Topic: What is Reliability and its Types?
Student Name: Kanwal Naz
Class: B.Ed 1.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
It talks about the different types of validity in assessment.
* Face Validity
* Content Validity
* Predictive Validity
* Concurrent Validity
* Construct Validity
Topic: What is Reliability and its Types?
Student Name: Kanwal Naz
Class: B.Ed 1.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
It talks about the different types of validity in assessment.
* Face Validity
* Content Validity
* Predictive Validity
* Concurrent Validity
* Construct Validity
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
A presentation on validity and reliability assessment of questionnaire in research. Also includes types of validity and reliability and steps in achieving the same.
Authors: (i) Prashanth Lakshmi Narasimhan,
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Industry: Automobile -Auto Ancillary Equipment ( Turbocharger)
This was presented after the completion of our 2 months internship at Turbo Energy Limited during our 3rd Year Summer holidays (2013)
Hello everyone, this is Vartika Verma, student of B. El. Ed 4. This presentation titled 'Reliability' is helpful for the subject 'Measurement and Evaluation' in B. El. Ed 4 and also for all the Education students. Thanking you :)
To all the people who will read this presentation, I hope you will with this. The content of this presentation are get from the Psychological Assessment book. And this is not all mine.
What makes a good testA test is considered good” if the .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
What makes a good test?
A test is considered “good” if the following can be said about it:
· The test measures what it claims to measure. For example, a test of mental ability does, in fact, measure mental ability and not some other characteristic.
· The test measures what it claims to measure consistently or reliably. This means that, if a person were to take the test again, the person would get a similar test score.
· The test is job-relevant. In other words, the test measures 1 or more characteristics that are important to the job.
· By using the test, more effective decisions can be made about individuals.
· The degree to which a test has these qualities is indicated by 2 technical properties: reliability and validity.
Test Reliability
Reliability refers to how consistently a test measures a characteristic. If a person takes the test again, will he or she get a similar test score or a much different score? A test that yields similar scores for a person who repeats the test is said to measure a characteristic reliably.
How do we account for an individual who does not get exactly the same test score every time he or she takes the test? Some possible reasons are the following:
· Test taker's temporary psychological or physical state. Test performance can be influenced by a person's psychological or physical state at the time of testing. For example, differing levels of anxiety, fatigue, or motivation may affect the applicant's test results (unsystematic error).
· Environmental factors. Differences in the testing environment, such as room temperature, lighting, noise, or even the test administrator can influence an individual's test performance (unsystematic error).
· Test form. Many tests have more than 1 version or form. Items differ on each form, but each form is supposed to measure the same thing. Different forms of a test are known as parallel forms or alternateforms. These forms are designed to have similar measurement characteristics, but they contain different items. Because the forms are not exactly the same, a test taker might do better on 1 form than on another.
· Multiple raters. In certain tests, scoring is determined by a rater’s judgments of the test taker’s performance or responses. Differences in training, experience, and frame of reference among raters can produce different test scores for the test taker.
These factors are sources of chance or random measurement error in the assessment process. If there were no random errors of measurement, the individual would get the same test score, the individual's “true” score, each time. The degree to which test scores are unaffected by measurement errors is an indication of the reliability of the test. But, while psychometrics can give you a lot of this information, it is important to ask the client about how they experienced the process of taking the test. This will allow you to detect any potential unsystematic errors.
When selecting an assessment, you want to remember that r.
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2. In Psychological Testing,
Discrepancies between ERROR does not imply
true ability and that a mistake has
measurement of been made. It implies
ability constitute that there will always
errors of be inaccuracy in
measurement. measurements.
3. Tests that are free of
measurement error
Tests that have
are deemed to be too much error
reliable. are deemed to
be unreliable.
4. It is assumed that
each person has a The difference between
true score that the true score and the
would be obtained observed score results
if there were no from measurement
error.
errors in
measurement. X -T= E
Where X – observed score
T- true score
E- error
5. It is assumed that
the true score for
an individual will Because of random error,
however, repeated
not change with applications of the
repeated same test can produce
applications of different scores.
the same test.
6. The standard The standard error of
measurements tell us, on
deviation will be the average, how much the
the standard error score varies from the true
of measurement. score.
In practice, the standard
Remember that the deviation of the observed
standard deviation score and the reliability of
tells us about the the test are used to
estimate the standard
average deviation error of measurement.
around the mean.
7. Federal government guidelines
require that a test be reliable
before one can use it to make
employment and educational
placement decisions (Heubert
and Hauser, 1999).
8. Models of Reliability
Time Sampling: The Is used to evaluate the
Test -Retest Method error associated with
administering a test at 2
different times.
Administer the same test
on 2 well-specified
occassions and find the
correlation between
scores from the 2
administrations.
9. Models of Reliability
Item Sampling: Parallel • Determines the error
Forms Method variance that is
Equivalent Forms attributable to the
Reliability selection of one
Parallel Forms particular set of items
• Compares two
equivalent forms of a
test that measure the
same attribute
• Pearson Product
Moment Correlation
10. Models of Reliability
• Split Half • A test is given and is
divided into halves
Method that are scored
separately. The results
of one half of the test
are then compared
with the results of the
other.
• Odd-even system
• Correlation between
the 2 halves
11. • Kuder-Richardson 20 • Use to calculate for the
Formula (KR20) reliability of the test in
which the items are
dichotomous, scored 0
or 1 (usually for right
or wrong)
• Sum of the product of
people passing each
item times the
proportion of people
failing each item
12. Models of Reliability
• Split Half Method • Spearman- Brown
Formula: use to
correct for the half
length of the test
13. Kuder-Richardson A special case of the
reliability formula that
21 (KR21) does not require the
calculation of the p’s
and q’s., instead it uses
the mean test score
Assumes that all items
are of average
difficulty
14. Coeficient Alpha The most general
Cronbach Alpha method of finding
estimates of reliability
through internal
consistency.
15. How reliable is reliable?
What is “high The answer depends on
the use of the test.
enough”? .70 - .80 are good enough
for the purposes of
basic research.
In CLINICAL SETTINGS,
a .90 reliability index
may not be good
enough; greater than .
95 should be required