The document provides a comprehensive overview of referencing styles and their importance in academic writing, covering key concepts like references, bibliographies, citations, and different referencing styles. It outlines the differences between reference lists and bibliographies, details the steps for proper referencing, and includes examples of various citation styles such as Vancouver, APA, and Harvard. Additionally, the document discusses the importance of referencing in scholarly work, its role in avoiding plagiarism, and lists software that can assist with citation management.

1. Writing
References
(Referencing Style)
Vipin Patidar
Tutor/Clinical Instructor,
College of Nursing,
AIIMS Deoghar

2. Content
• Reference
• Bibliography
• Citation
• Difference between Reference and Bibliography.
• Importance of referencing.
• Types of Referencing Styles
• Detailed Example.
• Software used for referencing.

3. Reference
• It is a standardized way of
acknowledging the source of
information and ideas that you have
used in your research/assignment,
which allows the source to be
identified.
• A reference list is the detailed list
of references that are cited in work.

4. Bibliography
• It provides the reader with all the
information needed to seek out
and obtain all original sources
used in the research which is
written in the alphabetical order.

5. Citing
• In your work you have used an idea
from a book, journal article etc. you
must acknowledge this in your text
• Each piece of work is cited with unique
number and author date style.

6. How to
cite...!
 write the number as superscript.
 Eg : Around 7.5 million deaths or 12.8%
of the total of all annual deaths worldwide
occur due to high blood pressure2.
 Eg: another study found similar data
showing that individuals as young as 18
displayed symptoms of the disease (Tang
,2014)

7. Differences!
 A reference list is the detailed list of references that are
cited in your work.
 A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your
work, plus the background readings or other material that
you may have read, but not actually cited.

8. Differences!
 A reference list should be appear at the end of your report
with the entries listed numerically and in the same order
that they have been cited in the text.
 A bibliography is a seperate list from the reference list and
should be arranged alphabetically by author in vancouver
style.

9. Importance  It shows the breadth of your research.
 It showing the reader, the source of
your information.
 It provide credibility to the work.
 It allowing the reader to consult your
sources independently.
 It allow the reader to verify your data.
 It used to avoid plagiarism.

10. Sources  Article in Journals
 Books
 Website
 Newspaper article
 Reports

11. Reference
Elements
• Authors name
• Article title and sub-title
• Journal name
• Year
• Volume
• Page no

12. Steps of
referencing
• Record the full bibliographic
details
• Punctuation marks and spaces.
• Insert citation at appropriate
space.
• Include a reference list.

13. Types of
Referencing
Styles
1. Documentary note styles
• The oxford style manual
• The chicago Manual of style
• The MHRA style guide
2. Author-date styles
• The Harvard style
• The APA style
• The MLA style
3. Numbered Styles
• The Vancouver style
• The IEEE style

14. (1)
Vancouver
style
 This used by most biomedical journals
and many scientific journals.
 In 1978, meeting of medical journal
editors held at Vancouver.
 Maintained by ICMJE (international
committee of medical journal editors.

15. Vancouver style
Articles
1. Patidar V, Patel P et al. psychological impact of covid-19:students
perspective. N Engl J Med. 2022 Sep 16; 13(1):190-4
Author Surname followed by Initials. Vipin patidar, Pragnesh patel
Title of article. psychological impact of covid-
19:students perspective
Title of journal (abbreved) New England Journal of Medicine
Date of publication year month day; 16th sep 2022
volume number (issue number): 13th volume, 1st issue
page numbers. 190-194

16. Exercise
(1)
 Ram Kumar, Pratap singh
 Azithromycin as a adjunctive treatment
of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial
 British medical Journal
 sept. 2020
 20th volume
 3rd issue
 page no 200 to 210
Kumar R, Singh P. Azithromycin as a adjunctive
treatment of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial. BMJ. Sept 2020; 20(3):200-10

17. Vancouver style
Articles
from
website
 Author Surname Initials. Title of article. Title of journal. Date of
publication year month day; volume number (issue number): page
numbers. doi.1
 Patidar V, Patel P. psychological impact of covid-19:students
perspective. The international journal of nursing science. 2022 Sep 16;
13(1):190-4. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_63_19
 Patidar V, Patel P. psychological impact of covid-19:students
perspective. The international journal of nursing science. 2022 Sep 16;
13(1):190-4. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7494162/

18. Vancouver style
 Author Surname Initials. Title:subtitle. Edition (if not the
first). Place of publication: Publisher;Year. chapter
number, chapter name: page no.1
1. Goodman L, Gilman A. The pharmacological basis of
therapeutics.12th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill;2011.
chapter 6, Drug metabolism; p. 140-161
Books

19. (2)
APA style
 American Psychologicalassociation
citation style.
 used Primarily in the social sciences.
 arranged alphabetically by author’s
last name .

20. APA style
• Horowitz, L. M., & Post, D. L. (1981). The prototype as a construct
in abnormal psychology. Cognitive development, 90, 575-585.
Articles
Author Surname followed by Initials. Lewis M Horowitz & Deniel L Post
(year, month). 1981
Title of article. The prototype as a construct in
abnormal psychology
Title of journal, Cognitive development
volume number. 90th volume
page numbers. 575-585

21. Exercise
(2)
 Ram Kumar, Pratap Singh
 Azithromycin as a adjunctive treatment
of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial
 British medical Journal
 sept. 2020
 20th volume
 page no 200 to 210
Kumar R, Singh P. (2020,Sept). Azithromycin as a
adjunctive treatment of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial. British medical journal, 20, 200-
10

22. APA style
 Author Surname Initials. (year, month). Title of article. title of journal,
volume, page no.
 Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in
trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 482-488.
doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482.
 Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in
trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 482-488.
Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
Articles
form
website

23. APA style
 Author Surname Initials. (year, month). Title:subtitle.
(Edition). Place of publication: Publisher;: page no.
 Singh, E. B. (1970). The teacher (3rd ed.) London:
Oxford University Press.
Books

24. (3)
Harvard
style
 It came originally from the “bluebook:a
uniform system of citation published by
the harvard law review association
 it is used in law, natural sciences,
social sciences, behavioural sciences .

25. Harvard style
 Author Surname follwed by Initials.
 (year of publication)
 ‘Title of article with single quotaion mark’.
 Name of journal.
 volume. (issue),
 page no.
 Horowitz, L. M., & Post, D. L. (1981) ‘The prototype as a
construct in abnormal psychology’. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology. 90.(6), 575-585.
Articles

26. Referencing
Software
 Mendeley
 Zotero

27. THANK YOU