The presentation describes various typologies of experiments used to practiced in various fields of social science research. For determination of a sound research design knowledge of types of research design is very important to understand.
Mixed Methods Research Approaches:Warrant Consideration Phenomena in theMetho...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Evaluates a meta analysis of family therapy interventions for families facing physical illness.
The slide presentation and article is discussed in greater detail at http://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/interventions-for-the-family-in-chronic-illness-a-meta-analysis-i-like/
Mixed Methods Research Approaches:Warrant Consideration Phenomena in theMetho...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Evaluates a meta analysis of family therapy interventions for families facing physical illness.
The slide presentation and article is discussed in greater detail at http://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/interventions-for-the-family-in-chronic-illness-a-meta-analysis-i-like/
Overview and Exemplar Components of the Research Methodology on the Research ...YogeshIJTSRD
The research methodology outlines how research has been performed, addresses an unusual technique as well a description of whether a researcher has introduced a new method or substantially modified one that already occurs. This article takes the initiative in research education to help students develop and retain research skills in planning, preparing, and writing research methods as one of the K 12 learning skills among senior high school research courses. The research methodology comprises basic components including the design, sampling, tools, collection procedures, analysis, and ethical considerations. There are three types of study designs qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. One can explain the sampling procedure, size, subjects tested, and the location of the study in the sampling techniques. On the other hand, a researcher must mention the technical materials used in the study when writing the research instrument. The validity and reliability of the instruments should be tested before being used by the researcher. Since it involves gathering the information needed to resolve the research problem posed, data collection is considered to be the most important step of the research process. Data can be analyzed using a number of techniques, quantitative or qualitative. In addition, the study report should indicate whether and to what extent the studies comply with ethical standards. As a general rule, the research methods should be robust enough to reproduce the results. In this light, these overviews and exemplars help students demonstrate research writing skills and present research methodology throughout the research writing process. Almighty C. Tabuena | Yvon Mae C. Hilario | Mhelmafa P. Buenaflor "Overview and Exemplar Components of the Research Methodology on the Research Writing Process for Senior High School Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38693.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38693/overview-and-exemplar-components-of-the-research-methodology-on-the-research-writing-process-for-senior-high-school-students/almighty-c-tabuena
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Experimental method In Research MethodologyRamla Sheikh
“It is a method of testing hypothesis.”
“Jhoda”
“Experimental research is the description and analysis of what will be or what will occur, under carefully controlled condition.”
“John W. Best“
“Experiment is a means of providing the hypothesis whereby the causal relations between two facts is studied.”
“GreenWood
EDUC 8102-6 - MD7Assgn5: Research Application Paper #2. eckchela
This is Walden University course (EDUC8102-6) MD7Assgn5: Research Application Paper #2. The purpose of this paper is to compare, contrast, and critique the following articles:
(a) “Conflict Resolution and Transformative Pedagogy a Grounded Theory Research. Project on Learning in Higher Education” by Fetherston and Kelly (2007)
(b) “Gender Differences in Smoking and Meanings of Smoking in Asian-American College Students” by Hsia and Spruijt-Metz (2008). It is written in APA format and includes references. Most universities submit higher-education assignments to turnitin; so, remember to paraphrase. Enjoy your discovery!
Overview and Exemplar Components of the Research Methodology on the Research ...YogeshIJTSRD
The research methodology outlines how research has been performed, addresses an unusual technique as well a description of whether a researcher has introduced a new method or substantially modified one that already occurs. This article takes the initiative in research education to help students develop and retain research skills in planning, preparing, and writing research methods as one of the K 12 learning skills among senior high school research courses. The research methodology comprises basic components including the design, sampling, tools, collection procedures, analysis, and ethical considerations. There are three types of study designs qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. One can explain the sampling procedure, size, subjects tested, and the location of the study in the sampling techniques. On the other hand, a researcher must mention the technical materials used in the study when writing the research instrument. The validity and reliability of the instruments should be tested before being used by the researcher. Since it involves gathering the information needed to resolve the research problem posed, data collection is considered to be the most important step of the research process. Data can be analyzed using a number of techniques, quantitative or qualitative. In addition, the study report should indicate whether and to what extent the studies comply with ethical standards. As a general rule, the research methods should be robust enough to reproduce the results. In this light, these overviews and exemplars help students demonstrate research writing skills and present research methodology throughout the research writing process. Almighty C. Tabuena | Yvon Mae C. Hilario | Mhelmafa P. Buenaflor "Overview and Exemplar Components of the Research Methodology on the Research Writing Process for Senior High School Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38693.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38693/overview-and-exemplar-components-of-the-research-methodology-on-the-research-writing-process-for-senior-high-school-students/almighty-c-tabuena
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Experimental method In Research MethodologyRamla Sheikh
“It is a method of testing hypothesis.”
“Jhoda”
“Experimental research is the description and analysis of what will be or what will occur, under carefully controlled condition.”
“John W. Best“
“Experiment is a means of providing the hypothesis whereby the causal relations between two facts is studied.”
“GreenWood
EDUC 8102-6 - MD7Assgn5: Research Application Paper #2. eckchela
This is Walden University course (EDUC8102-6) MD7Assgn5: Research Application Paper #2. The purpose of this paper is to compare, contrast, and critique the following articles:
(a) “Conflict Resolution and Transformative Pedagogy a Grounded Theory Research. Project on Learning in Higher Education” by Fetherston and Kelly (2007)
(b) “Gender Differences in Smoking and Meanings of Smoking in Asian-American College Students” by Hsia and Spruijt-Metz (2008). It is written in APA format and includes references. Most universities submit higher-education assignments to turnitin; so, remember to paraphrase. Enjoy your discovery!
Wk. 3 DiscussionFor this week’s discussion we have been tasked w.docxlefrancoishazlett
Wk. 3 Discussion
For this week’s discussion we have been tasked with comparing the characteristics of appropriate research designs and recommend a qualitative research design that would facilitate answering the instructor’s additional questions: : (a) How do their students actually feel about the intervention? and (b) How do students view the influence of the intervention on their learning inside and outside of the classroom (if applicable)?
When it comes to qualitative research methods there are several, however the three most common are participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Participant observation in a social setting tends to aim to gain a means of better understanding within a given group of individuals, their experiences and observations and collects data. In-depth interviews are utilized for collecting data on individual’s personal history, perspectives, and experiences. This is used particularly with sensitive information. Focus groups allow for data collection through group interview processes and tend to related to specific topics. (Frost, 2011)
In addition to our week two scenario the instructors would like to answer additional questions of how the students actually feel about the intervention as well as how the students view the influence of the intervention on their learning in the classroom as well as outside of the classroom. This relates to the phenomenology research design. Phenomenology focuses on individual thoughts and feelings and its purpose is to dive in and determine what feelings or experiences the students have in relation to the intervention. This method has several different characteristics:
· It seeks to understand how people experience a particular situation or phenomenon.
· It is conducted primarily through in-depth conversations and interviews; however, some studies may collect data from diaries, drawings, or observation.
· Small samples sizes, often 10 or less participants, are common in phenomenological studies.
· Interview questions are open-ended to allow the participants to fully describe the experience from their own view point.
· Phenomenology is centered on the participants’ experiences with no regard to social or cultural norms, traditions, or preconceived ideas about the experience.
· It focuses on these four aspects of a lived experience: lived spaced, lived body, lived time, and lived human relations.
· Data collected is qualitative and analysis includes an attempt to identify themes or make generalizations regarding how a particular phenomenon is actually perceived or experienced. (CIRT, 2019)
Phenomenological research studies tend to be interested in the life experiences of human and would relate directly to answering the instructors additional research questions. (CIRT, 2019) According to CIRT 2019, “A phenomenological study attempts to set aside biases and preconceived assumptions about human experiences, feelings, and responses to a particular situation. It allows th.
In this paper various approaches, steps and objectives of research are listed and briefly discussed.
This paper discusses four common research approaches, Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods and
Advocacy/participatory research, which were commonly used when conducting research. Research is indeed
civilization and determines the economic, social and political development of a nation. Research is Systematic
investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. All research
Approaches Examine and explore the different claims to knowledge and are designed to address a specific type
of research question.
Research Methodolgy & Intellectual Property Rights Series 1T.D. Shashikala
This PPT is prepared for VTU-Karnataka, Mtech/PhD syllabus based on C.R. Kothari, Gaurav Garg, Research Methodology: method and Techniques, New age International, 4th Edition,2018
Grow Your Reddit Community Fast.........SocioCosmos
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How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
www.nidmindia.com
The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
1. Types of Experiments in
Social Sciences
SUKANYA BARUA, PREMLATA SINGH and
SATYAPRIYA
Division of Agricultural Extension,
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi
2. Research Design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis
of data in a manner that aims to
combine relevance to the research
purpose with economy in procedure
It enables the researcher to arrive at
as valid, objective, accurate and
economic solution of the given
problem as possible
3. Research strategies used in extension studies
Research Design
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative 3. Mixed methods
1. Between
group
2. Within
group
1. True experimental design
2. Quasi experimental design
3. Factorial design
Experimental
1. Time series experiment
2. Repeated measures experiment
3. Single subject experiment
Non-experimental
1. Descriptive
2.Comparative
3. Co relational
i. Explanatory
ii. Prediction
4.Survey
i. Cross sectional
ii. Longitudinal
5. Ex-
post
facto
6.
Secon
dary
data
4. Research strategies used in extension studies
Research Design
Quantitative Qualitative Mixed methods
Ethnographic
Interactive Non-interactive/analytical
Phenomenological
Grounded
theory
Narrative
Research
Realist
ethnography
Case
study
Critical
ethnography
Concept
Analysis
Historical
Analysis
Policy
Analysis
5. Research strategies used in extension studies
Quantitative Mixed Methods Qualitative
Explanatory Exploratory Triangulation
Research Design
6. Quantitative Research Strategies
Experimental strategies
The researcher manipulates the conditions of
what subjects will experience by structuring
actual situations, introducing or controlling
certain variables in order to measure their effect
on each other, or by systematically imposing or
withholding specified conditions
Types- Between group and within group designs
(Creswell, 2012)
7. a. Between-group designs
(i) True Experimental Design
Between group design is used when the researcher
wishes to compare two or more groups
True experimental design: Cause-effect analytical
experiments which involve random assignment of
subjects and conditions to the subjects for
objectively measuring the research phenomenon by
controlling external interference and errors
Eg: The influence of technology subsidies on
adoption may be studied by assessing adoption by
comparing both groups
8. (ii) Quasi-experimental design
Quasi experiments are non randomized
experiments conducted in non laboratory
situations where independent variables are
manipulated to assess their influence on
dependent variables
It differs from true experiments in that subjects
are not randomly assigned to conditions
It has both pre-post, as well as post only test
designs
9. Quasi-experimental designs are of
three types (Creswell, 2009)
Non-equivalent (Pre test and Post test)
Control-Group Design- The experimental and
control groups are selected without random
assignment
Single group
10. (iii) Factorial Designs
In the factorial design, the researcher studies
two or more categorical, independent
variables that are analyzed at two or more
levels (Vogt, 2005)
The purpose of this design is to study the
independent and simultaneous effects of two
or more independent treatment variables on
an outcome
11. b. With-in group designs
(Within group design is employed when the total number of participants
is very limited. This design analyses the variations present within the
group)
(i) Time series experiments- In this design, studies are
conducted on a single group over a period of time,
through a series of pre-test and post-test observation
Eg- Diffusion of new agricultural technologies guided by a
series of technology interventions can be studied within a
specific geographical or social system over years
12. (ii) Repeated measures experiment:
In a repeated measures design, multiple
treatments are administered on a single group
and the researcher compares its performance
across these experiments
13. (iii) Single subject Designs:
Single case designs are usually single subject or
group research (without control), used to evaluate the
extent to which a causal relation exists between
introduction of an intervention and change in a specific
dependent variable
Eg: a study focusing on influence of quality seed
material provision to a single farmer or a group
focusing on livelihood security aspect may be termed
as single case research design
14. B. Non experimental Strategies
(In non experimental designs, the researcher may examine
relationship between things without manipulating the
conditions)
1. Descriptive research:
It provides a detailed summary of an existing
phenomenon by assigning numbers to
characteristics of objects or subjects involved
2. Comparative Research:
The researcher investigates the presence of
difference between two or more groups on the
phenomenon studied
15. Comparative research is often multidisciplinary
and utilizes quantitative techniques to study
phenomenon
Mostly used in cross cultural studies and Social
sciences
16. 3. Correlational Research:
Assessing the direction and strength of association
between two or more phenomena, without
manipulating them
Types of correlational designs:
a) Concurrent or explanatory
b) Predictive
17. Survey Research Design
The survey research design provides a quantitative
description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a
population by studying a sample of that population
It includes some cross sectional and longitudinal
studies using questionnaires or structured interviews
for data collection with the intent of generalizing
from a sample to a population
18.
19. a. Cross Sectional
In a cross sectional survey design, the
researcher collects data at one point of time.
Cross sectional designs are of several types:
Single group study measuring current attitudes,
beliefs, opinions or practices
Comparing attitudes, beliefs, opinions or
practices between groups
20. b. Longitudinal
(Collecting data over a period of time from single
or multiple groups)
(i) Trend Study:
Conducted every year on a specific aspect,
but with a different sample
The sample size remains same
Eg: Assessing trends in farmers’ input
utilization in potato over the years
21. (ii) Cohort:
A group of subjects are identified and a specific
phenomenon is studied over a period of time to
assess changes
The same population is studied each year but the
sample from that population is different for each
year
Eg: Studying food grain consumption patterns
through cohorts over a period of time
22. (iii) Panels:
An identical sample selected at beginning is
used for collecting data every year to assess the
changes over time
eg: Studying career progression of agricultural
students who have graduated from a particular
university
23. Ex post facto
Ex post facto = ‘After the fact’
study or after the fact research is a category of
research design in which the investigation starts
after the phenomenon occurred, without any
intervention from researcher
Type of quasi-experimental study examining how an
independent variable, present prior to study in the
participants , affects a dependent variable
24. Lack of direct control over the independent
variable and non-random selection of participants
are the most important differences between ex
post facto research and the true experimental
research design
Most extension research follows the ex post facto
approach
25. Qualitative Research
Strategies
Qualitative designs are concerned with
describing or interpreting a phenomenon without
manipulating its conditions
It is broadly classified as interactive or non
interactive, based on researchers’ involvement
in the inquiry
26. a. Interactive
Ethnography- Strategy of inquiry in which
the researcher studies an intact cultural
group in a natural setting over a prolonged
period of time by collecting, primarily,
observational and interview data
27. i. Phenomenological Research
The researcher attempts to understand and
explain how an individual’s or individuals’ own
perspective through in-depth interviews
Phenomenology is a
qualitative research method that is used to
describe how human beings experience a
certain phenomenon.
It attempts to set aside biases and
preconceived assumptions about human
experiences, feelings, and responses to a
particular situation.
28. ii. Grounded theory
It is a qualitative strategy for developing theories where
the researcher derives an abstract theory of a process,
action or interaction from the views of participants
Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic methodology in
the social sciences involving the construction of
theories through methodological gathering and analysis
of data. It is a research methodology which operates
inductively
29. iii. Narrative Research
Researcher explains the lives of individuals, collect
and tell stories about people’s lives, and write
narratives of individual experiences
It can effectively used in documenting indigenous
technical knowledge, develop success stories of
agricultural technologies etc. using autobiographies,
narrative interviews and histories
30. b. Non- interactive
i. Concept Analysis
It is a research methodology where concepts, their
characteristics and relations to other concepts are
examined for the purpose of identifying different
meaning of same concept
Eg: Food security, poverty, livelihood security etc.
can be assessed by comparing and contrasting
meanings attributed by various stakeholders like
farmers, farm women, farm youth, local traders,
panchayat officials
31. ii. Historical Analysis
• It is a method of interpreting and understanding the past
through a disciplined and systematic analysis
• It involves detailed examination of ‘traces’ of past through
artifacts, texts, images and old building etc.
• Eg: Indigenous technological knowledge can be collected
and elaborated upon by key informant interviews, village
record, artefacts, old photographs and drawing made by
elders
32. Mixed methods strategy
The mixed methods research design is a
procedure for collecting, analyzing and
combining both quantitative and qualitative
methods in a single study or a series of studies
to understand research problem
Combining quantitative and qualitative strategies
will provide comprehensive view of phenomenon
33. 1. Convergent parallal design:
Quantitative and qualitative data are collected
simultaneously, analyzed and interpreted in
order to gain a comprehensive view of
phenomenon
2. Explanatory sequential design:
Quantitative data is collected first and
qualitative data is gathered at a later stage for
explaining the results of quantitative analysis
34. 3. Embedded design:
Both quantitative and qualitative data are
collected simultaneously or sequentially, and
both forms of data is used only as supportive
material to justify the results from another set of
data
4. Transformative Design:
This approach uses any one of the above stated
mixed method designs, but fits the data within a
transformative frameworks
Eg: Transformative frameworks are feminism, gender,
ethnicity, disability and racism
35. Action Research Designs
It is a problem oriented design where the
researcher systematically gathers information
about field practice for improving the
effectiveness of field work
Practical Action Research: A small scale
research work narrowly focuses on specific field
problem or issues undertaken in a specific area
36. Participatory Action Research:
A social process in which researcher deliberately
explores the relationship between individual or
other people for the purpose of improving quality
of life
37. Research methods and techniques used
in quantitative, qualitative and mixed
method design
Aspects Quantitative methods Mixed methods Qualitative
methods
Methods Pre- determined Pre determined and
emerging
Emerging
Instrument Structured instruments
-Interview schedule,
questionnaires etc.
Both structured and
partially structured
instruments
Partially structured
instruments-
Checklists,
schedules,
interview guides
Type of
questions
Close ended Open and close
ended
Open ended
Types of
data
collected
Numerical Numerical and
descriptive
Numerical and
descriptive
38. Nature of data
collected
Technology
performance data,
psychological
attributes data,
economic data,
social data and
census data
Multiple forms
Technology
performance data,
observational data,
document data and
audio visual data
Types of
analysis
Numerical and
statistical analysis
Numerical,
statistical, text and
image analysis
Text and image
analysis
Interpretation Statistical
interpretation
Multiple forms Themes and
patterns
interpretation
39. References:
Sivakumar P.S., Sontakki.,SulaimanR.,
Sarvanan R. and Mittal N. 2016. Mannual on
Good Practices in Extension Research and
Evaluation. pp. 9-16.
Kerlinger, F. N. 1964. Foundations of
Behavioural Research, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston Inc. New York.
Ray and Mondal. 2011. Research Methods in
Social Sciences and Extension Education,
Kalyani Publishers, pp.179.