This document discusses different types of data and levels of quantitative description. It describes parametric data, which assumes a normal distribution, and nonparametric data, which does not assume a normal distribution. It outlines four levels of quantitative description from nominal to ratio scales. Descriptive analysis limits conclusions to the observed group, while inferential analysis involves sampling to draw conclusions about populations. Statistics are measures of sample characteristics that can estimate population parameters.

1. Sergimage

2. TTyyppeess ooff
ddaattaa
Sergimage

3. Sergimage
Parametric data
This are measured data, and parametric statistical
tests assume that the data are normally or nearly
normally distributed. It is both applied to both interval-and-
ratio-scaled data.
Nonparametric data
Data of this type are either counted (Nominal) or ranked
(ordinal).
Nonparametric tests, sometimes known as distribution-free
tests, do not rest on the more stringent assumption of
normally distributed populations. .

4. Sergimage
Levels of quantitative ddeessccrriippttiioonn
Level Scale Process Data treatment Some appropriate
tests
4 Ratio Measured equal
intervals
True zero
Ratio relationship Parametric
T-test
Analysis of variance
Analysis of covariance
Factor analysis
3 Interval Measured equal Pearson’s r
intervals no true zero
2 Ordinal Ranked in order
Nonparametric
Spearman’s rho (ƿ)
Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon
1 Nominal Classified and counted Chi square
Median
sign

5. DDeessccrriippttiivvee
Sergimage
aanndd
iinnffeerreennttiiaall
aannaallyyssiiss

6. Descriptive Analysis
Limits generalization to the
particular group of individuals
observed.
No conclusions are
extended beyond this group,
and any similarity to those
outside the group cannot be
assumed.
The data describe one
group and that group only.
Sergimage
.

7. Sergimage
Example of descriptive analysis
Descriptive research
 Deals with the relationships between variables, the
testing of hypothesis, and the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories that have
universal validity.
 They involve hypothesis formulation and testing
 They use logical methods of inductive-deductive
reasoning to arrive at generalization.
 They often employ methods or randomization so that
error may be estimated when population
characteristics are inferred from observations of
samples.
 The variables and procedures are described as
accurately and completely as possible so that the
study can be replicated by other researcher.s.

8. Sergimage
Inferential analysis
Always involves the process of sampling and the
selection of a small group assumed to be related to the
population from which it is drawn.
The small group is known as the sample , and the large
group is the population.
Drawing conclusions about populations based on
observations of samples is the purpose of inferential
analysis. .

9. Statistic:
Is a measure based on observations of the
characteristics of a sample/
A statistic computed from a sample may be
used to estimate a parameter, the
corresponding value in the population from
which the sample is selected.
Statistics are usually represented by
letters of our Roman alphabet such as X, S
and r.
Parameters are usually represented by
letters of the Greek such as μ, ƿ, σ
Sergimage
.

10. Statistic:
Is a measure based on observations of the
characteristics of a sample/
A statistic computed from a sample may be
used to estimate a parameter, the
corresponding value in the population from
which the sample is selected.
Statistics are usually represented by
letters of our Roman alphabet such as X, S
and r.
Parameters are usually represented by
letters of the Greek such as μ, ƿ, σ
Sergimage
.