: Sanjay Gupta
RN , RM (M.sc. {CHN})
• Submitted by: Kiranbir kaur
M.sc nursing 1st year
01

Research designs
• Quantitative research design

INTRODUCTION
 A research design is the the framework or guide used
for the planning, implementation, and analysis of data
of study. It is a systemic plan of what to be done ,how it
will be done ,and how data will be analyzed. It is a
methodology for answering research questions or
hypothesis that may arise.

DEFINITION
 It can be defined as a blue print to conduct a research
study ,which involves the description of research
approach ,study setting ,sampling size, sampling
technique, tools and method of data collection and
analysis to answer a specific research question or for
testing research hypothesis.

DEFINITION
 The research design is the master plan specifying the
methods and procedures for collecting and analysing
the needed information in a research study.
 It is a plan of how, when and where data are to be
collected and analyzed.

ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 The approach-i)Quantitative
 ii)Qualitative
 Method of data analysis
 Population ,sample and sampling technique
 Tools and methods of data collection
 Time and place of data collection

Philosophical Worldviews Designs
Postpositivist
Constructivist
Transformative
Pragmatic
Quantitative (e.g.,
Experiments) Qualitative
(e.g., Ethnographies)
Mixed Methods(e.g.,
Explanatory Sequential
Questions Data
Collection Data
Analysis
Interpretation
Validation
RESEARCH
APPROACHES
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed Methods
Research Methods

Quantitative research design
 In this type ,data is collected in numerical form and
analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics
.It is a process in which evidence is evaluated ,theories
and hypothesis are tested and technical advances are
made.

Example
 A descriptive study on the prevalence of hospital
acquired infection among patients admitted in
intensive care units. In this study ,the researcher deals
with numerical data.

characteristics
 a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining
quantifiable information about the world;
 presented in numerical form, and analysed through
the use of statistics;
 used to describe and to test relationships;
 used to examine the cause-and-effect of relationships.

Advantages
 Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure
and analyze data.
 The relationship between an independent and
dependent variable is studied in detail.
 This is advantageous because the researcher is more
objective about the findings of the research.
 Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses
in experiments because of its ability to measure data
using statistics.

Disadvantages
 The main disadvantage of quantitative research is the
context of the study or experiment is ignored.
 Quantitative research does not study things in a
natural setting
 Discuss the meaning things have for different people
as qualitative research does.
 Another disadvantage is that a large sample of the
population must be studied.
 Time consuming

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
Randomization
Control Manipulation
Experimental
Design

RANDOMIZATIO
N
The experimenter assigns
subjects to a control or
experimental condition on a
random basis.It means that every
subject has an equal chance of
being assigned to an experiment
group or control group of the
research study.

METHOD OF
RANDOMIZATION
•Lottery method
•Tossing a coin
•Random number
table
•Computer

MANIPULATION
Manipulation involves doing
something to study participants .The
experimenter manipulates the
independent variable by
administering a treatment to some
subjects and withholding from
others,or by administering some
other treatment.

METHOD OF
MANIPULATION
Researcher gives intervention to
experimental group and withholds it
to the control group or administers
some other treatment. E.g. Gentle
massage is effective as a pain relief
measures for elderly nursing home
residents.

C ONTROL A group of subjects closely resembling the treatment
group in many demographic variables but not
receiving the active medication or factor under study
and thereby serving as a comparison group when
treatment results are evaluated.

CONTROL If age and gender are the matching variables of
interest in a group study , a 75 year old male is
recruited for the first group,the researcher would try
to find another 75 year old male to be included in
the second group.

True experimental study
 True experimental designs are designs where
researchers have complete control over the
extraneous variables and the observed effect in the
research on the dependent variable occurs due to
manipulation of the independent variables.

True experimental study
 A true experiment is a type of experimental design and
is thought to be the most accurate type of
experimental research. This is because a true
experiment supports or refutes a hypothesis using
statistical analysis. A true experiment is also thought
to be the only experimental design that can establish
cause and effect relationships.

Example of True Experimental Study
 Sneha, “Effectiveness of massage on the selected
physiological variables of low
 birth weight infants”. In NICU of Bharati Hospital,
Pune, 2010.
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Types of true experimental design
 Post test only
 Pretest Post test control group design
 Solomon -4 group
 Factorial
 Randomised block
 Crossover
 Latin square

Types of true experimental design
Pretest Post
test control
group design
Post test only
Solomon -4
group
Latin square
Crossover
Randomised
blockFactorial

POST TEST ONLY
 In this,control and exdperimental group are selected
randomly ,but neither are pretested or
premeasured.Then,the treatment is done on the
experimental group only.Then post test is conducted
on both groups.
 R(E) x O2
 R (C) - O2
 This is useful when there is time limit for the
researcher.

Example of Post Test only Control
Group Design
Vijayakumari G: A study to assess the
effectiveness of structured teaching
program regarding nature and prevention of
accidents among mothers of toddlers in
selected areas of Raichur (2004).
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PRE TEST POST TEST ONLY
In this, the subjects are randomly
assigned to either the control or
experimental group.Each group is
observed with pretest .One group
receives the treatment while the other
group doesn’t .Researcher than observes
the group again (post test )to determine
,what effect the treatment had.

>
RANDOM
ASSIGNMENT
OF SUBJECTS
EXPERIMENTAL>PRE TEST>TREATMENT>POST
TEST
CONTROL GROUP>PRETEST
>>>>>>>>>>>POST TEST

Example : An experimental study to
compare the effectiveness of hand
acupuncture and moxibustin in
decreasing pain and coldness in Korean
women who had hysterectomy.

SOLOMON 4-GROUP DESIGN
It is a complex design .It is combination
of the pre-test ,post –test control group
design . Subjects are randomly assigned
to each one of the groups . One
experimental group and one control
group are pretested .Treatment is given
to the experimental group only. Then all
the four groups receive the post test.

SOLOMON 4-GROUP DESIGN
TABLE :
SUBJECT PRETEST TREATMENT POSTTEST
EXPERIMENTAL 1 O1 X O2
CONTROL 1 O1 - O2
EXPERIMENTAL2 - X O2
CONTROL 2 - - O2

FACTORIAL DESIGN
In this , researcher manipulates two or more independent variables
simultaneously to observe their effects on the dependent variables . This is
useful when there are more than two independent variables ,called factors
to be tested.

FACTORIAL DESIGN
Frequency of
mouth care
Protocols of the mouth care
Chlorhexidine(A1) Saline (a2)
4 hourly (b1) A1b1 A2b1
6 hourly(b2) A1b2 A2b2
8 hourly(b3) A1b3 A2b3

RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN
In this, random assignment to groups within different levels of a blocking
variable that is not under experimental control( e.g. gender).In such a design
, there are two factors (independent variables), but one factor is not
experimentally manipulated-the second factor is a stratifying factor.

RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN
TYPE OF
ANTI
HYPERTENSI
VE DRUGS
BLOCKS BLOCKS BLOCKS
PATIENTS WITH
PRIMARY
HYPERTENSIO
N (I)
DIABETIC
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION
(II)
RENAL
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION
(III)
A A,I A,II A.III
B B,I B,II B,III
C C,I C,II C,III

CROSS OVER
In this design , subjects are exposed to more than one treatment , where
subjects are randomly assigned to different orders of treatment .It is also
known as “repeat measures design”.

CROSSOVER DESIGN
GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF MOUTH CARE
GROUP I CHLORHEXIDINE (A1) SALINE(A2)
GROUP II SALINE (A2) CHLORHEXIDINE(A1)

2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNSA QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IS
ONE IN WHICH EXPERIMENTAL
AND CONTROL (COMPARISON) ARE
PRESENT & RANDOMIZATION IS
NOT THERE.IT INVOLVES
MANIPULATION OF INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES TO OBSERVE THE
EFFECT ON DEPENDENT VARIABLES
.
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A researchermight choose a group of
patients with diabetes on one hospital
floor for the experimental group
and a group of patients with diabetes
on another floor for the
comparison group. The
experimental treatment would be
administeredto the experimental group;
the comparison group would receive no
treatment or some alternative treatment.

CHARACTERISTICS1. Manipulation of variables to observe the effects
on the dependent.
2. Lack of at least one characteristic of true
experimental study.
3. It is used where independent variable is not
manipulated in complete controlled conditions.

Types1. Non randomized control group design
2. Time series design

Non randomized control group design
 This design is identical to the pretest –posttest
control group design, except there is no random
assignment of subjects in experimental and control
groups . In this design , experimental and control
groups are selected without randomization and
dependent variables are observed in experimental as
well as control groups before intervention.

Schematic diagram
Experimental
group pretest treatment Post test
Control
group
Pre test
Post test

Examples e.g. A quasi experimental study the effectiveness of
integrated care on quality of work in nursing homes
.A non equivalent pretest post test control group
design was used in this study .Data was collected by
questionnaire .

2.2 THE TIME SERIES DESIGN
• The time series design, a single group
experiment comprises of series of
observation in the before-time period to
establish a baseline.
• This is useful when the experimenter
wants to measure the effects of a
treatment over along period of time.
• It is a single subject research ,in which
the researcher carries out an
experiment on an individual or on a
small number of individuals

2.2.1 Time series Design (single group)
Before x After
EXPERIMENT
GROUP>>>>O1>>>O2>>>O3>>>>>>TREATMENT>>>>>>
>>>>>O1>>>>O2>>>>O3

A researcher might assess the pain levels
of a group of patients with low back pain.
After 3 weeks of pain assessment, intervention
will be introduced
(O1 O2 O3 x O4 O5 O6).
The results of this study would help the
researcher to determine if a specific exercise
is effective in reducing low back pain.

3. PRE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In this type of studies, only
one characteristic is present of
true experimental studies
either manipulation, control or
randomization.

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
3.1 The one-shot case study or single case study
In single case study, that studies at once, following a
treatment or an agent presumed to cause change.
Because the study design has a total absence of
control; it is considered to be little value as an
experiment
X----------------O
X= independent variables or stimulus

ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY
Lalitha, Premila & Balu (2006) conducted a
study on nursing personnel registered for a
day workshop on life skill education at
MTIHS, Pondicherry.

3.2 ONE GROUP PRE-TEST AND
POST-TEST DESIGN
• Here only one group is observed before and
after the independent variable is
introduced.
• Loss of the control group decreases the
usefulness of the study but may be
necessary in cases where it is not possible
or feasible to have control groups

E.g. Sailaxmi Gandhi(2006) conducted
a pre-experimental study to assess
the effectiveness of stress
management programme on the
selected variables of nurses working
in psychiatric wards at NIMHANS,
Bangalore.

Non experimental design
 The Non experimental research is research that
lacks the manipulation of an independent variable,
random assignment of participants to conditions or
orders of conditions, or both.
 In non experimental research, researcherscollect data
without making changes or introducing treatments.

NEED OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
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 Nonexperimental designscan be used toconducta study
are asfollows:
 The studies in which the independentvariablescannot be
maintained.
 The studies in which it is unethical to manipulate the
independent variable, i.e. manipulation may cause
physical or psychological harm tosubjects.
 The studiesorresearch situationswhere it is not
practically possible toconductexperiments.
 Descriptive-typestudies thatdo not requireany
experimental approaches.

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TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Prospective researchdesign
2. Retrospective researchdesign

1. Prospective research
design:
 A design in which the researcher relates the
present to the future is a prospective research
design .
 Prospective studies start with a presumed cause &
then go to presumedeffects.
 In this research design , researcherobserves
phenomenon from cause toeffect.
 Prospective designs are often longitudinal,but
may also be crosssectional.

Count…
 for example, a researcherconducting ‘a prospective
correlational study on effect of maternal infection
during pregnancy on foetal development&
pregnancy outcome.’
 In this study, the researcherstarts bycollecting data
from pregnant women regarding any history of
infection among women during their current
pregnancies, next observes foetal development &
pregnancy outcome, & finally analyses the
relationship of maternal infection during pregnancy
& foetal development & pregnancyoutcome.

2. Retrospective research design:
 A design in which the researcher studies the
current phenomenon by seekinginformation
from past is a retrospective research design.
 In this the researcher links thepresent
phenomenon with the pastevents.
 In other words, the researcher has a backward
approach to study a phenomenon, where he or
she moves from effect to identify thecause.

Count…
 For example, this design was used in ‘a
retrospective correlational study onsubstance-
abuse-related high-risk factors among
traumatic head injury patients admitted in
neurosurgery ICU of Geetanjali Medical
College & Hospital, Udaipur’.
 In this study, the researcher first approached
head injury patients, & then tried toidentify
the number of head injuries that occurred
under the influence of substanceabuse.

DEVELOPMENTAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN

INTRODUCTION…
 Developmental research design examinesthe
phenomenon with reference totime.
 Developmental research designsaregenerally used as
adjunct research designs with other research designs
such as cross-sectional-descriptive, longitudinal-
correlational researchdesigns.

TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Cross-sectional design
2. Longitudinal design

1. Cross-sectional design:
 Cross-sectional research design is one in which
researcher collects data at particular point of time
(one period of datacollection).
 These studies are easier & more convenient to carry
out.
 For example, a researcher is interested in assessing
the awareness on swine flu among people of an area.
 Here the researcher interacts only once to collect
awareness-related data from respondents.

2. Longitudinal design:
 Longitudinal research design is used tocollectdataoveran
extended time period (long-timestudy).
 Itsvalue is in itsability todemonstratechangeovera period
of time.
 Forexample, a researcher in interested in the perceptionof
nursing students towards nursing profession from the
beginning of nursing programme to itsend.
 In thisexample, it is appropriate touse the longitudinal
research design tostudy this phenomenon.
 Longitudinal studiesaregenerally classified into three types:
I. Trend studies
II. Panel studies
III. Follow-upstudies

Count…
I. Trend studies:
 These help to investigate a sample from a
general population over a time with
respect to somephenomenon.
 Trend studies permit researchers to
examine pattern & rate of changes & to
make prediction about future direction
based on previously identified patterns&
rates of changes.

Count…
II. Panel studies:
 A panel in research is referred to the sample of
people involved in astudy.
 In panel studies, same people are involved & over a
period of time they become more informative on
the phenomenon than the subjects in trends studies
because the researcher can not only examine the
patterns of change, & but also the reasons for
change.
 The same selected peopleare contacted for twoor
more times to collect furtherdata.

Count…
III.Follow-up studies:
 These are undertaken to determinethe
subsequent states of subject(s) with a
specific condition or those who have
received a specificintervention.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN

CONCEPT…
 Epidemiology is thestudy to investigate the
distribution & causes of the diseases in
population.
 Therefore, epidemiological studies aregenerally
conducted to investigate causes of different
diseases in either prospective approaches
(causes toeffect) orretrospective designs.
 Prospective studies are known ascohort studies
& retrospective studies are called case-control
studies.

Count…
Cohort studies:
• In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to
investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing
presumed causes.
• Forexample, a researcher longitudinally observes the
smokers for development of lungcancer.
Case-control studies:
• In this design, causes of a disease are investigated after
the occurrence of adisease.
• Forexample, a researcher investigates the history of
smoking in patients diagnosed with lungcancer.

DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN

INTRODUCTION…
 The purpose of descriptive studies is to
observe, describe, & document aspects of a
situation as it naturally occurs, &sometimes
to serve as a starting point for hypothesis
generation or theorydevelopment.

MAIN FEATURES…
 Descriptive designs are used to observe, document,&
describe a phenomenon occurring in its natural
setting without any manipulation orcontrol.
 The descriptive studies are designed to gain more
information about characteristics within aparticular
field in the realworld.
 Descriptive studies provide an impression ofa
situation as it occurs in naturalsettings.
 Descriptive studies do not involve the manipulation
of variables, & variablesare studies as theyexist in the
real world.

Count…
 Descriptive design may be used to developtheories,
identify problems with current practices, justify
current practices, make judgments, or determine
other practices in similarsituations.
 In descriptive studies, bias is prevented through
operational definitions of variables, large samplesize,
random sampling techniques, valid & reliable
research tools, & formal data collectionmethods.
 Descriptive designs include identification of
phenomenon of interest, identifying thevariables
within the phenomenon, developing operational
definitions of the variables, & describing the
variables.

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
1. Univariant descriptivedesign
2. Exploratorydesign
3. Comparativedesign

1. Univariant descriptive design
 Univariantdescriptivedesignsare undertaken todescribe
the frequencyof occurrenceof a phenomenon.
 Thisdesign does not necessarily focuson the studyof a
single variable; there may be one or more variables
involved in thestudy.
 For example, a researcher is interested in assessing the
experiences of patients suffering from rheumatoid
arthritis. In this study, the researcher may describe the
frequency of different symptoms experienced by the
patients & the typeof treatment they received during the
courseof disease, etc. There are multiplevariables in this
research study.

2. EXPLORATORY
DESIGN:
 Exploratory design is used to identify, explore,&
describe the existing phenomenon & its related
factors.
 In otherwords, it is notonly a simple description or
the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon, but
its in-depth exploration & a study of its related
factors to improve further understanding about a
less-understood phenomenon.
 For example, an exploratory study to assess the
multifactorial dimensions of falls & homesafety
measures for elderly people living in selected
communities in the cityMehsana.

3. Comparative design:
 Comparative design involves comparing &
contrasting twoor more samples of study subjectson
oneor morevariables, often at a single pointof time.
 This design is used tocompare twodistinctgroups on
the basis of selected attributed such as knowledge
level, perceptions, & attitudes; physical or
psychological symptoms; & soon.
 For example, ‘Acomparative study on health
problems among rural & urban older peoplein
district Mehsana, Gujarat.

ADVANTAGE OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Nonexperimental research designs tend to beclosest to
real-life situation.
 Nonexperimental research designsare mostsuitable for
the nursing researchstudies..
 Numerous human characteristics are inherently not
subject to experimental manipulation (e.g. bloodtype,
personality, health beliefs, medical diagnosis, etc.)
 There are many variable that could technically be
manipulated, but manipulated is forbidden onethical
grounds.

DISADVANTAGES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
 The major disadvantage of nonexperimental researchesis
that the results obtained & the relationship between the
dependent & independent variable can never be
absolutely clear &error-free.
 Nonexperimental studies are conducted for comparative
purposes using nonrandomly selected groups, which may
not be homogeneous & tend to be dissimilar in different
traits orcharacteristics, which mayaffect theauthenticity
& generalizability of the study results.

References
• Sharma SK , Nursing research and statistics,
Subodh K chauhan, elsevier publishers,2011
edition page no:93-123
• Polit E Denise , Beck tatano Cheryl ;Nursing
research, Wolters Kluwer 8th edition page no: 248-
282
• Yadav K Manoj , Textbook of Nursing research and
statistics ,Rajinder Kapoor, Lotus publishers 1st
edition page no: 125-173
• www.google.com

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