Lecture 4
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The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Studies can be causal, correlational, contrived or non-contrived. Populations can be individuals, groups, organizations or cultures. Studies can also be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Proper research design ensures the purpose is effectively addressed.
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
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Follow Me:
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
Types of Research
The document discusses various types of research including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, and exploratory research. Applied research seeks practical solutions to problems, while basic research expands knowledge without a direct application. Correlational research examines relationships between variables without determining cause and effect. Descriptive research provides accurate portrayals of characteristics, and ethnographic research involves in-depth study of cultures. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through controlled manipulation of variables.
Bst ppt1
The document outlines a marketing management project for a computer (CAX). It includes sections on competitive brands, features of CAX, pricing, distribution channels, promotions, and legal requirements. CAX is described as a large, global firm ranked 31st by Forbes that aims to build a brighter future through innovative strategies and customer satisfaction. The project helped the student learn about marketing management.
Data analysis
This document discusses various stages and techniques in data analysis, including data processing, distribution, tabulation, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. It describes common statistical analyses like descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, differences analysis, associative analysis, and predictive analysis. Specific techniques covered include measures of central tendency, measures of variability, correlation, regression, hypothesis testing, and types of errors in decision making.
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Elements Of Research Design | Purpose Of Study | Important Of Research Design |
This document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of a study, type of investigation, study setting, population, time horizon, and importance of considering research design early. It describes exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis testing purposes. Correlational and causal studies are covered as well as field, lab and contrived settings. Individuals, groups, organizations can be units of analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons are presented. Reliability including stability over time and internal consistency are also summarized.
Research design
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides details on each type of design, their purposes, appropriate research questions to address, and common methods used. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and define problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research determines causality between variables. The document also discusses important considerations for research design such as defining constructs, developing operational definitions, specifying objectives, and controlling for extraneous variables.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.docx
This document provides an overview of experimental design in research. It defines experimental design as a scientific approach to research where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. The key types of experimental design are described as pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experiments offer the strongest causal inferences because variables are manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned, allowing for comparison. Experimental research is described as useful for businesses to test new strategies, understand customer needs, and assess the business environment before making changes. The steps for conducting experimental research are outlined.
Research
The document discusses research processes and features. It describes key steps in research including problem recognition and definition, creating a research design which involves sampling and data collection, and defining goals and objectives. It also outlines features of research such as encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, focusing research in key areas, charting university development, and facilitating industrial-academic cooperation.
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This document discusses measurement of variables in research design, including operational definition, scales of measurement, and assessing the reliability and validity of measurement instruments. It defines operational definition as reducing abstract concepts to measurable behaviors or properties. It describes four types of scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and provides examples. It emphasizes that reliability ensures consistent measurement and addresses test-retest and parallel form reliability for assessing stability over time.
SM Nonprofit Ad Campaign Term Project InstructionsOverview.docx
SM Nonprofit Ad Campaign Term Project Instructions
Overview
Marketing can inspire change, generate donations, and inform the public. However, nonprofits often lack the marketing prowess needed to reach consumers. You are tasked to create a marketing ad and social media campaign for a nonprofit you choose. Visit the nonprofit website to understand their purpose and align the ad campaign you create.
Choose one of the following charities on the website to build a social media ad campaign.
https://charity.lovetoknow.com/Top_100_Charities
The below items are to be turned in on Blackboard in a Word document. Each student is responsible for submitting their own unique work. Check SafeAssign at submission for plagiarism; unintentional plagiarism is still plagiarism.
Ad Content
1) Ad/image that can standalone (if posted on a social media platform in smartphone or desktop view). Ad should be unambiguously clear, easy to read within moments, and eye-catching. Content needs to be accurate, informative, and convincing to change behavior.
Include the name of the charity and method to connect with existing platforms.
Written responses describing the ad campaign
Written work: 2-3 pages, 1-inch margins 12-point Times New Roman/Arial font, double spaced. Be specific with details, use examples, and thoroughly explain your reasoning. The written work should articulate your knowledge about social media strategy, marketing mix, research measures, and other materials covered throughout this course. Demonstrate your understanding of course materials by writing about these topics.
2) Describe what is the content in the ad (e.g. Call to Action (CTA) hashtag, information guide, change behavior, draw clicks to website)? Be specific. Restating these examples is insufficient.
3) What is the name of the ad campaign? What is this social media ad campaign trying to do? Thoroughly explain your reasoning and be specific.
4) What is the method for releasing on social media (e.g. platform, timing, target market, length of campaign)? Elaborating and be specific with details.
5) What are the measures for success (e.g. how many likes/comments/shares)? State specific goals and figures that would indicate if the campaign was successful.
Sample Ads
Note: These are basic samples. The quality of work and attention to details should be greater. Expectations in the workplace are higher for employees creating marketing materials because businesses depend on generating revenue from these kinds of ads. In fact, these sample ads draw website visits. Notice what works and doesn’t work from the samples.
https://www.studentdigz.co.za/sharing-is-caring/
Graphic CPR ad example with moving pictures:
https://carrington.edu/blog/medical/how-to-perform-cpr/
https://www.cprcertified.com/how-to-perform-hands-only-cpr-infographic
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-benefits-drinking-water-infographic-vector-illustration-image675702.
Lecture 1-05.01.15
The document discusses the role of business research. It defines business research as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid business decisions. Business research must be objective, detached, and impartial rather than biased. It facilitates managerial decision making across all aspects of a business by reducing uncertainty. The document further classifies business research into basic research and applied research, as well as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides examples and definitions of each type of research. Finally, the document discusses factors to consider when determining whether to conduct business research such as time constraints, data availability, the nature of the decision, and whether the benefits outweigh the costs.
Marketing research designs ppt
This document discusses different types of marketing research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, and causal designs. It provides examples to illustrate each design type. Exploratory design is used to discover ideas and generate hypotheses. Descriptive design aims to define opinions or behaviors through quantitative surveys. Causal design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships. The document also covers different scales used in data collection, such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales, and provides examples of each.
Research Method EMBA chapter 5
This document discusses key elements of research design and methodology. It covers the purpose of different types of studies including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies. It also discusses variables like the level of researcher interference, study setting (contrived vs non-contrived), and unit of analysis (individual, group, organization). The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like causal versus correlational studies and the trade-off between scientific rigor and cost in research design.
Important & Basic Marketing Principles
This document discusses key concepts in marketing research including:
1. It defines market research and marketing research, noting that market research focuses specifically on gathering market size and trend information while marketing research covers a broader range of activities.
2. It outlines the typical steps in the marketing research process including defining the problem, research design, data collection, analysis and reporting.
3. It provides details on key aspects of research design like secondary data sources, primary data collection methods, sampling, measurement scales and hypothesis testing.
Research design
Exploratory research is conducted to better understand a problem that is not clearly defined. It aims to identify issues that can be the focus of future research. Examples include investigating the role of social media in marketing or ways to improve customer service. Exploratory research gathers both primary data through surveys, interviews, and observations, and secondary data from existing sources. It provides tentative findings to guide further research rather than conclusively answering questions.
Research design
Exploratory research is conducted to better understand a problem that is not clearly defined. It aims to identify issues that can be the focus of future research. Examples include investigating the role of social media in marketing or ways to improve customer service. Exploratory research gathers information through surveys, interviews, focus groups or observations and can help identify variables for further conclusive research. Conclusive research aims to test hypotheses and relationships through structured processes to generate findings useful for decision-making.
A Neat Sampling Strategy Based On Purposive Sampling Essay
The document discusses research methodology for a study on leasing business in Mauritius. It will use a descriptive research design with both primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data will be collected through questionnaires distributed to Mauritians who own vehicles. Secondary data will come from sources like books, publications from the Central Statistical Office, internet resources, and financial magazines. The study aims to examine the evolution of leasing business and factors affecting lessees and lessors, compare leasing to other financing options, and understand its popularity among Mauritians.
RMM scales ,reliability,validity.ppt
This document discusses measurement scales and how to establish the reliability and validity of measurement instruments. It describes the four main types of scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and provides examples of each. Rating scales and ranking scales are presented as two categories for developing attitudinal scales. The document emphasizes the importance of establishing the goodness of measures through item analysis and testing the reliability and validity of instruments.
200-CHAPTER-7.pptx
This document discusses different types of scales used to measure variables in research: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It provides examples of each scale and explains their properties. Nominal scales categorize subjects into groups without rank. Ordinal scales rank order categories. Interval scales measure the distance between scale points. Ratio scales have a true zero point. The document also discusses developing scales through rating scales like Likert scales, which use numbered categories to indicate agreement, and ranking scales, which compare preferences.
Mb0050 research methodology
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Chapter 7
This document discusses measurement scales and establishing the reliability and validity of measurement instruments. It describes the four main types of scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and provides examples of each. Rating and ranking scales are also discussed, along with specific scales like Likert scales. The document stresses the importance of establishing the reliability and validity of measures to ensure the instruments accurately measure the intended constructs. Item analysis is presented as the first step, followed by assessing reliability and validity.
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran
This document discusses measurement scales and establishing the reliability and validity of measurement instruments. It describes the four main types of scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and provides examples of each. It also discusses developing rating scales and ranking scales to measure attitudes. The document emphasizes the importance of establishing the reliability of measures through assessing stability and internal consistency, as well as validity, to ensure the measures accurately capture the constructs they are intended to measure.
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This document discusses research and the research process. It begins by defining research and distinguishing between applied and basic research, providing examples of each. It then discusses common research objectives such as describing a topic, distinguishing between variables, and explaining relationships. The document outlines the typical steps in the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It also discusses types of research such as qualitative vs. quantitative and conceptual vs. empirical. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts and processes involved in conducting research.
Chp9 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
This document discusses measurement scales and establishing the reliability and validity of measures. It describes the four main types of scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and provides examples of each. Rating and ranking scales are introduced as ways to develop measures using these scales. The document emphasizes the importance of establishing the reliability of measures through assessing stability and internal consistency, as well as validity, to ensure the measures accurately capture the concepts they are intended to. Item analysis, reliability testing, and validity assessment are presented as key ways to evaluate the quality of developed measures.
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Lecture 4
Gender identity disorder is when one's internal sense of gender does not match their biological sex. The document asks if it is a biological or psychological disorder and discusses a movie where a character named Brandon refuses to be called a "dyke" and is locked up by their mother due to having gender identity disorder. It also questions how society and males in the movie reacted to Brandon's gender identity disorder and what distinguishes males from females in the movie.
Course outline
This document outlines a 3 credit psychology course offered during the second semester of 2011 at Siam University. The course aims to help students better understand human thinking and behavior through critical observation. To pass the course, students must not miss more than 3 classes, submit all assignments on time, and sit for the final exam. Assessments include two written assignments, an in-class presentation and report, a final exam, and class participation. The main textbook is Lahey's Psychology: An Introduction.
Gender
Gender refers to the psychological sense of maleness or femaleness related to one's culture or society, whereas sex refers to biological attributes. Gender development involves learning gender roles and stereotypes from a young age through socialization. Gender identity forms between ages 2-3 and involves identifying as male or female, while gender constancy develops at ages 6-7 with the understanding that gender is permanent. Gender stereotyping can be positive or negative, but is inherently harmful as it reduces individuals to narrow roles and leads to making assumptions about people based on their gender.
Presentation 2
The document provides an overview of the key topics covered in a psychology lecture, including:
- Early psychologists like Wundt who studied consciousness using introspection.
- William James who believed thinking and other mental processes help humans survive.
- Memory studies by Ebbinghaus and Calkins showing forgetting occurs rapidly at first.
- Cognitive psychology focusing on thinking, perceiving, and other intellectual processes.
- Behaviorism studying how learning from experience shapes behavior.
- Freud believing unconscious motives like sex and aggression influence behavior.
- Neuroscience examining the brain structures underlying psychological processes.
- The sociocultural perspective considering how gender, culture and experiences shape people.
Presentation1
This document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It discusses the origins of psychology in Greek philosophy and defines psychology as the scientific study of life. Some key topics that will be covered include love, mental disorders, emotions, and relationships. The goals of psychology are to describe, predict, understand, and influence human behavior and mental processes through rigorous scientific study.
Presentation 3 (social roles)
Social interaction and social structure are closely related concepts in sociology. Social interaction refers to how people respond to one another, while social structure describes how society is organized into predictable relationships and hierarchies. A person's social status can be ascriptive, based on attributes like gender or race, or achieved through their own efforts and occupations. Statuses come with social roles and expectations, and role conflict can occur when a person has incompatible roles. Social groups and institutions also play a key role in shaping social structure and transmitting culture according to different sociological perspectives.
Presentation 4 (social control)
A terrorist attacked Norway, killing 76 people in bombings and shootings. The attacker, Anders Behring Breivik, said his motives were to stop multiculturalism and the growing Muslim population in Europe. He targeted the ruling Labor Party's youth camp. Experts say the attack aimed to undermine Norway's values of openness, freedom of expression, and safety. Increased government surveillance is seen as a necessary response to terrorism but also raises concerns about social control.
Presentation1 (Introduction)
The document discusses three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalism, exemplified by Talcott Parsons, views society as a system of interconnected parts that maintain stability. Conflict theory, influenced by Marx, sees society as shaped by conflict between competing groups. Symbolic interactionism focuses on everyday social interactions and how people interpret symbols to understand society.
Course outline
This 3-credit sociology course at Siam University explores basic sociological theories and issues related to gender, race, ethnicity, deviance, and social change. The course aims to help students better understand social dynamics and the internal and external factors that influence society. Students must maintain less than 3 absences, submit all assignments on time to sit for the final exam. Assessments include weekly diaries, a group project on breaking social norms, a final exam, class participation, and a field trip. Topics covered include culture, Thai politics and elections, media, family relationships, social interaction, education, religion, and the life course.
Presentation2 (culture)
Culture consists of the customs, knowledge, objects, and behaviors shared by a group of people. It has both material aspects like food and technology as well as nonmaterial aspects like beliefs and communication styles. Subcultures exist within larger cultures and may differ in their values. Countercultures deliberately oppose aspects of the main culture. Language plays a key role in transmitting culture and shaping reality. Nonverbal communication like gestures also varies across cultures. Norms are established standards of behavior maintained through both formal laws and informal understanding. People do not always follow norms and may face sanctions for violations. Values and symbols are also important parts of a culture.
Final Research Sample
This document is a research essay examining the effects of colonization and Western influences on Thai society, women, and organizations. It begins with an introduction outlining the research question and arguments that will be made. The methodology section describes the purpose and nature of the study, which is exploratory due to limited prior literature. Statistical data and literature will be analyzed to understand the impacts and how Western feminist theory may generalize inaccurately to Thai culture. The research aims to debate whether socioeconomic status or gender is a greater indicator of inequality in Thailand. It will also discuss whether equality can be achieved through policies like Gross National Happiness instead of solely relying on Gross Domestic Product.
Lecture 4
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose of research design is to ensure the study effectively addresses its goals. Considering these elements early helps avoid issues later in the research process.
Lecture 5
The document discusses key elements to consider when designing a research methodology, including paradigm, methods, tools, design, skills, ethics, resources, access, population, sampling, and data collection. It emphasizes matching the methodology to the research question, skills, and practical constraints. The researcher must determine how to best answer the research question through their methodology while addressing their own capacity and ensuring it is doable. Factors like skills, ethics approval, time, and access must be taken into account. Key aspects of methodology design are identifying the population and sample, as well as how, who, what, when, and where data will be collected. The methodology should aim for credibility through transferability and generalizability.
Lecture 5
The document discusses key elements to consider when designing a research methodology, including paradigm, methods, tools, design, skills, ethics, resources, access, population, sampling, and data collection. It emphasizes matching the methodology to the research question, skills, and practical constraints. The researcher must determine their paradigm, methods for collecting data like interviews or surveys, tools, population, sampling technique, how to analyze data, and address any ethical issues. Developing a strong methodology is important for effectively answering the research question and producing credible results.
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This document summarizes literature on facilitating professional leadership development in youth organizations, using Victoria University's Students Association (VUWSA) as a case study. It explores how professional leadership development concepts from workplace settings can be adapted for youth organizations. While leadership is often learned through experience, youth organizations face challenges in providing long-term leadership opportunities due to short leadership cycles. The document argues professional leadership development is possible in youth organizations and recommends VUWSA focus on staff leadership skills rather than just technical skills.
Eight questions sample
This research project will investigate whether Victoria Management School's academic programs effectively develop leadership among students. The researcher will conduct interviews and classroom observations to understand how students and teachers perceive leadership development. Key results may show that academic programs alone cannot teach leadership, which requires experience, but can provide an understanding of concepts. The research could help Victoria University improve how it trains staff to deliver leadership content and benefit management studies by bringing more attention to the important topic of leadership development.
Sample literature review
This literature review examines key performance indicators (KPIs) for adult and community education (ACE) organizations. It discusses the challenges of evaluating outcomes for ACE providers given their focus on both educational and social outcomes. It reviews management tools from industry, services, and education to identify an approach suitable for voluntary ACE providers. The balanced scorecard is discussed as a potential tool, but the review argues KPIs for voluntary ACE must focus on quality as an outcome and avoid interfering with volunteers' work. Further research is needed on measuring social outcomes and adapting evaluation methods for the ACE sector.
Presentation2
This document discusses various aspects of research methodology and design. It asks the reader to reflect on their beliefs and biases. It distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative approaches, noting that quantitative research aims to identify universal laws through precise measurements while qualitative research seeks deep understanding of human behavior in context. The document outlines differences in deductive vs inductive reasoning and provides an overview of key steps in the research process including problem definition, literature review, objectives, and presenting findings. It emphasizes starting research with a well-defined question or topic and generating ideas through exploring options and using concept mapping.
Lecture 3
This document discusses the key differences between concepts and variables, and conceptual frameworks versus theoretical frameworks in research.
A concept is an idea expressed through symbols or words, while a variable can be observed and measured. A conceptual framework is based on qualitative research like interviews and is non-empirical, while a theoretical framework specifies dependent, independent, moderating and intervening variables and can be tested empirically. The document provides examples and briefly outlines research design purposes like exploration, description and hypothesis testing. It concludes with an exercise to develop frameworks for two research questions.
Course outline
This 3-credit course focuses on international business research. The course aims to help students develop an understanding of traditional and modern business research approaches, distinguish between different research philosophies, and reflect on the research process. Students must submit assignments, attend classes, and participate in a group presentation to pass. Assignments include a research proposal, analysis of data collection and interpretation, and a final report. Attendance, assignments, a final exam, and class participation determine the student's overall grade.
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Lecture 4
- 1. Chapter 5 The Research Process – Elements of Research Design © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 2. Research Design © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran
- 18. Nominal Scale
- 20. Ordinal Scale
- 23. Interval Scale
- 25. Ratio Scale
- 26. Differences among the scales