Writing references It include definition of referencing, bibliography, differences, steps , benefits, purposes, different referencing styles, APA, Harvard, MLA, Vancouver, more details follow www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

1. Writing
References
(Referencing Style)
Vipin Patidar
Tutor/Clinical Instructor,
College of Nursing,
AIIMS Deoghar

2. Content
• Reference
• Bibliography
• Citation
• Difference between Reference and Bibliography.
• Importance of referencing.
• Types of Referencing Styles
• Detailed Example.
• Software used for referencing.

3. Reference
• It is a standardized way of
acknowledging the source of
information and ideas that you have
used in your research/assignment,
which allows the source to be
identified.
• A reference list is the detailed list
of references that are cited in work.

4. Bibliography
• It provides the reader with all the
information needed to seek out
and obtain all original sources
used in the research which is
written in the alphabetical order.

5. Citing
• In your work you have used an idea
from a book, journal article etc. you
must acknowledge this in your text
• Each piece of work is cited with unique
number and author date style.

6. How to
cite...!
 write the number as superscript.
 Eg : Around 7.5 million deaths or 12.8%
of the total of all annual deaths worldwide
occur due to high blood pressure2.
 Eg: another study found similar data
showing that individuals as young as 18
displayed symptoms of the disease (Tang
,2014)

7. Differences!
 A reference list is the detailed list of references that are
cited in your work.
 A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your
work, plus the background readings or other material that
you may have read, but not actually cited.

8. Differences!
 A reference list should be appear at the end of your report
with the entries listed numerically and in the same order
that they have been cited in the text.
 A bibliography is a seperate list from the reference list and
should be arranged alphabetically by author in vancouver
style.

9. Importance  It shows the breadth of your research.
 It showing the reader, the source of
your information.
 It provide credibility to the work.
 It allowing the reader to consult your
sources independently.
 It allow the reader to verify your data.
 It used to avoid plagiarism.

10. Sources  Article in Journals
 Books
 Website
 Newspaper article
 Reports

11. Reference
Elements
• Authors name
• Article title and sub-title
• Journal name
• Year
• Volume
• Page no

12. Steps of
referencing
• Record the full bibliographic
details
• Punctuation marks and spaces.
• Insert citation at appropriate
space.
• Include a reference list.

13. Types of
Referencing
Styles
1. Documentary note styles
• The oxford style manual
• The chicago Manual of style
• The MHRA style guide
2. Author-date styles
• The Harvard style
• The APA style
• The MLA style
3. Numbered Styles
• The Vancouver style
• The IEEE style

14. (1)
Vancouver
style
 This used by most biomedical journals
and many scientific journals.
 In 1978, meeting of medical journal
editors held at Vancouver.
 Maintained by ICMJE (international
committee of medical journal editors.

15. Vancouver style
Articles
1. Patidar V, Patel P et al. psychological impact of covid-19:students
perspective. N Engl J Med. 2022 Sep 16; 13(1):190-4
Author Surname followed by Initials. Vipin patidar, Pragnesh patel
Title of article. psychological impact of covid-
19:students perspective
Title of journal (abbreved) New England Journal of Medicine
Date of publication year month day; 16th sep 2022
volume number (issue number): 13th volume, 1st issue
page numbers. 190-194

16. Exercise
(1)
 Ram Kumar, Pratap singh
 Azithromycin as a adjunctive treatment
of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial
 British medical Journal
 sept. 2020
 20th volume
 3rd issue
 page no 200 to 210
Kumar R, Singh P. Azithromycin as a adjunctive
treatment of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial. BMJ. Sept 2020; 20(3):200-10

17. Vancouver style
Articles
from
website
 Author Surname Initials. Title of article. Title of journal. Date of
publication year month day; volume number (issue number): page
numbers. doi.1
 Patidar V, Patel P. psychological impact of covid-19:students
perspective. The international journal of nursing science. 2022 Sep 16;
13(1):190-4. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_63_19
 Patidar V, Patel P. psychological impact of covid-19:students
perspective. The international journal of nursing science. 2022 Sep 16;
13(1):190-4. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7494162/

18. Vancouver style
 Author Surname Initials. Title:subtitle. Edition (if not the
first). Place of publication: Publisher;Year. chapter
number, chapter name: page no.1
1. Goodman L, Gilman A. The pharmacological basis of
therapeutics.12th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill;2011.
chapter 6, Drug metabolism; p. 140-161
Books

19. (2)
APA style
 American Psychologicalassociation
citation style.
 used Primarily in the social sciences.
 arranged alphabetically by author’s
last name .

20. APA style
• Horowitz, L. M., & Post, D. L. (1981). The prototype as a construct
in abnormal psychology. Cognitive development, 90, 575-585.
Articles
Author Surname followed by Initials. Lewis M Horowitz & Deniel L Post
(year, month). 1981
Title of article. The prototype as a construct in
abnormal psychology
Title of journal, Cognitive development
volume number. 90th volume
page numbers. 575-585

21. Exercise
(2)
 Ram Kumar, Pratap Singh
 Azithromycin as a adjunctive treatment
of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial
 British medical Journal
 sept. 2020
 20th volume
 page no 200 to 210
Kumar R, Singh P. (2020,Sept). Azithromycin as a
adjunctive treatment of aggresive periodonitis:12 months
randomized clinical trial. British medical journal, 20, 200-
10

22. APA style
 Author Surname Initials. (year, month). Title of article. title of journal,
volume, page no.
 Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in
trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 482-488.
doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482.
 Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in
trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 482-488.
Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
Articles
form
website

23. APA style
 Author Surname Initials. (year, month). Title:subtitle.
(Edition). Place of publication: Publisher;: page no.
 Singh, E. B. (1970). The teacher (3rd ed.) London:
Oxford University Press.
Books

24. (3)
Harvard
style
 It came originally from the “bluebook:a
uniform system of citation published by
the harvard law review association
 it is used in law, natural sciences,
social sciences, behavioural sciences .

25. Harvard style
 Author Surname follwed by Initials.
 (year of publication)
 ‘Title of article with single quotaion mark’.
 Name of journal.
 volume. (issue),
 page no.
 Horowitz, L. M., & Post, D. L. (1981) ‘The prototype as a
construct in abnormal psychology’. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology. 90.(6), 575-585.
Articles

26. Referencing
Software
 Mendeley
 Zotero

27. THANK YOU